Introduction to intellectual property : theory and practice / [editor] World Intellectual Property Organization.
2017
K1401 .I6 2017 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Introduction to intellectual property : theory and practice / [editor] World Intellectual Property Organization.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International B.V., [2017]
Call Number
K1401 .I6 2017
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9789041160935 (hardcover)
9041160930
9789041160928 (e-Book)
9789041186522 (web-PDF)
9041160922
9789041160928
9041186522
9789041186522
9041160930
9789041160928 (e-Book)
9789041186522 (web-PDF)
9041160922
9789041160928
9041186522
9789041186522
Description
xxx, 593 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1001331138
Summary
Publisher's description: The intensification of globalization and the exponential growth of the creative economy have dramatically highlighted the importance of intellectual property (IP) to ensure freedom of competition and respect for honesty in trade. Additionally, the assets covered by IP are of crucial importance for social, technological, and economic development. This hugely valuable guide, written by specialists in the Secretariat of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and now in its updated and expanded second edition, pays particular attention to the subject of international cooperation in IP, including discussion of the principal multilateral treaties which deal with its protection, and to the role of IP in cultural, economic, and technological development.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 579-583) and index.
Other Editions
Revision of: Introduction to intellectual property : theory and practice. London ; Boston : Kluwer Law International, 1997. 9041109382. (DLC) 97142888.
Record Appears in
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
Foreword
xxix
Part I Intellectual Property, Its Functions and Components
1
ch. 1
Concept and Functions of Intellectual Property
3
1.01.
Concept of Intellectual Property
3
1.02.
Copyright and Related Rights
8
1.03.
Patents and Related Concepts
11
A.
Patents for Invention
11
B.
Utility Models
13
1.04.
Industrial Designs
14
1.05.
Trademarks, Trade Names and GIs
15
A.
Trademarks
15
1.
Functions of Marks
16
2.
Economic Importance of Marks
17
B.
Trade Names
18
C.
GIs
19
1.06.
IP "Hybrids": Character Merchandising and Layout-Design (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits
20
A.
Section I: IP "Hybrids"
20
B.
Section II: Character Merchandising
20
1.
Notion of Character
20
a.
Definition
20
b.
Sources and Primary Use of Characters
21
2.
Concept of Character Merchandising
22
a.
Definition
22
b.
Brief History of Character Merchandising
22
c.
Types of Character Merchandising
24
i.
Merchandising of Fictional Characters
24
ii.
Personality Merchandising
25
iii.
Image Merchandising
26
3.
Forms of Legal Protection
26
a.
Copyright
26
b.
Trademarks and Service Marks (Marks)
28
c.
Industrial Designs
30
d.
Other Forms of Protection
30
C.
Section III: Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits
30
1.
Introduction
30
2.
Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits (IPIC Treaty)
31
a.
Introduction
31
b.
Scope of Protection
32
i.
Object Protected
32
ii.
Protection Requirements
33
iii.
Type of Protection
33
iv.
Rights Granted
34
v.
Obligations of the Owner; Non-voluntary Licenses
34
vi.
Reverse Engineering
35
vii.
Disclosure
35
viii.
Duration
35
c.
Implications of the Legal Regime
36
1.07.
Protection Against Unfair Competition
37
ch. 2
History and Evolution of IP
41
2.01.
History and Evolution of Patents
41
A.
Privileges
42
B.
National Patents
45
C.
Internationalization
47
2.02.
History and Evolution of Trademarks
48
2.03.
History and Evolution of Copyright
51
ch. 3
Effect of IP Protection on Economic and Technological Development
55
3.01.
Industrial Property and Development
55
A.
Government Support for Inventive Activities
57
B.
Industrial Property Protection as an Innovation Policy
58
1.
IP Instruments and What They Protect
61
2.
How Patent Protection Affects Innovation
62
3.
Importance of IP Institutions
64
3.02.
Copyright and Development
65
ch. 4
Contribution of Industrial Property to the Transfer and Dissemination of Technology
67
4.01.
Introduction
67
A.
Transfer Through Tangible and Intangible Property
70
B.
Transfer Through Technology Licensing
70
C.
Transfer Through the Public Domain
70
4.02.
Use of Industrial Property Information
73
4.03.
Patent Databases
74
4.04.
Brand Databases
77
4.05.
Statistics for IP Information
78
4.06.
Licensing and the Transfer of Technology
80
A.
Introduction
80
B.
Commercial Transfer and Acquisition of Technology
80
1.
In General
80
2.
Sale: Assignment
81
3.
License Contract
81
4.
Know-How Contract
82
5.
Sale and Import of Capital Goods
85
6.
Franchising and Distributorship
85
7.
Consultancy Arrangement
86
8.
Turn-Key Project
88
9.
Joint Venture Arrangements
88
C.
Negotiation of Licensing Agreements
90
1.
Introduction
90
2.
Identification of the Parties
90
3.
Objectives of the Parties; Scope of the License
91
4.
Subject Matter
92
5.
Identification of Product or Processes
92
6.
Identification of the Invention(s)
93
7.
Description of the Know-How
93
8.
Confidentiality
94
9.
Access to Technological Advances
94
10.
Territorial Exclusivity
95
11.
Field (s) of Use
95
12.
Exploitation
96
13.
Settlement of Disputes
97
D.
Remuneration
98
1.
Introduction
98
2.
Direct Monetary Compensation
98
3.
Lump-Sum Payment
99
4.
Royalties
99
5.
Lump-Sum Payment Compared with Royalties
100
6.
Lump-Sum Payment and Royalties Combined
101
7.
Fees for Technical Services and Assistance
101
8.
Indirect and Non-Monetary Compensation
102
a.
Income from Related Operations
102
b.
Dividends
102
c.
Cost Shifting or Sharing Measures
103
d.
Feed-Back of Technical Information
103
e.
Acquisition of Market Data
103
9.
Cost Reductions and Savings to the Licensee or Technology Recipient
103
10.
Description of the Currency of the Obligation and of Payment
103
11.
Currency of Obligation
104
12.
Rate of Exchange
105
E.
Types of IP Licenses
105
1.
Introduction
105
2.
Patent Licenses
105
3.
Trademark Licenses
106
4.
Copyright Licenses (Publishing)
107
F.
Assessing Abusive Clauses: Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Analysis; Per Se Rules Versus The Rule of Reason
109
4.07.
IP for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
110
A.
Using IP as a Competitive Tool
111
B.
Exploiting IP Assets
113
C.
Valuation of IP Assets
115
D.
Risk Management
115
E.
Entering International Markets
116
F.
Impact of Electronic Commerce
117
G.
Dispute Settlement
117
H.
Developing an IP Strategy
117
1.
Conclusion
119
ch. 5
About WIPO, Its Work and Strategic Goals
121
5.01.
WIPO
121
A.
History
121
B.
Structure
122
C.
Functions
124
D.
Administration
125
E.
Membership
126
5.02.
WIPO, an Organization for the Twenty-First Century
126
A.
Strategic Goal I: Balanced Evolution of the International Normative Framework for IP
127
B.
Strategic Goal II: Provision of Premier Global IP Services
127
C.
Strategic Goal III: Facilitating the Use of IP for Development
127
D.
Strategic Goal IV: Coordination and Development of Global IP Infrastructure
128
E.
Strategic Goal V: World Reference Source for IP Information and Analysis
128
F.
Strategic Goal VI: International Cooperation on Building Respect for IP
128
G.
Strategic Goal VII: Addressing IP in Relation to Global Policy Issues
129
H.
Strategic Goal VIII: A Responsive Communications Interface Between WIPO, Its Member States, and All Stakeholders
129
I.
Strategic Goal IX: An Efficient Administrative and Financial Support Structure to Enable WIPO to Deliver Its Programs
129
ch. 6
Copyright and Related Rights
131
6.01.
Introduction
131
6.02.
Subject Matter of Copyright Protection
132
6.03.
Rights Comprised in Copyright
133
A.
Reproduction Rights
134
B.
Distribution Rights
134
C.
Right of Public Performance
134
D.
Communication to the Public, Broadcasting and Making Available Rights
135
E.
Translation and Adaptation Rights
135
F.
Moral Rights
136
6.04.
Related Rights
136
6.05.
Ownership of Copyright
138
6.06.
Duration and Territoriality of Copyright
140
6.07.
Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Related Rights
141
6.08.
Copyright Protection and Developing Countries
142
6.09.
Infringement
143
A.
Incidence of Piracy
143
B.
Effects of Copyright Infringement
145
1.
Authors and Performers
145
2.
Publishers and Producers
146
3.
Distributors
146
4.
Consumers
146
5.
Governmental Authorities
147
6.10.
Historical Efforts to Provide for Protection of TCEs
147
A.
Introduction
147
B.
Attempts to Protect TCEs under Copyright Law
148
C.
Special Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of TCEs Against Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions
149
1.
Evolution
149
2.
Basic Principles
150
3.
Subject of Protection
150
4.
Prejudicial Acts
151
5.
Implementing the Protection of Expressions of Folklore
153
6.
Sanctions
155
D.
Regional and International Protection of TCEs
156
ch. 7
Patents
157
7.01.
Introduction
157
7.02.
Conditions of Patentability
158
A.
Patentable Subject Matter
158
B.
Industrial Applicability (Utility)
159
C.
Novelty
160
D.
Inventive Step (Non-obviousness)
161
E.
Disclosure of the Invention
162
7.03.
Drafting and Filing a Patent Application
163
A.
Identification of the Invention
163
B.
Practical Aspects of Drafting Patent Applications
164
7.04.
Examination of a Patent Application
166
A.
Examination as to Form; The Filing Date and Priority Date
166
B.
Search
168
C.
Examination as to Substance
169
D.
Grant and Publication
169
7.05.
Oppositions, Third Party Observations and Appeals
170
7.06.
Exploitation of the Patented Invention
176
A.
Exploring the Market for an Invention
176
B.
Feasibility of an Invention
176
C.
Selling an Invention
177
7.07.
Compulsory Licenses
179
A.
Grant of Non-voluntary Licenses to Remedy Abuses Resulting from the Exercise of the Patent Right
180
1.
Non-working of a Patent
180
2.
Procedural Safeguards and Compensation
183
3.
Forfeiture or Revocation of Patent in Event of Abuses
184
4.
Compulsory Licenses in the Event of Anticompetitive Abuses
184
5.
Compulsory Licenses in the Event of Dependent Patents
184
B.
Grant of Non-voluntary Licenses in the Public Interest
184
1.
Non-voluntary Licenses Granted in the Public Interest in Favor of Private Parties
185
2.
Non-voluntary Licenses Granted in the Public Interest in Favor of the Government, or on Its Behalf
185
3.
Procedural Safeguards and Compensation
186
7.08.
Patent Protection of Computer Programs and Biotechnological Inventions
186
A.
Computer Programs
186
1.
Introduction
186
2.
Brief History of the Protection of Computer Programs
187
3.
Protection of Computer Programs Under Patents
187
4.
International Norms Concerning IP Protection of Computer Programs
189
a.
International Norms Concerning Copyright Protection: WCT Article 4; TRIPS Article 10
189
b.
National Legislation on Patent Protection of Computer Programs
190
B.
Biotechnological Inventions
191
1.
Introduction
191
2.
Adoption and Dissemination
192
3.
Particularities of Legal Protection for Biotechnology
194
4.
International Law
196
7.09.
Utility Models
197
ch. 8
Trademarks
199
8.01.
Introduction
199
8.02.
Definitions
200
A.
Trademarks
200
B.
Service Marks
200
C.
Collective Marks and Certification Marks
201
1.
Collective Marks
201
2.
Certification Marks
202
8.03.
Signs Which May Serve as Trademarks
202
8.04.
Criteria of Protectability
204
A.
Requirement of Distinctiveness
204
1.
Lack of Distinctiveness
205
2.
Generic Terms
206
3.
Descriptive Signs
206
4.
Other Signs Lacking Distinctiveness
206
5.
Reference to Geographical Origin
207
6.
Letters, Numerals and Basic Geometrical Shapes
207
7.
Foreign Script and Transliterations
208
8.
Colors
208
9.
Names, Surnames
208
B.
Exclusions from Registration on Other Grounds: Public Interest
209
1.
Deceptiveness
209
2.
Reference to Geographical Origin
209
3.
Partial Deceptiveness
210
4.
Signs Contrary to Morality or Public Policy
210
5.
Signs Reserved for Use by the State, Public Institutions or International Organizations
210
8.05.
Protection of Trademark Rights
210
8.06.
Use Requirements
211
A.
Need for an Obligation to Use
211
B.
Practical Use Requirements
212
C.
Consequences of Non-use
213
D.
Proper Use of Trademarks
213
8.07.
Trademark Registration
215
A.
Introduction
215
B.
Application for Registration
215
C.
Examination
216
1.
Examination as to Form
216
2.
Examination as to Substance
216
D.
Refusal of Registration
217
E.
Date of Registration
217
F.
Duration and Renewal
218
G.
Publication and Access to the Register
218
H.
Removal of the Trademark from the Register
219
1.
Removal for Failure to Renew
219
2.
Removal at the Request of the Registered Owner
219
3.
Removal for Failure to Use
219
4.
Cancellation on Account of Nullity
220
5.
Removal of a Mark That Has Lost Its Distinctiveness
220
I.
Rights Arising from the Trademark Registration
220
1.
Similarity of Goods
222
2.
Similarity of Trademarks
222
3.
Influence of Use and Non-use
225
4.
Protection Beyond the Scope of Confusing Similarity
226
J.
Restriction of the Exclusive Right in the Public Interest
226
K.
Remedies for Trademark Infringement
227
ch. 9
Industrial Designs
229
9.01.
Introduction
229
9.02.
Evolution of Design Protection
229
9.03.
Legal Protection of Industrial Designs
230
A.
Definition of Subject Matter of Protection
231
1.
Design as Conception or Idea
231
2.
Application to or Embodiment in an Article
231
3.
Judgment of the Design by Its Appearance
231
4.
Exclusion of Designs Dictated by Technical or Functional Considerations
232
B.
Novelty or Originality Requirement
232
9.04.
Rights in Industrial Designs
233
A.
Entitlement to Rights
233
B.
Acquisition of Rights
234
1.
Filing of an Application for Registration or for the Grant of a Design Patent
234
2.
Unregistered Industrial Design Rights
235
3.
Copyright
235
C.
Content of the Right
236
D.
Duration of Rights
236
9.05.
Relation to Copyright
236
ch. 10
Geographical Indications ("GIs")
239
10.01.
Introduction
239
A.
Can GIs Only Be Used for Agricultural Products?
239
10.02.
Developing a GI: Why?
239
A.
GIs as Differentiation Tools in Marketing Strategies: From Mere Source Indicators to Brands
240
B.
GIs as a Factor of Rural Development
240
C.
GIs as a Means to Preserve TK and TCEs
240
10.03.
Rationale Behind the Protection of GIs
241
A.
Deterring Free-Riding
242
B.
Forestalling Registration of the GI as a Trademark by a Third Party
242
C.
Limiting the Risk of the GI Becoming a Generic Term
242
D.
What Does a Protected GI Enable You to Do? What Does it Not Enable You to Do?
243
10.04.
Protection of GIs on the National Level
243
A.
Sui Generis Systems of Protection
243
B.
Collective Marks and Certification Marks
244
C.
Laws Focusing on Business Practices
245
10.05.
International Legal Framework
245
A.
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883)
245
B.
Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods (1891)
245
C.
TRIPS Agreement (1994)
246
D.
Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and Their International Registration(1958) and the Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement on Appellations of Origin and Geographical Indications (2015)
246
E.
Madrid System
247
10.06.
Protection of GIs on the International Level Through the Provisions of Bilateral Agreements
247
ch. 11
Plant Varieties: The International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (1991 Act)
249
11.01.
Introduction
249
A.
Why Do Farmers and Growers Need New Plant Varieties?
249
B.
Why Is PVP Necessary?
249
11.02.
UPOV
250
A.
Background
250
B.
What Is UPOV?
250
C.
What Does UPOV Do?
251
11.03.
How Does PVP Work?
251
A.
What Are the Requirements for Protecting a New Plant Variety?
251
B.
What Are the Benefits of PVP and UPOV Membership?
251
11.04.
Criteria for Protection
252
A.
Definitions
252
1.
Notion of Breeder
252
2.
Notion of Plant Variety
253
11.05.
Basic Obligation of Contracting Parties
254
A.
Implementation of the Convention
254
1.
Measures of Implementation
254
2.
Conformity of the Laws
255
11.06.
Genera and Species to Be Protected
255
A.
Right of Priority
255
11.07.
Conditions for the Grant of the Breeder's Right
256
A.
Introduction
256
B.
Variety Denomination
257
C.
Other Conditions
258
11.08.
Provisional Protection
258
11.09.
Scope of the Breeder's Right
258
A.
Introduction
258
B.
Plant Breeder's Right on the Propagating Material (Article 14(1))
259
C.
Plant Breeder's Right on Harvested Material (Article 14(2)); and Certain Products (Article 14(3))
259
11.10.
Varieties Covered Within the Scope of the Plant Breeder's Right
260
11.11.
Exceptions to the Breeder's Right
260
A.
Compulsory Exceptions
261
B.
Optional Exception
261
11.12.
Restrictions (Exceptions and Limitations) to the Plant Breeder's Right
262
A.
Exhaustion of the Breeder's Right
262
B.
Duration of the Breeder's Right
262
ch. 12
Traditional Knowledge ("TK"), Traditional Cultural Expressions ("TCEs"), and Genetic Resources ("GRs")
265
12.01.
Issue in a Nutshell: IP for Traditional Forms of Creativity and Innovation
265
12.02.
What Are TK, TCEs and GRs?
267
A.
TK
267
B.
TCEs
268
C.
GRs
268
12.03.
Who Are the Holders of TK and TCEs?
268
12.04.
What Does "Protection" Mean?
269
A.
Protection of TK and TCEs
269
B.
Protection of GRs
270
C.
What Is the Objective of Protection?
271
12.05.
Options for the IP Protection of TK and TCEs
271
A.
Existing Conventional IP Systems
272
1.
Patent Law
272
2.
Copyright and Related Rights
273
3.
Distinctive Signs, Designs and Unfair Competition
273
B.
Adaptation of Existing IP
274
C.
Sui Generis Systems
275
12.06.
Work of WIPO in the Field of TK, TCEs and GRs
275
A.
WIPO's TK Division
276
B.
Intergovernmental Committee
276
C.
Projects and Activities: The Practical Work of WIPO
276
D.
Indigenous Participation in WIPO
277
ch. 13
Protection Against Unfair Competition
279
13.01.
Introduction
279
13.02.
Need for Protection Against Unfair Competition
280
13.03.
Legal Basis for Protection
282
A.
Development of Unfair Competition Law
282
B.
International Protection
284
1.
Article 10bis of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
284
2.
Article 39 of the TRIPS Agreement
285
C.
National Protection: Three Main Approaches to Unfair Competition Law
286
1.
Protection Based on Specific Legislation
286
2.
Protection Based on General Tort Law and/or on the Law Concerning "Passing-Off" and Trade Secrets
286
3.
Combination of the Above Two Approaches
287
D.
Role of Jurisprudence
287
13.04.
Acts of Unfair Competition
288
A.
General Definition
288
B.
Categories of Acts of Unfair Competition
290
C.
Causing Confusion
290
1.
General Circumstances under Which Confusion Is Established
290
2.
Types of Confusion
291
3.
Confusion with Respect to Indications
292
4.
Confusion with Respect to Product Shapes
296
D.
Misleading
297
1.
General
297
2.
Concept of Misleading
299
3.
Communication of Misleading Statements
300
4.
Exaggerations
300
5.
Subject Matter of Misleading
301
6.
Subjective Requirements
302
7.
Burden of Proof
302
E.
Discrediting Competitors
302
1.
General
302
2.
Reference to an Individual Competitor
303
3.
Subject Matter of the Attack
303
4.
Intent or Actual Damage
304
5.
Statements of Fact
304
6.
False Statements
304
F.
Violation of Trade Secrets
305
1.
General
305
2.
What Information Can Be a Trade Secret?
306
3.
Use and Disclosure by (Former) Employees
307
4.
Use and Disclosure by Competitors
308
G.
Taking Undue Advantage of Another's Achievement ("Free Riding")
309
1.
General
309
2.
Dilution of the Distinctive Quality or Advertising Value of a Mark
311
3.
Exploitation of Another's Reputation
311
4.
Slavish Imitation
312
5.
Parasitic Acts
313
H.
Comparative Advertising
314
1.
Definition
314
2.
General Restrictions: "Misleading" and "Discrediting" Comparisons
314
3.
Trend Toward Admission of True Comparisons
315
4.
Special Dangers of Comparative Advertising
315
5.
Comparative Advertising and Trademark Law
316
6.
Comparisons Made by Third Parties
316
I.
Other Acts of Unfair Competition
317
1.
General
317
2.
Nuisance Advertising, Exploitation of Fear, Undue Psychological Pressure, Etc.
317
3.
Sales Promotion: Bonuses, Gifts, Lotteries, Etc.
318
4.
Impeding of Market Activities
319
13.05.
Unfair Competition and Competition (Antitrust) Law
319
A.
Introduction
319
B.
Meaning and the Evolution of the Repression of Unfair Competition
321
C.
Objectives
321
D.
Types of Unfair Competition Acts
321
1.
Dishonest Practices
322
2.
Parasitism
322
3.
Violation of Statutory Duties
324
4.
Acts That Harm Competition Without Entailing Superior Efficiency
324
E.
Constitutive Elements
326
13.06.
Trends and Consequences of the Expansion of Protection Against Unfair Competition
327
ch. 14
Enforcement of IPRs
331
14.01.
Section I: Judicial Enforcement
331
A.
Introduction
331
1.
Enforcement Measures as the Necessary Correlatives of IPRs
331
2.
IP Enforcement in the Wider Context of Building Respect for IP
332
3.
WIPO ACE
333
B.
Enforcement of IP Rights under the TRIPS Agreement
334
1.
Relevance of Part III of the TRIPS Agreement in a Multilateral Context
334
2.
Enforcement under Part III of the TRIPS Agreement: Preliminary Considerations
335
3.
Definitions of Concepts Relating to the Enforcement of IPRs
336
4.
Procedural Justice and Efficiency
338
5.
Border Measures
338
a.
Applicability of the Suspension of the Release of Allegedly Infringing Goods
339
b.
Procedure to Suspend the Release of Goods
339
c.
Remedies
340
d.
Safeguards
340
e.
Ex Officio Action
341
f.
Simplified Border Procedures
341
6.
Provisional Measures
342
7.
Civil Procedures and Remedies
343
a.
Injunctions
343
b.
Evidence
343
c.
Damages
346
d.
Other Remedies
347
8.
Criminal Procedures
349
a.
Preliminary Considerations
349
b.
Definition of IP Crimes
350
c.
Criminal Proceedings
350
d.
International Norms
351
e.
Sanctions
352
14.02.
Section II: Alternative Dispute Resolution of IP and Technology Disputes
353
A.
WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center
353
1.
WIPO Rules and Neutrals
354
2.
Types of Disputes
354
3.
Settlement Rates
356
4.
WIPO Model Clauses
356
5.
Clause Generator
357
6.
WIPO Case Examples
357
7.
WIPO Mediation Case Examples
357
8.
WIPO Arbitration Case Examples
358
9.
WIPO International Survey on Dispute Resolution in Technology Transactions
360
10.
WIPO ADR Services for Specific Sectors
361
11.
Domain Name Dispute Resolution
362
Part II Global Protection
363
ch. 15
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
365
15.01.
History
365
15.02.
Principal Provisions
366
A.
National Treatment Principle
367
B.
Right of Priority
369
C.
Provisions Concerning Patents
371
1.
Independence of Patents
371
2.
Right of the Inventor to be Mentioned
372
3.
Importation; Failure to Work and Compulsory Licenses
372
4.
Grace Period for the Payment of Maintenance Fees
375
5.
Patents in International Traffic
376
6.
Inventions Shown at International Exhibitions
376
D.
Provisions Concerning Trademarks
377
1.
Use of Trademarks
377
2.
Concurrent Use of the Same Trademark by Different Enterprises
378
3.
Grace Period for the Payment of Renewal Fees
379
4.
Independence of Trademarks
379
5.
Well-Known Trademarks
380
6.
State Emblems, Official Hallmarks and Emblems of International Organizations
381
7.
Assignment of Trademarks
382
8.
Protection of Trademarks Registered in One Country of the Union in Other Countries of the Union
383
9.
Service Marks
384
10.
Registration in the Name of the Agent Without the Proprietor's Authorization
385
11.
Nature of the Goods to Which a Trademark Is Applied
385
12.
Collective Marks
386
13.
Trademarks Shown at International Exhibitions
387
E.
Provisions Concerning Industrial Designs, Trade Names, AO and Indications of Source, and Unfair Competition
387
1.
Industrial Designs
387
2.
Trade Names
388
3.
AO and Indications of Source
388
4.
Unfair Competition
389
15.03.
Administrative and Financial Provisions
390
A.
Organs of the Paris Union
390
B.
Finances
391
C.
Amendments and Revision
391
D.
Special Agreements
391
E.
Becoming Party to the Convention
392
F.
Disputes
392
G.
Membership
392
ch. 16
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
393
16.01.
History
393
16.02.
Principal Provisions
394
A.
Basic Principles
394
B.
Works Protected
394
C.
Owners of Rights
395
D.
Persons Protected
395
E.
Minimum Standards of Protection
395
F.
Rights Protected
395
G.
Limitations
396
H.
Duration of Protection
396
16.03.
Latest (Paris) Act of the Convention
397
16.04.
Administration
399
A.
Administrative Provisions
399
B.
Becoming Party to the Convention
400
16.05.
Developing Countries and the Berne Convention
401
16.06.
Membership
402
ch. 17
Patent Cooperation Treaty ("PCT")
403
17.01.
Introduction
403
A.
Traditional Patent System
403
B.
History of the PCT
404
C.
Objectives of the PCT
404
17.02.
Functioning of the PCT System
406
A.
Filing an International Application
406
B.
International Search
408
C.
International Publication
410
D.
International Preliminary Examination
410
E.
Prosecution Before the Designated (or Elected) Offices (the "National Phase")
411
17.03.
Advantages of the PCT System
412
A.
Advantages for Patent Offices
412
B.
Advantages for the Applicant
413
C.
Advantages for the National Economy and for Industry
414
D.
Technological Information
415
17.04.
Future Developments of the PCT
416
A.
Membership
416
ch. 18
Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure
417
18.01.
Background to the Treaty
417
18.02.
Summary of the Treaty
418
18.03.
Main Advantages of the Treaty
419
18.04.
Membership
419
ch. 19
Patent Law Treaty ("PLT")
421
19.01.
Objectives and Summary of the Treaty
421
A.
Requirements for Obtaining a Filing Date
421
B.
Requirements for National and Regional Applications
422
C.
Model International Forms
422
D.
Simplification of Procedures
422
E.
Avoiding the Unintentional Loss of Rights
422
F.
Electronic Filing
422
19.02.
Membership
423
ch. 20
Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement
425
20.01.
Introduction
425
20.02.
Applicable Treaty
426
20.03.
Principles of International Registration
427
20.04.
Who May Apply for International Registration
427
20.05.
Registration Procedure
428
A.
Basic Registration or Application
428
B.
Submission of the Application for International Registration
428
C.
Fees Accompanying the Application
428
D.
Right of Priority
429
E.
Examination by the International Bureau; Registration, Notification and Publication
429
1.
Irregularities in General
430
2.
Classification of Goods and Services
430
3.
List of Goods and Services Containing too Vague, Incomprehensible or Linguistically Incorrect Terms
431
20.06.
Effects of International Registration
432
A.
Territorial Effect
432
B.
Legal Effect
432
C.
Date of International Registration
432
D.
Validity of International Registration
433
E.
Link Between the International Registration and the Basic Mark
433
20.07.
Examination by the Office of A Designated Contracting Party; Refusal and Grant of Protection
434
A.
Grounds for Refusal
434
B.
Time Limit for Refusal
435
C.
Procedure for Refusal of Protection
435
20.08.
Subsequent Designation
436
20.09.
Changes Affecting the International Registration
436
20.10.
Renewal
437
A.
Unofficial Reminders
438
B.
Fees
438
C.
Nature and Effect of Renewal
438
20.11.
Public Information About International Applications and Registrations
438
20.12.
Membership
439
ch. 21
Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs
441
21.01.
Introduction
441
21.02.
Principle of International Registration
442
21.03.
Main Provisions of the Hague Agreement
442
21.04.
Benefits of Accession to the Hague Agreement
444
21.05.
Freezing of the Application of the 1934 Act
445
21.06.
Membership
445
ch. 22
Trademark Law Treaty (TLT)
447
22.01.
Introduction
447
22.02.
Provisions of the Treaty
447
A.
Marks to Which the Treaty Applies
447
B.
Applications
448
C.
Representation
448
D.
Filing Date
448
E.
Signature
449
F.
Changes and Corrections Concerning Applications and Registrations
449
G.
Duration and Renewal of Registration
450
H.
Other Provisions in the Treaty
450
I.
Compliance with Other Conventions
450
J.
Regulations and Model International Forms
450
K.
Transitional Provisions
451
L.
Membership
451
ch. 23
Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks
453
23.01.
Objective and Scope of the Singapore Treaty
453
23.02.
Advances of the Singapore Treaty as Compared to the TLT
453
23.03.
Communication
454
23.04.
Relief Measures
454
23.05.
Other Provisions
454
23.06.
Disputes
455
23.07.
Membership
455
ch. 24
Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and Their International Registration and the Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement on Appellations of Origin and Geographical Indications (The "Lisbon System")
457
24.01.
Scope and Objective
457
24.02.
Refusal of Protection
458
24.03.
Protection
458
24.04.
Geneva Act
458
24.05.
Membership
459
ch. 25
Conventions on Classification
461
25.01.
Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks
461
A.
Introduction 461 [B) Legal Scope and Application of the Nice Classification
462
C.
Nice Union Assembly and the Committee of Experts
462
D.
Utilization and Updating of the Nice Classification
463
E.
Membership
464
25.02.
Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks
464
A.
Introduction
464
B.
Basic Features of the Agreement
464
C.
Advantages of the International Classification
466
D.
Membership
466
25.03.
Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs
466
A.
Introduction
466
B.
Legal Effect and Use of the Locarno Classification
467
C.
Membership
467
25.04.
Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the IPC
467
A.
Introduction
467
B.
IPC
469
C.
Membership
470
ch. 26
International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (The "Rome Convention")
471
26.01.
Genesis of the Rome Convention
471
26.02.
Relation Between the Protection of Related Rights and Copyright
472
26.03.
Basic Principle of Protection under the Rome Convention: National Treatment
473
26.04.
Eligibility for Protection
473
26.05.
Minimum Protection Required by the Convention
474
26.06.
Provisions for Discretionary Regulation of the Exercise of Rights
475
26.07.
Limitations
476
26.08.
Duration of Protection
476
26.09.
Restriction of Formalities
477
26.10.
Rome Convention and Developing Countries
477
26.11.
Membership
478
ch. 27
Other Special Conventions in the Field of Related Rights
479
27.01.
Special Conventions
479
27.02.
Reasons for and Purposes of the Special Conventions
480
27.03.
Main Features of the Special Conventions
481
27.04.
Substantive Provisions of the Phonograms Convention
482
27.05.
Substantive Provisions of the Satellites Convention
483
27.06.
Phonograms and Satellites Conventions and Developing Countries
484
27.07.
Membership of the Phonograms and Satellites Conventions
485
ch. 28
WIPO Internet Treaties: The WCT and WPPT
487
28.01.
Section I: The WCT
487
A.
Background
487
B.
Legal Nature and Relationship with Other Treaties
488
C.
Provisions Relating to the Digital Environment
488
D.
Other Substantive Provisions
490
1.
Eligibility for Protection, Scope and Subject Matter of Protection
490
a.
Rights Protected
491
b.
Duration of Protection for Photographic Works
491
c.
Limitations and Exceptions
491
d.
Other Provisions
492
E.
Administrative Provisions
492
F.
Implementation of the WCT
492
28.02.
Section II: The WPPT
493
A.
History
493
B.
Legal Nature of the WPPT and Its Relationship With Other International Treaties
494
C.
Provisions Relating to the Digital Environment
494
D.
Other Substantive Provisions
495
1.
Criteria for Eligibility and National Treatment
495
2.
Rights of Performers
495
3.
Rights of Producers of Phonograms
495
4.
Right to Remuneration for Broadcasting and Communication to the Public
495
5.
Limitations and Exceptions
496
6.
Transferability of Rights
496
7.
Duration of Protection
496
8.
Formalities and Application in Time
496
a.
Enforcement of Rights
497
E.
Administrative Provisions
497
F.
Implementation of the Treaty
497
G.
Benefits of Adherence to the WCT and WPPT
497
1.
Updating Protections for the Digital Era
497
2.
Advantages for Developing Countries
498
ch. 29
Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances ("BTAP")
499
29.01.
Background
499
29.02.
Legal Nature of the BTAP and Relationship with Other International Treaties
500
29.03.
Provisions Relating to the Digital Environment
501
29.04.
Other Substantive Provisions
501
A.
Definitions
501
B.
Transfer of Rights
501
C.
Other Rights Granted
502
D.
Duration of protection
503
E.
Technological Measures
503
F.
Limitations and Exceptions
503
G.
Administrative Provisions
503
29.05.
Implementation
503
29.06.
Importance of the BTAP
504
ch. 30
Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled ("MVT" or "Marrakesh Treaty")
505
30.01.
Background
505
30.02.
Legal Nature and Relationship with Other Treaties
506
30.03.
Substantive Provisions
507
A.
Definitions
507
B.
Beneficiary Persons
507
C.
Cross-Border Exchange of Accessible Format Copies
507
D.
National Limitations and Exceptions
508
30.04.
Administrative Provisions
509
30.05.
Implementation of the Treaty
509
30.06.
Importance of the MVT
509
ch. 31
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS")
511
31.01.
Introduction
511
A.
GATT, the WTO and the TRIPS Agreement
511
B.
TRIPS Agreement and the Paris and Berne Conventions
512
C.
Transitional Arrangements and Technical Cooperation (Part VI)
513
D.
Institutional Arrangements (Part VII)
514
E.
Arrangements for Cooperation with WIPO
514
31.02.
General Provisions, Basic Principles and Final Provisions (Parts I and VII)
515
A.
Definition of IP
515
B.
Incorporation-by-Reference of the Paris and Berne Conventions
515
C.
Principle of National Treatment
516
D.
MFN Treatment Principle
516
E.
Protection of Existing Subject Matter
516
F.
Reservations
517
G.
Security Exceptions
517
31.03.
Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of IPRs (Part II)
518
A.
Copyright and Related Rights (Section 1)
518
B.
Trademarks (Section 2)
519
C.
GIs (Section 3)
520
D.
Industrial Designs (Section 4)
521
E.
Patents (Section 5)
522
F.
Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits (Section 6)
523
G.
Protection of Undisclosed Information (Section 7)
524
H.
Control of Anti-competitive Practices in Contractual Licenses (Section 8)
524
31.04.
Enforcement of IPRs (Part III)
525
A.
General Obligations (Section 1)
525
B.
Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies (Section 2)
525
C.
Provisional Measures (Section 3)
526
D.
Special Requirements Related to Border Measures (Section 4) and Criminal Procedures (Section 5)
526
31.05.
Acquisition and Maintenance of IPRs and Related Procedures (Part IV)
526
31.06.
Dispute Prevention and Settlement (Part V)
527
A.
Transparency
527
B.
Dispute Settlement
527
Part III Reframing International IP? New Negotiating Processes at WIPO
529
ch. 32
WIPO Development Agenda
531
32.01.
Introduction
531
A.
Background
531
B.
Contents of the Development Agenda
532
32.02.
Development Agenda Principles
533
32.03.
Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP)
534
32.04.
Implementation of the Development Agenda
535
A.
Mainstreaming the Recommendations into WIPO's Regular Program Activities
535
B.
Mainstreaming the Recommendations into the Work of WIPO Bodies
536
C.
Implementation of Development Agenda Projects
537
D.
Achievements in the Implementation of the Development Agenda
539
E.
Development Agenda Coordination Division (DACD)
540
F.
Role of Civil Society
541
G.
Conclusion 541 Annex to Chapter 32
543
ch. 33
WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore ("IGC")
549
33.01.
Introduction
549
33.02.
Origins and Rationale of the IGC
550
33.03.
Participation in the IGC
551
33.04.
Achievements to Date
552
33.05.
Progress in Ongoing Negotiations
552
ch. 34
Protection of New Technological Developments
555
34.01.
Computers and Digital Technologies
555
A.
Introduction
555
B.
Computers and IP
556
1.
Introduction
556
2.
Computers and Protected Works
557
C.
Protection of Computer Programs
558
34.02.
Reprography
559
A.
Reprography and IP
559
B.
Audio and Audiovisual Recording
560
34.03.
New Communication Technologies
562
A.
Introduction
562
B.
Satellites
562
1.
Types of Satellites
562
2.
Copyright and Satellites
563
C.
Cable Distribution
564
34.04.
Digital Distribution Systems
567
ch. 35
Proposed Treaty for the Protection of Broadcasting Organizations
571
35.01.
Introduction
571
35.02.
Progress of Negotiations
572
35.03.
Outstanding Issues
572
ch. 36
Weak Link In International IP Protection: Patents and Global Value Chains
575
Additional Readings
579
Index
585