Situation selection regime at the International Criminal Court : law, policy, practice / Mohammad Hadi Zakerhossein.
2017
KZ7312 .Z35 2017 (Map It)
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Title
Situation selection regime at the International Criminal Court : law, policy, practice / Mohammad Hadi Zakerhossein.
Published
Cambridge : Intersentia, [2017]
Copyright
©2017
Call Number
KZ7312 .Z35 2017
ISBN
9781780686189 (paperback)
1780686188 (paperback)
1780686188 (paperback)
Description
xiii, 439 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1009068367
Summary
The International Criminal Court (the Court) in The Hague, in fulfilling its mandate to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious international crimes of concern to the international community as a whole, is neither able nor intended to investigate all situations of crisis across the world. Selectivity is unavoidable for the operation of this international organization. However, the authority of the Prosecutor of the Court to select and prioritize a situation over other situations is not unfettered. This book studies the situation selection regime at the International Criminal Court. In doing so, it first clarifies the notion of situation under the constituent instrument of the Court, the Rome Statute. In addition to this conceptualization, through describing the situation selection process and criteria, the Court's law, policies and practices in this regard are examined. Dealing with the misunderstanding of the Court's selectivity, this book reads the situation selection regime from the lens of expressivism. This theory justifies the selectivity in the Court's operation. The book is a resource for anyone who seeks more insight into the situation selection regime of the Court.-- Provided by publisher.
Note
Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Tilburg University, 2017.
Supervisor: Prof.mr. M.S. Groenhuijsen
Supervisor: Prof.mr. M.S. Groenhuijsen
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 413-427).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment
xi
Abbreviations
xiii
General Introduction
1
1.
Contextualization of the Problem
1
2.
Questions
4
3.
Methodology
5
3.1.
Descriptive Part
5
3.2.
Normative Part
6
3.2.1.
Functional Approach to the ICC
7
3.2.2.
In Search of a Theory for the Court
10
3.2.3.
Definition of Expressivism
15
4.
Outline
18
Part One Formulating The Concept Of Situation In The Rome Statute Sense
23
ch. I
Situation v. Case
27
1.
Dichotomy between Situation and Case
27
2.
Linkage between Situation and Case
30
3.
Reasons behind the Adoption of a Situation-Oriented Procedure
31
ch. II
Defining Elements of the Notion of a Situation
37
1.
Jurisdictional Element of a Situation
37
2.
Contextual Element of a Situation
38
2.1.
Crisis as the Context of Situations
38
2.2.
Connection between Contextual Element of Crimes and Contextual Element of Situations
40
2.2.1.
Context of War Crimes
40
2.2.2.
Context of Crimes against Humanity
42
2.2.3.
Context of Genocide
45
2.3.
Situational Contextual Element in Practice
47
2.4.
Functions of Situational context
49
Part Two Situation Selection Process
53
ch. I
Trigger Mechanism
57
1.
State Referrals
59
1.1.
Making a Referral as a Right for All States Parties
59
1.2.
Phenomenon of Self-Referral
61
1.2.1.
Emergence of Self-Referrals
62
1.2.2.
Benefits of a Self-Referral for the Court's Prosecutor
64
1.2.3.
Self-Referrals under Criticism
66
1.3.
Specificity
69
2.
UN Security Council Referral
69
2.1.
Legal Basis for UNSC Referrals
70
2.2.
Mutual Benefits
73
2.3.
Privileges of the Security Council Referrals
76
2.4.
Restrictions on Making a Referral by the UNSC
80
2.5.
Security Council Referrals in Practice
82
2.5.1.
Situation in Darfur, Sudan
82
2.5.2.
Situation in Libya
84
2.5.3.
Article 16 in Action
85
3.
Communications
86
3.1.
Procedural Aspects of Communications
87
3.2.
Prosecutor PROPRIO MOTU Power
89
4.
Declarations of acceptance under Article 12(3)
91
4.1.
Difference between Referrals and Declarations
92
4.2.
Declarations in Practice
94
ch. II
Identification Stage
97
1.
Identification in the Context of Communications
97
1.1.
Forming a Situation from Communications
97
1.2.
ICC and the Situation of ISIS in Iraq and Syria
99
1.3.
End of the Identification Stage
103
2.
Identification in the Context of Referrals
106
ch. III
Preliminary Examination
111
1.
Time Frame
114
2.
Information in the Preliminary Examination
117
3.
Scope of Preliminary Examination
121
4.
Evidentiary Threshold
124
ch. IV
Making a Decision on the Situation Selection
131
1.
Opening an Investigation
131
1.1.
Investigation of Referrals
132
1.1.1.
Announcement of Decision
133
1.1.2.
Article 18 Mechanism
135
1.1.2.1.
Making a Challenge under Article 18
135
1.1.2.2.
Scope of Article 18
138
1.2.
Investigation of Communications
139
1.2.1.
Judicial Authorization
139
1.2.2.
Victims' Participation
142
1.2.2.1.
Participatory Right of Victims
142
1.2.2.1.1.
Victims' Participation Procedure
145
1.2.2.1.2.
Participation in Situational Phase
147
1.2.3.
Judicial Decision on the Prosecutor's Request
153
2.
Decision Not to Open an Investigation
153
2.1.
Rejection of Communications
153
2.2.
Rejection of Referrals
156
Part Three Situation Selection Criteria
161
ch. I
Jurisdiction
165
1.
Court's Jurisdiction Basis
165
2.
Necessity of Jurisdiction's Satisfaction
168
3.
Types of Jurisdiction
169
3.1.
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
170
3.2.
Temporal Jurisdiction
175
3.3.
Territorial Jurisdiction
179
3.3.1.
Priority of Territorial Jurisdiction
181
3.3.2.
Scope of Territorial Jurisdiction
182
3.4.
Personal Jurisdiction
184
3.4.1.
Vital Role of the Nationality Principle in Ending Impunity
185
3.4.2.
Immunities as an Exception to the Personal jurisdiction
187
3.4.2.1.
Immunities at the ICC
187
3.4.2.2.
Cooperation Obligation and Immunities
191
3.4.2.3.
ICC Jurisprudence on Immunities
193
ch. II
Admissibility
201
1.
Conceptualization of Admissibility
201
1.1.
Distinction between Admissibility and Jurisdiction
201
1.2.
Admissibility and the Court's Selectivity
203
1.3.
From Situational Admissibility to Case Admissibility
204
1.4.
Components of Admissibility
209
2.
Sufficient Gravity Requirement
211
2.1.
Different Functions of Gravity in the Rome Statute
211
2.2.
Gravity as the Admissibility Threshold
214
2.3.
Difference between Situational Gravity and Case Gravity
217
2.4.
Criteria for Gravity Assessment
218
2.4.1.
Scale of crimes
221
2.4.2.
Impact of Crimes
224
2.4.3.
Nature of Crimes
231
2.4.3.1.
Thematic Prosecution
231
2.4.3.2.
Criminal Themes at the ICC
232
2.4.3.3.
Exercising Thematic Prosecution
238
2.4.4.
Manner of Crimes' Commission
239
2.5.
Case Study of the Situation of Registered Vessel of the Comoros
240
2.5.1.
Description of the Case
241
2.5.2.
Analysis of the Situation on Registered Vessel of the Comoros
244
2.6.
Big Fish Policy in Light of Gravity
247
3.
Complementarity
253
3.1.
Theoretical Pillars of Complementarity
256
3.2.
Complementarity as Admissibility Rule
259
3.2.1.
Defining Potential Cases for the Situational Complementarity Assessment
259
3.2.2.
Concept of Case in the Complementarity Assessment
263
3.2.2.1.
Same Conduct Test
265
3.2.2.1.1.
Conduct Notion at the ICC Case Law
265
3.2.2.1.2.
Narrow Interpretation of the Same Conduct Test
274
3.2.2.1.3.
Broad Interpretation of the Same Conduct Test
279
3.2.2.1.4.
Sentence-Based Approach Doctrine
280
3.2.2.2.
Same Person Test
282
3.2.3.
Situation of a State's Inaction
283
3.2.3.1.
Arguments Supporting Establishing the Inaction Test
287
3.2.3.2.
Proofs of Being Active
289
3.2.3.2.1.
Features of Active National Proceedings
289
3.2.3.2.2.
Relevant Evidence to Prove Domestic Activity
293
3.2.3.3.
Admissibility of Self-Referrals in light of the Inaction Test
295
3.3.
Burden of Proof in the Complementarity Assessment
298
3.4.
Genuineness Requirement for the Domestic Proceedings
300
3.5.
Situation of State's Unwillingness
305
3.5.1.
Due Process Framework in Determining Unwillingness
306
3.5.2.
Shielding from Justice
311
3.5.3.
Unjustified Delay in Delivering Justice
313
3.5.4.
Impartiality and Independence of the Domestic Proceedings
314
3.6.
Situation of a State's Inability
315
3.6.1.
situation of Collapse of National Judicial System
316
3.6.2.
Situation of Unavailability of the National Judicial System
320
3.6.2.1.
Normativity of Unavailability Test
321
3.6.2.2.
Legal Characterization: Ordinary Crimes or International Crimes
322
4.
Availability of Situations
327
ch. III
Interests of Justice
333
1.
Exceptionality of the Interests of Justice Requirement
334
2.
Distinction from the Admissibility Requirement
336
3.
Necessity of Examination
338
4.
Concept without Definition
341
5.
Victim-Oriented Notion
342
6.
Context for the Applicability of the Interests of Justice: Justice or Peace
346
6.1.
Justice Supporters
348
6.2.
Peace Supporters
351
6.3.
Prosecutor Status Quo
354
6.4.
Preliminary Examination as a Platform for a Plural Approach
358
6.5.
Peace as a Tool for Justice
360
7.
Decision Not to Initiate an Investigation
363
8.
Missing Monitoring System
366
Part Four Situation Selection In Light Of Expressivism
369
ch. I
Conceptualization of Expressivism in the Context of the ICC
371
1.
Expressivism and its Beneficial Effects on Victims
372
1.1.
Emergence of the Victims' Rights in the ICC
373
1.2.
Court's Messages for Victims
377
2.
Expressivism Fosters the Positive Complementarity
379
2.1.
Definition of Positive Complementarity
381
2.2.
Materializing Positive Complementarity
383
2.2.1.
Encouragement
384
2.2.2.
Reverse Cooperation
385
ch. II
Implications of Expressivism on the Situation Selection
389
1.
Selection of a Situation for Conducting Preliminary Examination as a Platform to Serve Victims
389
2.
Lenient Complementarity Assessment
394
Conclusion
401
1.
'Situation' as a Concept with an Ambiguous Definition
401
2.
Identification Stage: The Missing Phase at the ICC Architecture
403
3.
Selecting a Situation for Highlighting a Forgotten Criminal Theme
403
4.
Complementarity as Rule and Complementarity as Principle
404
5.
No Harm to Victims Principle
406
6.
Need for Extending Judicial Review of the Prosecutor's Decisions
407
7.
Expressive Situation Selection
408
8.
Implications of Designing an Expressive Situation Selection Regime
410
9.
To conclude
412
Bibliography
413
ICC Case Tables
429
OTP Documents
437
About the Author
439