Constitutional law : principles and policies / Erwin Chemerinsky, Dean, and Distinguished Professor of Law Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law University of California, Irvine School of Law.
2015
KF4550 .C427 2015 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Constitutional law : principles and policies / Erwin Chemerinsky, Dean, and Distinguished Professor of Law Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law University of California, Irvine School of Law.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer, [2015]
Call Number
KF4550 .C427 2015
Edition
Fifth Edition.
ISBN
9781454849476 (pbk)
1454849479 (pbk)
1454849479 (pbk)
Description
xxvi, 1,439 pages ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)904400156
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Fisch Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxv
ch. 1
Historical Background and Contemporary Themes
1
1.1.
The Constitution's Functions
1
1.2.
Why a Constitution?
6
1.3.
A Brief History of the Creation and Ratification of the Constitution and Its Amendments
9
1.4.
How Should the Constitution Be Interpreted?
16
1.5.
Who Should Be the Authoritative Interpreter of the Constitution?
26
ch. 2
The Federal Judicial Power
31
2.1.
Introduction
32
2.2.
The Authority for Judicial Review
37
2.2.1.
Marbury v. Madison: The Authority for Judicial Review of Congressional and Presidential Actions
37
2.2.2.
The Authority for Judicial Review of State and Local Actions
45
2.3.
Introduction to the Justiciability Doctrines
47
2.4.
The Prohibition Against Advisory Opinions
51
2.5.
Standing
58
2.5.1.
Introduction
58
2.5.2.
Injury
62
2.5.3.
Causation and Redressability
77
2.5.4.
The Limitation on Third-Party Standing
85
2.5.5.
The Prohibition Against Generalized Grievances
93
2.5.6.
The Requirement That the Plaintiff Be Within the Zone of Interests Protected by the Statute
103
2.6.
Ripeness
107
2.6.1.
Introduction
107
2.6.2.
Criteria for Determining Ripeness: The Hardship to Denying Review
110
2.6.3.
Criteria for Determining Ripeness: The Fitness of the Issues and Record for Judicial Review
117
2.7.
Mootness
118
2.7.1.
Description of the Mootness Doctrine
118
2.7.2.
Exceptions to the Mootness Doctrine: Collateral Consequences
121
2.7.3.
Exceptions to the Mootness Doctrine: Wrongs Capable of Repetition Yet Evading Review
124
2.7.4.
Exceptions to the Mootness Doctrine: Voluntary Cessation
128
2.7.5.
Exceptions to the Mootness Doctrine: Class Actions
132
2.8.
The Political Question Doctrine
135
2.8.1.
What Is the Political Question Doctrine)
135
2.8.2.
Should There Be a Political Question Doctrine)
137
2.8.3.
The "Republican Form of Government" Clause and Judicial Review of the Electoral Process
140
2.8.4.
Foreign Policy
147
2.8.5.
Congressional Self-Governance
150
2.8.6.
The Process for Ratifying Constitutional Amendments
152
2.8.7.
Excessive Interference with Coordinate Branches of Government
154
2.8.8.
Impeachment and Removal from Office: Nixon v. United States
155
2.9.
Congressional Control of Federal Court Jurisdiction
156
2.9.1.
Introduction
156
2.9.2.
Congressional Control of Supreme Court Jurisdiction
162
2.9.3.
Congressional Control of Lower Federal Court Jurisdiction
174
2.10.
Sovereign Immunity as a Limit on the Federal Judicial Power
187
2.10.1.
History of the Ratification of the Eleventh Amendment
190
2.10.2.
What Does the Eleventh Amendment Mean?
194
2.10.3.
The Application of the Eleventh Amendment: What's Barred and What's Allowed
200
2.10.4.
Ways Around the Eleventh Amendment: Suits Against State Officers
207
2.10.5.
Ways Around the Eleventh Amendment: Waiver
224
2.10.6.
Ways Around the Eleventh Amendment: Suits Pursuant to Federal Laws
230
ch. 3
The Federal Legislative Power
239
3.1.
The Doctrine of Limited Federal Legislative Authority
240
3.2.
McCulloch v. Maryland and the Scope of Congressional Powers
242
3.3.
The Necessary and Proper Clause
248
3.4.
The Commerce Power
250
3.4.1.
Introduction to the Commerce Power
250
3.4.2.
Gibbons v. Ogden and the Definition of the Commerce Power
252
3.4.3.
The Commerce Clause Before 1937
254
3.4.4.
The Commerce Clause from 1937 to 1995
262
3.4.5.
The Commerce Clause After United States v. Lopez
272
3.5.
The Taxing and Spending Power
282
3.5.1.
The Scope of the Taxing and Spending Power
282
3.5.2.
The Taxing Power
283
3.5.3.
The Spending Power
287
3.6.
Other Congressional Powers Under Article I and Article IV
291
3.6.1.
Foreign Policy
291
3.6.2.
Domestic Affairs
296
3.7.
Congress's Powers Under the Reconstruction-Era Amendments
298
3.7.1.
May Congress Regulate Private Conduct?
299
3.7.2.
What Is the Scope of Congress's Power?
304
3.8.
Congress's Power to Authorize Suits Against State Governments
314
3.9.
Congress's Power to Investigate
324
3.10.
The Tenth Amendment and Federalism as a Limit on Congressional Authority
326
3.11.
Delegation of Legislative Power and the Problems of the Administrative State
341
3.11.1.
The Nondelegation Doctrine and Its Demise
341
3.11.2.
The Legislative Veto
345
3.11.3.
Delegation of Executive Power to Congress and Its Officials
348
ch. 4
The Federal Executive Power
351
4.1.
Express and Inherent Presidential Powers
351
4.2.
Appointment and Removal Power
359
4.2.1.
The Appointment Power
360
4.2.2.
The Removal Power
366
4.3.
Executive Privilege
372
4.4.
Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits
378
4.5.
Pardon Power
381
4.6.
Foreign Policy
384
4.6.1.
Are Foreign Policy and Domestic Affairs Different?
384
4.6.2.
Treaties and Executive Agreements
386
4.6.3.
War Powers
391
4.6.4.
Presidential Power and the War on Terrorism
394
4.7.
Impeachment and Removal from Office
403
ch. 5
Limits on State Regulatory and Taxing Power
409
5.1.
Introduction
410
5.2.
Preemption of State and Local Laws
412
5.2.1.
Introduction
412
5.2.2.
Express Preemption of State Laws
416
5.2.3.
"Field Preemption"
422
5.2.4.
Conflicts Between State and Federal Laws
431
5.2.5.
State Laws That Impede Achievement of Federal Objectives
435
5.2.6.
Preemption of State Taxation or Regulation of the Federal Government
441
5.3.
The Dormant Commerce Clause
443
5.3.1.
What Is the Dormant Commerce Clause?
443
5.3.2.
Should There Be a Dormant Commerce Clause?
445
5.3.3.
An Overview of the Dormant Commerce Clause
448
5.3.4.
The Central Question: Is the State Discriminating Against Out-of-Stater0
455
5.3.5.
The Analysis When a State Is Not Discriminating
461
5.3.6.
The Analysis When a State Is Discriminating
468
5.3.7.
Exceptions
473
5.4.
State Taxation of Interstate Commerce
478
5.4.1.
The Test Used to Evaluate State Taxes of Interstate Commerce
478
5.4.2.
The Requirement for a Substantial Nexus to the Taxing State
481
5.4.3.
The Requirement for Fair Apportionment
483
5.4.4.
The Prohibition of Discrimination Against Out-of-Staters
485
5.4.5.
The Requirement for Fair Relationship to Services Provided by the State
489
5.5.
The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV, [§]2
490
5.5.1.
Introduction
490
5.5.2.
What Are the "Privileges and Immunities" of Citizenship?
493
5.5.3.
What Is Sufficient Justification for Discrimination?
498
ch. 6
The Structure of the Constitution's Protection of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
501
6.1.
Introduction
501
6.2.
Textual Provisions, Apart from the Bill of Rights, Protecting Individual Rights
503
6.2.1.
A Review of the Textual Provisions Protecting Rights
503
6.2.2.
The Prohibition of Bills of Attainder
505
6.2.3.
The Prohibition Against Ex Post Facto Laws
510
6.3.
The Application of the Bill of Rights to the States
517
6.3.1.
The Rejection of Application Before the Civil War
517
6.3.2.
A False Start: The Privileges or Immunities Clause and the Slaughter-House Cases
518
6.3.3.
The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
524
6.4.
The Application of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to Private Conduct: The State Action Doctrine
532
6.4.1.
The Requirement for State Action
532
6.4.2.
Why Have a State Action Requirement?
536
6.4.3.
Is It the Government?
539
6.4.4.
The Exceptions to the State Action Doctrine
542
6.5.
The Levels of Scrutiny
564
ch. 7
Procedural Due Process
569
7.1.
The Distinction Between Procedural and Substantive Due Process
569
7.2.
What Is a "Deprivation"?
574
7.3.
Is It a Deprivation of "Life, Liberty, or Property"?
581
7.3.1.
The "Rights-Privileges" Distinction and Its Demise
581
7.3.2.
Deprivations of "Property"
584
7.3.3.
Deprivations of "Liberty"
589
7.3.4.
Deprivations of "Life"
602
7.4.
What Procedures Are Required?
603
7.4.1.
When Is Procedural Due Process Required?
603
7.4.2.
What Is the Test for Determining What Process Is Due?
605
7.4.3.
The Mathews v. Eldridge Test Applied
607
ch. 8
Economic Liberties
633
8.1.
Introduction
633
8.2.
Economic Substantive Due Process
636
8.2.1.
Economic Substantive Due Process During the Nineteenth Century
636
8.2.2.
Economic Substantive Due Process During the Lochner Era
642
8.2.3.
Economic Substantive Due Process Since 1937
649
8.3.
The Contracts Clause
657
8.3.1.
Introduction
657
8.3.2.
The Contracts Clause Before 1934
659
8.3.3.
The Contracts Clause Since 1934
662
8.4.
The Takings Clause
667
8.4.1.
Introduction
667
8.4.2.
What Is a "Taking"?
669
8.4.3.
What Is "Property"?
687
8.4.4.
What Is a Taking for "Public Use"?
691
8.4.5.
What Is the Requirement for "Just Compensation"?
693
ch. 9
Equal Protection
695
9.1.
Introduction
696
9.1.1.
Constitutional Provisions Concerning Equal Protection
696
9.1.2.
A Framework for Equal Protection Analysis
697
9.2.
The Rational Basis Test
706
9.2.1.
Introduction
706
9.2.2.
The Requirement for a "Legitimate Purpose"
709
9.2.3.
The Requirement for a "Reasonable Relationship"
714
9.3.
Classifications Based on Race and National Origin
719
9.3.1.
Race Discrimination and Slavery Before the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments
720
9.3.2.
Strict Scrutiny for Discrimination Based on Race and National Origin
724
9.3.3.
Proving the Existence of a Race or National Origin Classification
725
9.3.4.
Remedies: The Problem of School Segregation
751
9.3.5.
Racial Classifications Benefiting Minorities
764
9.4.
Gender Classifications
783
9.4.1.
The Level of Scrutiny
783
9.4.2.
Proving the Existence of a Gender Classification
791
9.4.3.
Gender Classifications Benefiting Women
793
9.5.
Alienage Classifications
800
9.5.1.
Introduction
800
9.5.2.
Strict Scrutiny as the General Rule
802
9.5.3.
Alienage Classifications Related to Self-Government and the Democratic Process
805
9.5.4.
Congressionally Approved Discrimination
807
9.5.5.
Undocumented Aliens and Equal Protection
809
9.6.
Discrimination Against Nonmarital Children
810
9.7.
Other Types of Discrimination: Rational Basis Review
815
9.7.1.
Age Classifications
816
9.7.2.
Discrimination Based on Disability
817
9.7.3.
Wealth Discrimination
819
9.7.4.
Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation
821
ch. 10
Fundamental Rights
825
10.1.
Introduction
826
10.1.1.
Constitutional Bases for Fundamental Rights
826
10.1.2.
Framework for Analyzing Fundamental Rights
828
10.2.
Constitutional Protection for Family Autonomy
832
10.2.1.
The Right to Marry
832
10.2.2.
The Right to Custody of One's Children
836
10.2.3.
The Right to Keep the Family Together
840
10.2.4.
The Right to Control Upbringing of Children
843
10.3.
Constitutional Protection for Reproductive Autonomy
848
10.3.1.
The Right to Procreate
848
10.3.2.
The Right to Purchase and Use Contraceptives
849
10.3.3.
The Right to Abortion
853
10.4.
Constitutional Protection for Sexual Activity and Sexual Orientation
881
10.5.
Constitutional Protection for Medical Care Decisions
883
10.6.
Constitutional Protection for Control over Information
891
10.7.
Constitutional Protection for Travel
893
10.7.1.
The Recognition of the Right to Travel as a Fundamental Right
894
10.7.2.
What Constitutes an Infringement of the Right to Travel?
897
10.7.3.
Restrictions on Foreign Travel
904
10.8.
Constitutional Protection for Voting
908
10.8.1.
The Right to Vote as a Fundamental Right
908
10.8.2.
Restrictions on the Ability to Vote
909
10.8.3.
Dilution of the Right to Vote
920
10.8.4.
Inequalities in Counting Votes Within a State
928
10.8.5.
Racial Discrimination in Voting Rights
936
10.8.6.
Restrictions on Parties and Candidates
939
10.9.
Constitutional Protection for Access to Courts
946
10.10.
The Second Amendment Right to Bear Arms
956
10.11.
Constitutional Protection for a Right to Education
960
ch. 11
First Amendment: Expression
965
11.1.
Introduction
966
11.1.1.
Historical Background
966
11.1.2.
Why Should Freedom of Speech Be a Fundamental Rights
968
11.1.3.
The Issues in Free Expression Analysis
975
11.2.
Free Speech Methodology
976
11.2.1.
The Distinction Between Content-Based and Content-Neutral Laws
976
11.2.2.
Vagueness and Overbreadth
987
11.2.3.
Prior Restraints
995
11.2.4.
What Is an Infringement of Freedom of Speech?
1015
11.2.5.
Government Speech
1035
11.3.
Types of Unprotected and Less Protected Speech
1036
11.3.1.
Introduction
1036
11.3.2.
Incitement of Illegal Activity
1038
11.3.3.
Fighting Words, the Hostile Audience, and the Problem of Racist Speech
1052
11.3.4.
Sexually Oriented Speech
1067
11.3.5.
Reputation, Privacy, Publicity, and the First Amendment: Torts and the First Amendment
1097
11.3.6.
Symbolic Speech: Conduct That Communicates
1117
11.3.7.
Commercial Speech
1144
11.3.8.
Speech of Government Employees
1169
11.3.9.
Attorneys' Speech
1180
11.3.10.
Labor Picketing and Protests
1183
11.4.
What Places Are Available for Speech?
1185
11.4.1.
Introduction
1185
11.4.2.
Government Properties and Speech
1185
11.4.3.
Private Property and Speech
1210
11.4.4.
Speech in Authoritarian Environments: Military, Prisons, and Schools
1211
11.5.
Freedom of Association
1221
11.5.1.
Introduction
1221
11.5.2.
Laws Prohibiting or Punishing Membership
1222
11.5.3.
Laws Requiring Disclosure of Membership
1224
11.5.4.
Laws Prohibiting Discrimination
1227
11.6.
Freedom of the Press
1231
11.6.1.
Introduction
1231
11.6.2.
Freedom of the Press as a Shield to Protect the Press from the Government
1232
11.6.3.
Freedom of the Press as a Sword to Gain Access to Government Places and Papers
1242
ch. 12
First Amendment: Religion
1247
12.1.
Introduction
1247
12.1.1.
Constitutional Provisions Concerning Religion and the Tension Between Them
1247
12.1.2.
What Is Religion?
1253
12.2.
The Establishment Clause
1258
12.2.1.
Competing Theories of the Establishment Clause
1258
12.2.2.
Government Discrimination Among Religions
1266
12.2.3.
The Lemon Test for the Establishment Clause
1268
12.2.4.
Religious Speech and the First Amendment
1273
12.2.5.
When Can Religion Become a Part of Government Activities?
1281
12.2.6.
When Can Government Give Aid to Religion?
1296
12.3.
The Free Exercise Clause
1315
12.3.1.
Introduction
1315
12.3.2.
Challenges to Laws Regulating or Burdening Religious Conduct
1318
12.3.3.
Government Involvement in Religious Disputes
1336
Appendix The Constitution of the United States of America
1339
Table of Cases
1357
Index
1403