Justification and excuse in international law : concept and theory of general defences / Federica Paddeu.
2018
KZ4080 .P33 2018 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Title
Justification and excuse in international law : concept and theory of general defences / Federica Paddeu.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Call Number
KZ4080 .P33 2018
ISBN
9781107106208 (hardback)
1107106206 (hardback)
1107106206 (hardback)
Description
xliv, 556 pages ; 23 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)965333028
Summary
"The defences available to a state under the law of state responsibility can be considered either justifications (which render acts lawful) or excuses (excluding the responsibility of the state for wrongful conduct). This book is the first to comprehensively examine the distinction, informed by state practice and theoretical considerations. The book shows that the distinction, often dismissed as one of mere academic distinction, carries significant practical implications in respect of, among others, the responsibility of accessories to the wrongful act, compensation for material breach, suspension and termination following a material breach of treaty, and impact on the normative pull of rules. Combining an analysis of state practice, the historical development of the defences, their concept and rationale, and the theory of justification and excuse, the author proposes a classification of the six defences recognised in the Articles on State Responsibility adopted by the International Law Commission in 2001"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 481-523) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
xix
Acknowledgements
xxiii
Table of Cases
xxv
Select Table of Treaties and Other Documents
xxxiii
List of Abbreviations
xxxix
Introduction
1
pt. I
Justification and Excuse in International Law
1.
Justification and Excuse in International Law
23
1.1.
Introduction
23
1.2.
Primer on Justification and Excuse
27
1.3.
Justification and Excuse in the Law of State Responsibility
35
1.3.1.
Distinction in Positive Law
35
1.3.2.
Reopening the Case: Justification and Excuse in the Articles on State Responsibility
37
1.3.2.1.
Garcia-Amador: Total and Partial Excuse
38
1.3.2.2.
Ago: The Irrelevance of Excuses
40
Ago's Report and Its Reception in the International Law Commission
40
Missing Link: Off-the-Record Rejection of Excuses?
44
1.3.2.3.
Crawford: Justifications or Excuses
47
1.3.2.4.
Position of the ILC: An Invitation for Further Development
49
1.3.3.
Defences in the World of Primary and Secondary Rules
52
1.3.3.1.
Primary and Secondary Rules in the Law of Responsibility
53
1.3.3.2.
Justification and Excuse: Primary or Secondary Rules?
57
1.4.
Interim Conclusion: Systemic Possibility of the Distinction in International Law
61
2.
Practical Consequences of the Distinction in International Law
63
2.1.
Introduction
63
2.2.
Effect on Reparation: The Problem of Satisfaction
63
2.3.
Responsibility of Accessories
66
2.4.
Reacting Against Wrongfulness
70
2.4.1.
Countermeasures Against Justified Conduct or Excused Actors
71
2.4.2.
Law of Treaties: Material Breach, Justification and Excuse
72
2.5.
Effect on Compensation for Material Loss
77
2.5.1.
Excuses and the Duty of Compensation
81
2.5.2.
Justifications and the Duty of Compensation
86
2.5.3.
Third Parties and the Duty of Compensation
92
2.5.4.
Conclusion on the Duty of Compensation
93
2.6.
Normative Considerations
94
2.7.
Interim Conclusion: A Distinction with a Difference
97
3.
Classifying Defences into Justification and Excuse in International Law
98
3.1.
Introduction
98
3.2.
Concept and Theory of Justification
100
3.2.1.
Concept of Justification
101
3.2.1.1.
Defining Justifications
102
3.2.1.2.
Justifications as Permissions
102
3.2.1.3.
Justifications and the Breach of International Law
106
3.2.1.4.
Justified Conduct: Lawful or `Non Wrongful'?
110
3.2.1.5.
Justifications: `Deeds' or `Reasons'?
113
3.2.2.
Theorising Justifications in International Law
115
3.3.
Concept and Theory of Excuse
117
3.3.1.
Concept of Excuse
118
3.3.1.1.
Defining Excuses in International Law
118
3.3.1.2.
Excuses and Corporate Entities
119
3.3.2.
Theorising Excuses in International Law
120
3.3.3.
Excuses and Fault
122
3.4.
Taxonomy of Defences: The Role of Concept and Theory
126
3.5.
General Conclusion to Part I
128
pt. II
Classifying the Defences in the Articles on State Responsibility
4.
Consent
131
4.1.
Introduction
131
4.2.
Development of the Plea of Consent
134
4.2.1.
Brief History of the Plea of Consent (1898--1979)
135
4.2.1.1.
Writings of Scholars
136
4.2.1.2.
State Practice
139
Savarkar (1911)
139
Russian Indemnity (1912)
143
4.2.1.3.
Interim Conclusions
144
4.2.2.
Codification in the International Law Commission
145
4.2.2.1.
First Reading of the ARS: The Adoption of Draft Article 29
146
Ago's Report and the Debates at the International Law Commission
146
Views of States in the General Assembly's Sixth Committee
149
4.2.2.2.
Adoption of Article 20 on Second Reading
150
Crawford's Report and the Debates at the International Law Commission
150
Views of States in the Sixth Committee and Subsequent Practice
153
4.3.
Consent as a Defence
154
4.3.1.
Three Objections to the Defence of Consent
156
4.3.1.1.
Consent as a Primary Rule
156
4.3.1.2.
Temporal Logic of Consent
158
4.3.1.3.
Consent and Absolute Obligations
163
4.3.2.
Defending the Defence of Consent
165
4.4.
Consent as a Justification
170
4.4.1.
Consent as the Renunciation of Legal Protection
170
4.4.2.
Renunciation, Absent Interest and Theories of Justification
172
5.
Self-Defence
175
5.1.
Introduction
175
5.2.
Historical Premise: Armed Conflict during Peace
180
5.3.
Tracing the Development of Article 21 in the International Law Commission
184
5.3.1.
First Reading: Self-Defence and the Prohibition of Force
185
5.3.2.
Second Reading: Self-Defence Beyond the Prohibition of Force
189
5.4.
Self-Defence as a `Circumstance Precluding Wrongfulness' in the Articles on State Responsibility
192
5.4.1.
Justification for Forcible Measures Only
192
5.4.2.
Understanding the Scope of Article 21
193
5.4.2.1.
First Legal Relation: On the Legality of Resort to Force
193
5.4.2.2.
Second Set of Legal Relations: Other Rights of the Aggressor State
197
5.4.2.3.
Third Set of Legal Relations: Obligations of `Total Restraint'
198
5.4.3.
Self-Defence and Other Obligations in Practice
199
5.4.3.1.
Territorial Sovereignty and Non-intervention
199
Nicaragua v US (1986)
199
DRC v Uganda (2005)
200
5.4.3.2.
Commercial Obligations
202
Nicaragua v US (1986)
202
Oil Platforms (2003)
203
5.5.
Justification for the Collateral Impairment of Other Obligations
205
5.5.1.
Consequentialist Theories
206
5.5.2.
Deontic Theories
210
5.5.2.1.
Preliminary Clarification: The Right of Self-Defence as a Hohfeldian Liberty
210
5.5.2.2.
Unity of the Legal System
216
5.5.2.3.
Exercise of a Peremptory Right
217
5.5.2.4.
Forfeiture of Legal Protection
218
5.5.2.5.
Acid Test: Compensation for Material Loss
222
5.5.3.
Rights Forfeiture and the Justification of Self-Defence
223
6.
Countermeasures
225
6.1.
Introduction
225
6.2.
Reprisals and the Origins of Countermeasures
228
6.2.1.
1800--1919: Classic Age of Reprisals
230
6.2.1.1.
Positive and Negative Reprisals
231
Positive Reprisals
232
Negative Reprisals
234
6.2.1.2.
What Limits on the Right to Reprisals?
237
6.2.2.
1919--1945: Period of Transition
238
6.2.2.1.
Outlawing Forcible Reprisals
239
6.2.2.2.
Regulating Non-Forcible Reprisals
242
6.2.3.
Interim Conclusions
244
6.2.3.1.
Reprisals as the Non-Performance of the Law
246
6.2.3.2.
Function of Reprisals: Enforcement of International Law
247
6.2.3.3.
Reprisals as Lawful Measures
249
6.3.
Countermeasures in Contemporary International Law
250
6.3.1.
Dual Role of Countermeasures in the Law of Responsibility
252
6.3.1.1.
Incidental Function: A Circumstance Precluding Wrongfulness
253
6.3.1.2.
Primary Function: Implementation of State Responsibility
255
First Reading
Countermeasures as Sanction
256
Second Reading
Instrumental Countermeasures
259
6.3.2.
Regime of Countermeasures in the Articles on State Responsibility
261
6.3.2.1.
Existence of a Wrongful Act
261
6.3.2.2.
Substantive Requirements
262
6.3.2.3.
Procedural Conditions
264
6.4.
Countermeasures as Justifications
266
6.4.1.
Theorising the Legality of Countermeasures
267
6.4.1.1.
States as Organs of the International Community
267
6.4.1.2.
Consequentialist Theories
270
6.4.1.3.
Deontic Theories
272
Preliminary Clarification: Countermeasures as Hohfeldian Liberties
273
Unity of the Legal System
276
Forfeiture Theory
276
6.4.1.4.
Acid Test: Compensation for Material Loss
282
6.4.2.
Grounding the Justification of Countermeasures on Rights Forfeiture
284
7.
Force Majeure
285
7.1.
Introduction
285
7.2.
Historical Notes on the Development of the Plea of Force Majeure
288
7.2.1.
Force Majeure of Revolutions in the Nineteenth Century
289
7.2.2.
Force Majeure in Judicial and Arbitral Practice of the Early Twentieth Century
294
7.2.2.1.
French Company of Venezuelan Railroads (1904)
294
7.2.2.2.
Russian Indemnity (1912)
295
7.2.2.3.
SS Wimbledon (1923)
297
7.2.2.4.
Serbian and Brazilian Loans (1929)
298
7.2.2.5.
Societe Commerciale de Belgique(1939)
299
7.2.3.
Assessment
300
7.2.3.1.
Changing Conceptions of Force Majeure
300
7.2.3.2.
What Rationale for the Plea?
303
7.3.
Force Majeure in Contemporary International Law
306
7.3.1.
ILC's Codification of Article 23
308
7.3.1.1.
First Reading: A Fault-Based Rationale for Force Majeure?
308
7.3.1.2.
Second Reading: Excluding Fault
313
7.3.2.
Force Majeure in the Practice of States since 1945
315
7.3.2.1.
States' Views in the Sixth Committee
315
7.3.2.2.
Arbitral and Judicial Practice
316
Events of Force Majeure; de Wytenhove (1950) and Ottoman Lighthouses (1956)
316
Rights of US Nationals in Morocco (1952)
317
Rainbow Warrior (1990)
317
LAFICO v Burundi (1991)
318
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (1994)
318
Aucoven v Venezuela (2003)
319
7.3.3.
Postscript on the Standard of Material Impossibility
320
7.4.
Force Majeure as an Excuse
323
7.4.1.
Explaining the Rationale
324
7.4.2.
Force Majeure as an Excuse
328
7.4.3.
Theorising the Excuse of Force Majeure: A Free Will Theory
330
8.
State of Necessity
334
8.1.
Introduction
334
8.2.
State of Necessity in International Law: Historical Notes
339
8.2.1.
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: The Natural Right of Necessity
339
8.2.1.1.
Early-Modern International Lawyers
339
8.2.1.2.
`Necessity' as Original Community in The Neptune
343
8.2.2.
Long Nineteenth Century (1800--1914): Twilight of the General `Right of Necessity'
345
8.2.2.1.
Difficult Start: The Seizure of the Danish Fleet (1807)
345
8.2.2.2.
Necessity and the Fundamental Right of Self-Preservation
346
Fundamental Rights of States and the Right of Self-Preservation
346
Discrete Right: The Right of Necessity as a Corollary of the Right of Self-Preservation
349
Inspiring Rights: The `Necessity of Self-Defence and Self-Preservation'
350
8.2.2.3.
Whither the Right of Necessity in International Law?
359
8.2.3.
1914--1945: Towards State of Necessity in International Law
363
8.2.3.1.
Doctrinal Development: State of Necessity in the Law of State Responsibility
363
New Frameworks: The Rule of Necessity and the Law of State Responsibility
364
New Conceptions: The Rule of Necessity as a Conflict of Interests
366
New Theories for the Rule of Necessity
368
8.2.3.2.
Fearing Anarchy and Chaos: Rejecting the Rule of Necessity
371
`Rape' of Belgium and Luxembourg
372
Different Battlefield: The Intellectual Dispute over the Recognition of a Rule of Necessity
374
8.2.3.3.
Lagging Behind: Protection of Essential Interests in the Practice of States
377
Defence of Necessity at the 1930 Hague Codification Conference
377
Essential Interests and Force Majeure in International Disputes
378
8.2.4.
Assessment: State of Necessity between Substance and Form
382
8.3.
New Beginnings: Rehabilitating State of Necessity at the International Law Commission
386
8.3.1.
Codifying State of Necessity at the International Law Commission
387
8.3.1.1.
First Reading: The Inclusion of State of Necessity in the Draft Articles
388
Breaking Through: Ago's State of Necessity
388
Commissions Views and the Adoption of Draft Article 33
390
8.3.1.2.
Second Reading and the Adoption of Article 25
394
Two Not So `Minor' Changes: Taking Account of Community Interests
394
Justification or an Excuse?
396
8.3.1.3.
Article 25 and the Commission's Commentary
397
8.3.2.
State of Necessity in the Practice of States since 1945
398
8.3.2.1.
Reactions to the Work of the International Law Commission on State of Necessity
398
8.3.2.2.
Invoking State of Necessity in Dispute Settlement
401
Protecting Environmental Interests: `Ecological Necessity'
401
`Financial Necessity': State of Necessity in Investment Arbitration
404
Miscellaneous Cases: The Generality of the Defence of Necessity
410
8.3.3.
Customary Defence?
414
8.4.
State of Necessity between Justification and Excuse
414
8.4.1.
Identifying the Rationale: Superiority of the Interest Safeguarded
415
8.4.2.
State of Necessity as a (Counterintuitive) Justification
418
8.4.3.
Duty of Compensation?
421
8.4.4.
Proposal for Excusing Necessity
426
9.
Distress
430
9.1.
Introduction
430
9.2.
Historical Antecedents of the Defence of Distress
432
9.2.1.
Law of the Sea and the Right of Entry in Distress
433
9.2.2.
Blockade Violations in Distress in the Long Nineteenth Century
435
9.2.3.
Distress and Humanitarian Considerations
440
9.3.
Defence of Distress in Contemporary International Law
443
9.3.1.
First Reading: Formulating the Defence of Distress in the International Law Commission
443
9.3.1.1.
Ago's `Relative Impossibility of Performance'
443
9.3.1.2.
Distress as a Discrete Defence: The Adoption of Draft Article 32 at the International Law Commission
446
9.3.2.
State Reactions and the Rainbow Warrior Affair (1979--1999)
447
9.3.2.1.
State Reactions to Draft Article 32
447
9.3.2.2.
Boosting the Defence: The Rainbow Warrior Arbitration
449
9.3.3.
Progressive Development and the Adoption of Article 24
453
9.3.4.
Customary Status Pending
456
9.4.
Classifying Distress as Justification or Excuse
456
9.4.1.
Distress as an Excuse
456
9.4.2.
Distress as a Justification
459
9.4.3.
Justification or Excuse?
461
Conclusion
465
Bibliography
481
Index
525