Small and medium-sized enterprises in international economic law / edited by Thilo Rensmann.
2017
K1301 .S63 2017 (Map It)
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Title
Small and medium-sized enterprises in international economic law / edited by Thilo Rensmann.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2017.
Copyright
©2017
Call Number
K1301 .S63 2017
Edition
First edition.
ISBN
9780198795650 (hbk.)
0198795653 (hbk.)
0198795653 (hbk.)
Description
xxxix, 366 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)963163267
Summary
International economic law, with its traditional focus on large multinational enterprises, is only slowly waking up to the new reality of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), entering the global marketplace. In the wake of the digital revolution, smaller companies now play an important role in the global economic landscape. In 2015 the UN expressly called for SMEs to have greater access to international trade and investment, and it is increasingly recognized that the integration of SMEs provides one of the keys to creating a more sustainable and inclusive global economy. As SMEs increasingly permeate transnational supply chains, so interactions between these companies and international economic law and policy proliferate. 'Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in International Economic Law' offers the first comprehensive analysis of the interaction between SMEs and international economic law. This book presents a broad international perspective, gathering together contributions by leading experts from academia, legal practice, and international organizations. It opens up a field of enquiry into this so far unexplored dynamic and provide a touchstone for future debate. The analysis covers a broad spectrum of international trade and investment law focusing on issues of particular interest to SMEs, such as trade in services, government procurement, and trade facilitation. Diverse perspectives illuminate regional developments (in particular within the EU) and the implications of mega-regional free trade agreements. The essays also examine questions of legitimacy of global economic governance; in particular, concerns surrounding the threat posed to the interests of domestic SMEs by the growing liberalization of international trade and investment. These essays constitute essential reading for practitioners and academics seeking to navigate a previously neglected trend in international economic law --Front flap of cover.
Note
International economic law, with its traditional focus on large multinational enterprises, is only slowly waking up to the new reality of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), entering the global marketplace. In the wake of the digital revolution, smaller companies now play an important role in the global economic landscape. In 2015 the UN expressly called for SMEs to have greater access to international trade and investment, and it is increasingly recognized that the integration of SMEs provides one of the keys to creating a more sustainable and inclusive global economy. As SMEs increasingly permeate transnational supply chains, so interactions between these companies and international economic law and policy proliferate. 'Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in International Economic Law' offers the first comprehensive analysis of the interaction between SMEs and international economic law. This book presents a broad international perspective, gathering together contributions by leading experts from academia, legal practice, and international organizations. It opens up a field of enquiry into this so far unexplored dynamic and provide a touchstone for future debate. The analysis covers a broad spectrum of international trade and investment law focusing on issues of particular interest to SMEs, such as trade in services, government procurement, and trade facilitation. Diverse perspectives illuminate regional developments (in particular within the EU) and the implications of mega-regional free trade agreements. The essays also examine questions of legitimacy of global economic governance; in particular, concerns surrounding the threat posed to the interests of domestic SMEs by the growing liberalization of international trade and investment. These essays constitute essential reading for practitioners and academics seeking to navigate a previously neglected trend in international economic law --Front flap of cover.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
List of Figures
xxi
List of Tables
xxiii
List of Boxes
xxv
Table of Cases
xxvii
Table of Legislation
xxxi
Table of Treaties
xxxiii
List of Abbreviations
xxxv
List of Contributors
xli
Introduction
1
A.
Internationalization of SMEs as a Challenge to International Economic Law / Thilo Rensmann
1
B.
Sustainable Development and the Internationalization of SMEs / Thilo Rensmann
2
C.
Recalibrating International Economic Law in Response to the Internationalization of SMEs / Thilo Rensmann
3
I.
Regulatory developments at the multilateral and regional levels / Thilo Rensmann
3
II.
SMEs as a new cross-cutting issue on the research agenda of international economic law / Thilo Rensmann
6
1.
Identification and definition of SMEs / Thilo Rensmann
6
2.
International economic law as cause and remedy for the underrepresentation of SMEs in international trade and investment / Thilo Rensmann
7
3.
difficulty of SMEs being on both sides of the liberalization equation / Thilo Rensmann
8
D.
Conclusion / Thilo Rensmann
9
References / Thilo Rensmann
10
Part I International Trade Law / Thilo Rensmann
1.
Trade Policy for SMEs from a GATS Perspective / Thilo Rensmann
13
A.
Introduction / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
13
B.
SME Involvement in International Trade / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
15
C.
Policies Affecting SMEs-Their Status under the GATS / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
18
I.
General framework / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
18
II.
SME-related policies as reflected in schedules of commitments / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
20
1.
Sector column / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
20
2.
Market access / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
20
3.
National treatment / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
21
III.
Scheduling patterns across countries and sectors / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
22
IV.
Policy discretion in liberalized sectors and modes / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
23
1.
Market regulation and control / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
23
2.
Investment- and production-related support schemes / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
24
3.
Export assistance / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
25
4.
Recognition measures under Article VII GATS / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
25
5.
Preferences in government procurement / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
26
V.
Policy discretion under ill-specified commitments? / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
27
VI.
Transparency disciplines / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
28
D.
Overview of Size-Related Commitments-GATS and RTAs / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
29
I.
GATS commitments / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
29
1.
Horizontal limitations / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
29
2.
Sector patterns / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
31
3.
Prospects for change / Marta Soprana Rudolf Adlung
31
II.
Regional Trade Agreements / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
32
III.
Size-related effects of scheduling patterns-GATS vs RTAs / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
33
E.
Summary / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
34
References / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
35
2.
Leveraging Trade Facilitation Reforms for Increased SME Competitiveness / Rudolf Adlung Marta Soprana
38
A.
Introduction / Arancha Gonzalez
38
B.
New Opportunities for SMEs to Go Global / Arancha Gonzalez
40
I.
SME characteristics / Arancha Gonzalez
40
II.
globalization of SMEs hinges on trade in intermediate goods / Arancha Gonzalez
42
C.
Trade in Intermediate Goods Expands as Transaction Costs Shrink / Arancha Gonzalez
44
D.
Binding TFA Commitments Will Jumpstart a Virtuous Cycle for Long-Term SME Growth / Arancha Gonzalez
45
I.
Reducing information asymmetries allows SMEs to export with confidence / Arancha Gonzalez
48
II.
Simplifying regulatory requirements preserves the value added by the SME / Arancha Gonzalez
50
III.
Diversifying market participation through exports / Arancha Gonzalez
51
IV.
Limiting export cost uncertainty allows smaller shipments to be more competitive / Arancha Gonzalez
52
E.
Good Domestic Policy Will Enhance TFA Benefits / Arancha Gonzalez
53
I.
Competitive trade logistic services further enhance export competitiveness / Arancha Gonzalez
54
II.
Public-private partnerships engender innovative and efficient solutions / Arancha Gonzalez
54
III.
Targeted fiscal policies provide renewed FDI to fuel SME growth / Arancha Gonzalez
55
F.
Conclusion / Arancha Gonzalez
56
References / Arancha Gonzalez
57
3.
Rediscovering the Forgotten Article of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement: How Article 6.13 Protects SMEs / Arancha Gonzalez
61
A.
Introduction / Karsten Potschke
61
B.
Overview of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement / Karsten Potschke
66
C.
Discovering the Meaning of Article 6.13 ADA / Karsten Potschke
67
I.
dual obligation / Karsten Potschke
67
II.
genesis of Article 6.13 ADA / Karsten Potschke
69
III.
limits of Article 6.13 ADA / Karsten Potschke
71
1.
term 'interested parties' / Karsten Potschke
71
2.
term 'in supplying information requested' / Karsten Potschke
72
3.
positioning of paragraph 13 at the end of Article 6 / Karsten Potschke
73
IV.
effect of Article 6.13 ADA / Karsten Potschke
74
D.
Specific Interpretative Effects of Article 6.13 ADA / Karsten Potschke
77
I.
Relaxing submission requirements / Karsten Potschke
77
1.
Quality and quantity of information / Karsten Potschke
77
2.
Time criterion / Karsten Potschke
82
3.
Form criterion / Karsten Potschke
84
II.
Calling for proactive support / Karsten Potschke
85
III.
Prohibiting negative discrimination / Karsten Potschke
87
E.
Conclusion / Karsten Potschke
88
References / Karsten Potschke
90
4.
South African Walmart/Massmart Case: SME-Friendly Domestic Competition Laws in the Light of International Economic Law / Karsten Potschke
93
A.
Introduction / Tilman Michael Dralle
93
B.
Walmart/Massmart Case-Background / Tilman Michael Dralle
94
C.
World Trade Law / Tilman Michael Dralle
97
I.
Application of WTO law to domestic competition laws and decisions / Tilman Michael Dralle
98
II.
Market access rights for Walmart / Tilman Michael Dralle
99
III.
Imposition of performance requirements / Tilman Michael Dralle
101
1.
Introductory remarks / Tilman Michael Dralle
101
2.
Local procurement condition / Tilman Michael Dralle
103
3.
Establishment of an SME fund / Tilman Michael Dralle
108
D.
International Investment Law / Tilman Michael Dralle
113
E.
Indian and Malaysian Cases / Tilman Michael Dralle
114
F.
Conclusions / Tilman Michael Dralle
116
References / Tilman Michael Dralle
118
5.
SME Participation in Government Procurement Markets: Legal and Policy Considerations under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement / Tilman Michael Dralle
123
A.
Introduction / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
123
B.
GPA and the UNCITRAL Model Law as International Instruments Shaping Procurement Policies and Legislation Worldwide / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
129
I.
GPA / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
129
II.
UNCITRAL Model Law / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
133
III.
Harnessing the potential for international trade in the public procurement market / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
135
C.
Encouraging SME Participation under the GPA and the UNCITRAL Model Law / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
136
I.
Improving procurement legislation and systems: Lack of transparency, integrity, and inclusiveness as potential barriers to SME participation / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
137
1.
GPA / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
139
2.
UNCITRAL Model Law / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
141
II.
Reforming procurement practices and systems to enhance SME participation / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
142
1.
GPA / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
143
2.
UNCITRAL Model Law / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
144
III.
Preferential programmes / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
148
1.
Preferential programmes under the GPA / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
150
2.
Preferential programmes under the UNCITRAL Model Law / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
152
D.
Conclusions / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
154
References / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
157
Part II Regional And Trans Regional Trade Law / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
6.
SME Provisions in Trade Agreements and the Case of TTIP / Caroline Nicholas Anna Caroline Muller
165
A.
Introduction / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
165
B.
SMEs and Trade Agreements: A General Framework / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
166
I.
Barriers to trade for SMEs / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
166
II.
Policy responses: Cross-cutting linkages / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
168
III.
SME-specific provisions in trade agreements: Economic needs and legal challenges / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
169
C.
SME-Specific Provisions in EU and US Free Trade Agreements: Practice to Date / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
170
D.
SMEs and TTIP / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
174
I.
Potential and barriers for SMEs in transatlantic trade / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
174
II.
role of TTIP negotiations / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
177
1.
Tariffs, rules of origin, and customs procedures / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
179
2.
Services / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
180
3.
Standards and regulatory issues / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
181
4.
Public procurement / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
182
5.
IPR provisions / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
183
6.
Transparency / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
183
7.
Support schemes / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
184
8.
Investment protection / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
184
E.
Conclusion / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
185
References / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
187
7.
Asian Perspective on SMEs in International Economic Law: Opportunities and Challenges Arising from the TPP / Martina Lodrant Lucian Cernat
189
A.
Introduction / Heng Wang
189
B.
Opportunities / Heng Wang
192
I.
Cooperation to support SMEs / Heng Wang
192
II.
Tariff elimination or reduction / Heng Wang
193
III.
Reduction of non-tariff barriers / Heng Wang
194
1.
Transparency / Heng Wang
195
a.
General transparency rules / Heng Wang
195
b.
Specific transparency rules / Heng Wang
197
2.
Procedural fairness / Heng Wang
198
3.
Regulatory coherence / Heng Wang
199
4.
Other requirements / Heng Wang
200
a.
Standards harmonization and equivalence of foreign regulations / Heng Wang
200
b.
Trade facilitation / Heng Wang
201
c.
Rules of origin / Heng Wang
201
IV.
Conclusion / Heng Wang
202
C.
Challenges / Heng Wang
203
I.
Insufficient opportunities for SMEs / Heng Wang
203
II.
Complexity of rules / Heng Wang
206
III.
Difficulties in interpretation and implementation / Heng Wang
207
IV.
Other challenges / Heng Wang
208
1.
Remaining regulatory differences / Heng Wang
209
2.
Disadvantaged positions of SMEs from developing TPP members / Heng Wang
209
V.
Conclusion / Heng Wang
210
D.
Conclusion / Heng Wang
212
References / Heng Wang
213
8.
Support of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises under European State Aid Law / Heng Wang
216
A.
Introduction / Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
216
I.
Relevant State aid rules / Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
216
II.
Notification of State aid / Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
217
III.
role of SMEs / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
217
IV.
new GBER / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
218
V.
'Think Small First' / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
218
B.
State Aid and SMEs / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
219
I.
General framework / Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
219
II.
Article 107 TFEU / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
219
III.
Exceptions / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
220
IV.
Definition of State aid / Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
220
V.
Assessing aid to SMEs / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
220
1.
Does the aid constitute State aid? / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
220
a.
Interpreting Article 107(1) TFEU / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
220
b.
When is aid to an SME unlikely to be State aid? / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
222
c.
De minimis and State guarantees / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
222
2.
Does the State aid fall under an exemption? / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
222
a.
GBER / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
222
b.
Article 107(2) exemptions / Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
222
c.
Services of general economic interest / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
223
3.
Can approval be obtained? / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
223
a.
Article 107(3) TFEU / Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
223
b.
General / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
223
C.
De Minimis Regulation / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
224
I.
De minimis and SMEs / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
224
II.
De minimis thresholds / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
224
D.
State Guarantees / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
225
E.
General Block Exemption Regulation / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
225
I.
General structure of the GBER / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
225
II.
SMEs overview / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
225
III.
Sectoral exemptions / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
226
IV.
Definition of SME / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
226
V.
Block exempted State aid / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
226
VI.
Favourable aid intensity for SMEs / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
228
F.
Research, Development, and Innovation (R&D&I) Aid / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
230
I.
When could State aid apply? / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
230
II.
2014 Framework / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
230
III.
Qualifying State aid / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
231
IV.
Application in practice / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
231
V.
Aid intensities and SMEs / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
232
VI.
Information and SMEs / Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr
232
VII.
Innovation aid / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
232
G.
Restructuring Aid, Rescue, and Temporary Restructuring Support / Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr
232
I.
Rescue and restructuring aid / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
232
II.
2014 Guidelines and SMEs / Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr
233
III.
Temporary restructuring support / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
233
IV.
Simplified compatibility criteria / Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr
233
V.
Limits / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
234
H.
Other Guidelines / Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr
234
I.
Risk capital aid / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
234
1.
2014 Guidelines / Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr
234
2.
Scope / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
234
3.
Application / Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr
235
4.
Private participation ratio / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
235
II.
Environmental aid / Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte Ilan Sherr
235
1.
Environmental Guidelines / Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Ilan Sherr
235
2.
Regulation or State aid? / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
236
3.
Application of the Environmental Guidelines / Ilan Sherr Katrien Miclotte Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
236
4.
Environmental Guidelines and SMEs / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
236
III.
Projects of common European interest / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
236
I.
Regional Aid / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
237
I.
Compatibility with Article 107 TFEU / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
237
II.
2014 Regional Aid Guidelines / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
237
III.
Limitations / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
237
IV.
SMEs and RAG / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
238
References / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
238
Part III International Investment Law / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
9.
Treatment of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in International Investment Law / Ilan Sherr Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette Katrien Miclotte
241
A.
Economic Importance of SMEs and Its Reflection in Domestic Investment Policies / Joachim Karl
241
B.
SMEs in International Investment Law / Joachim Karl
245
I.
specific situation of SMEs as international investors / Joachim Karl
245
II.
Regional promotion of internationalization strategies of SMEs / Joachim Karl
246
III.
treatment of SMEs in international investment agreements / Joachim Karl
249
1.
importance of IIAs from an SME perspective / Joachim Karl
249
2.
general treatment of SMEs in IIAs / Joachim Karl
250
a.
Acknowledging the special situation of SMEs in the preamble / Joachim Karl
251
b.
Definition of 'investment' / Joachim Karl
251
c.
Investment promotion and facilitation / Joachim Karl
253
3.
SME-specific IIA provisions / Joachim Karl
255
4.
IIA provisions with potential negative side effects on SMEs / Joachim Karl
255
a.
Establishment rights for foreign investors / Joachim Karl
255
b.
Access to land / Joachim Karl
257
c.
State support for SMEs and the issue of non-discrimination / Joachim Karl
257
d.
Prohibition of performance requirements / Joachim Karl
259
IV.
Corporate social responsibility and SMEs / Joachim Karl
259
V.
International investment disputes / Joachim Karl
261
C.
Conclusions / Joachim Karl
263
References / Joachim Karl
264
10.
Microinvestment Disputes / Joachim Karl
267
A.
ICSID, Development, and Salini's Development Prong / Perry S. Bechky
270
I.
Development as ICSID's object and purpose / Perry S. Bechky
273
II.
Salini's development prong / Perry S. Bechky
274
B.
Application of Salini's Development Prong to Microinvestment Disputes / Perry S. Bechky
277
I.
Mitchell v Democratic Republic of Congo / Perry S. Bechky
277
II.
Malaysian Historical Salvors v Malaysia / Perry S. Bechky
281
C.
Microinvestment Critique / Perry S. Bechky
283
D.
Conclusion / Perry S. Bechky
288
References / Perry S. Bechky
288
11.
Legal Protection for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises through Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Status Quo, Impediments, and Potential Solutions / Perry S. Bechky
291
A.
Current Role of SMEs in ISDS / Alexander Gebert
292
B.
Impediments for SMEs to Engage in ISDS / Alexander Gebert
294
I.
Costs and duration of ISDS proceedings / Alexander Gebert
294
II.
Asymmetry of financial resources / Alexander Gebert
295
C.
Possibilities of Cost Reduction / Alexander Gebert
295
I.
Concepts for cost allocation / Alexander Gebert
296
1.
'Pay your own way' / Alexander Gebert
296
2.
'Costs follow the event'/'The loser pays' / Alexander Gebert
296
II.
Guidelines on cost allocation in arbitration rules / Alexander Gebert
297
III.
Benefits of each approach dependent on the strength of the case / Alexander Gebert
298
IV.
Cost- and time-efficient proceedings / Alexander Gebert
298
1.
Early case assessment-Cost-benefit analysis / Alexander Gebert
298
2.
Choice of arbitrators and representatives / Alexander Gebert
299
3.
Effective case management: Developing a strategy for the specific case and setting up a tight but realistic schedule for the proceedings / Alexander Gebert
299
4.
Consideration of amicable settlement at any time during the proceedings / Alexander Gebert
301
D.
Finance Options / Alexander Gebert
301
I.
Multi-party arbitration / Alexander Gebert
301
II.
Third-party funding / Alexander Gebert
303
1.
concept behind third-party funding / Alexander Gebert
303
2.
Recent developments: Cost security by third-party-funded claimants / Alexander Gebert
304
E.
Supplement to ISDS: Investment Guarantees / Alexander Gebert
305
F.
Conclusion / Alexander Gebert
306
References / Alexander Gebert
306
Part IV Human Rights, Development, And Entrepreneurship / Alexander Gebert
12.
Business and Human Rights and the Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises / Alexander Gebert
311
A.
Introduction / Michael K. Addo
311
B.
(In)visibility of SMEs in Business and Human Rights / Michael K. Addo
313
C.
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Challenges of Identity / Michael K. Addo
316
D.
Organization, Size, and the Double-Edged Effect / Michael K. Addo
319
E.
Resource Poverty / Michael K. Addo
323
F.
Flexibility / Michael K. Addo
326
G.
Position in Supply Chains / Michael K. Addo
327
H.
Looking Forward / Michael K. Addo
330
I.
Conclusions / Michael K. Addo
332
References / Michael K. Addo
334
13.
Promoting Entrepreneurship for Development / Michael K. Addo
339
A.
Introduction / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
339
B.
Entrepreneurship and the Sustainable Development Goals / Fulvia Farinelli Fiorina Mugione
340
C.
UNCTAD's Entrepreneurship Policy Framework and Implementation Guidance / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
341
D.
Good Practices and Lessons Learned from EPF Implementation / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
342
I.
Creating a lead entity to guide the development of the national entrepreneurship policy / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
343
II.
Establishing a structured policy development process / Fulvia Farinelli Fiorina Mugione
343
III.
Engaging in a participatory approach / Fulvia Farinelli Fiorina Mugione
344
IV.
Building on and strengthening existing frameworks and initiatives / Fulvia Farinelli Fiorina Mugione
344
V.
Building concrete Actions Plans / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
344
E.
Reforming the Regulatory Environment / Fulvia Farinelli Fiorina Mugione
345
I.
Examining regulatory requirements for start-ups / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
346
II.
Minimizing regulatory hurdles for business start-ups / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
346
III.
Building entrepreneurs' confidence in the regulatory environment / Fulvia Farinelli Fiorina Mugione
347
IV.
Guiding entrepreneurs through the start-up administrative process / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
348
F.
Reforming the Regulatory Environment to Address the Needs of Specific Target Groups / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
350
I.
Youth entrepreneurship / Fulvia Farinelli Fiorina Mugione
350
II.
Women entrepreneurship / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
351
III.
Social entrepreneurship / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
353
G.
Conclusions / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
354
References / Fulvia Farinelli Fiorina Mugione
354
Annex: How Small Are Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises? / Fiorina Mugione Fulvia Farinelli
357
References / Marta Soprana Rudqf Adlung
360
Index / Rudqf Adlung Marta Soprana
361