International law and indigenous knowledge : intellectual property, plant biodiversity, and traditional medicine / Chidi Oguamanam.
2006
K1401 .O385 2006 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
International law and indigenous knowledge : intellectual property, plant biodiversity, and traditional medicine / Chidi Oguamanam.
Published
Toronto ; Buffalo : University of Toronto Press, [2006]
Copyright
©2006
Call Number
K1401 .O385 2006
ISBN
9780802039026 (alk. paper)
0802039022 (alk. paper)
0802039022 (alk. paper)
Description
xxi, 351 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
OCoLC)69785567
(OCoLC)69785567
(OCoLC)69785567
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references: (pages [303]-335) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgments
xv
Abbreviations
xix
1.
General Introduction and Overview
3
Knowledge: The New Frontier of the Indigenous Question
3
Intellectual Property and the Search for Equity
16
Traditional Knowledge of Plant-Based Therapy and the Socio-Cultural Imperative
12
Traditional and Western Scientific Knowledge Systems
14
Science as a Site of Contest
18
Indigenous/Traditional Knowledge
20
Traditional Knowledge of Plant-Based Therapy
26
Applicability of Intellectual Property Rights to Traditional Knowledge
28
Overview
32
2.
Conceptual Perspectives on Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge, Intellectual Property, and the Protection of Indigenous Peoples in International Law
35
Biodiversity
36
Defining and Understanding the Concept
36
The Essence of Plant Biodiversity
38
Bioresources: Global Àssets' in Southern Borders
39
Biodiversity in Crisis
40
The Diversity of Biodiversity Benefits
43
Biodiversity: Two Concepts of Values
48
Traditional/Indigenous Knowledge Systems
49
Colonialism and Epistemic Conflict
49
Therapeutic Uses of Plants: A Glimpse of Indigenous Epistemic Holism
52
Indigenous Knowledge as Marginalized Knowledge
53
Intellectual Property Rights The Concept of Intellectual Property
57
International Law Relating to Indigenous Peoples
61
The Indigenous Question in International Law: A Historical Perspective
62
Indigenous Activism
67
State Practice: Sanctioning Indigenous Claims
68
International Law on Indigenous Peoples: Publicists' Perspectives
71
3.
International Law and Traditional Knowledge of Plant-Based Therapy
74
Indigenous Knowledge as Part of International Law on Indigenous Peoples
74
General Conceptual Analysis
74
Indigenous Knowledge in the Fourth and Third Worlds
76
Indigenous Knowledge under the United Nations Framework
77
Indigenous Knowledge under the ILO Convention No. 169 (1989)
78
The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21
79
Indigenous Knowledge and the Convention on Biological Diversity
80
The United Nations Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
81
United Nations Bodies: WIPO, UNESCO, and UNDP
83
Draft Principles and Guidelines on Indigenous Heritage
86
OAS Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
86
Other Initiatives
87
Regional Trends
87
The Protection of Traditional Therapeutic Knowledge
91
Traditional Therapy under the ILO Convention No. 169 (1989)
92
Traditional Therapy under the United Nations Draft Declaration
92
Traditional Therapy under the OAS Draft Declaration
93
Traditional Therapeutic Knowledge under the WHO
94
WHO Policy on Traditional Medicine
96
State Practice and Traditional Medicine
100
Industrialized Countries
101
Developing Countries
102
Perspective on the Worldwide Status of Traditional Medicine
107
The WHO and Traditional Medicine: Of Timidity and Scientific Hegemony
107
Summary
108
4.
The Sociocultural Context of Traditional Knowledge of Plant-Based Therapy
111
Traditional Therapy and Western Biomedicine: The Paradigmatic Divergence
112
Between the Biomedical and the Psychosocial
112
Theories of Illness
114
The Central Role of Plants in Traditional Therapy
118
Plant Therapy: Some Biblical Insight
119
Plants under Unani Medical Tradition
120
Plant Medicine in Ayurveda
120
Plants in Traditional Chinese Medicine
121
Plant Medicine in Native American Therapeutic Traditions
122
Plant Medicine in Humoral Therapy in Latin America
124
Plants in African Therapeutic Systems
125
Summary
126
Traditional Therapeutic Systems: Beyond Active Substances
126
The Social Position of Traditional Healers
126
Power and Environment: The Healer and the Sick
128
Two Kinds of Therapeutic Environment
129
The Performance of Healing
132
Words as Performance
133
Transcendental Dimension
135
Multivalence of Traditional Therapeutic Methods
136
The Scientific Question and Situational Logic
139
Summary
143
5.
Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Knowledge of Plant-Based Therapy: The Filtration of Indigenous Knowledge
145
Intellectual Property Rights in the Context of Traditional Medicine
146
Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Medicine in Key Instruments
146
Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Medicine under the WHO and the WIPO
149
Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional (Medicinal) Knowledge: The Demand of Indigenous Non-Governmental Organizations
153
The Intellectual Property Debate
155
Conceptual Objections
156
The Communality Argument
158
Legal Personality
159
The Public Domain / Common Heritage Argument
160
Other Considerations of a Practical Nature
162
Patents and Traditional Knowledge of Plant-Based Therapy: Investigating the Trade-offs
163
The Nature of Patents
163
Plants as Patentable Subject Matter
165
Tests of Patentability and Products of Nature Rhetoric
170
The Case for Patentability of TKPT
172
Patentability of TKPT: The Epistemic Cul-de-sac
173
Biopiracy Patents: Beyond Economic Considerations
176
Beyond Patenting: Folkloric Protection for TKPT
180
Intellectual Property at the Periphery: Geographical Indications
184
Patenting TKPT: Some Reflections
186
On Self-Determination
186
On Medical Pluralism
188
6.
Toward a Cross-cultural Dialogue on Intellectual Property Rights
191
Appraising the Discussion
192
Indigenous Knowledge: Economic Reward versus Cultural Integrity
195
Access Regimes
196
Article 8(j): Beyond Access to Cultural Integrity
198
Indigenous Knowledge: Legal Empowerment from Within
201
The CBD and WIPO: Embracing the Cross-cultural Dialogue
205
The COP and Ad Hoc Working Group on Article 8(j)
206
The WIPO's GIPI Program and the Inter-governmental Committee
208
Knowledge Protection outside the Regime of Conventional Intellectual Property Rights
214
The Cross-cultural Approach as a Framework
220
Notes
223
Bibliography
303
Index
337