China's political system / Sebastian Heilmann (ed.) ; Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS).
2017
JQ1510 .C483533 2017 (Map It)
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Title
China's political system / Sebastian Heilmann (ed.) ; Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS).
Published
Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield, [2017]
Copyright
©2017
Call Number
JQ1510 .C483533 2017
ISBN
9781442277342 (hardback)
1442277343 (hardback)
9781442277359 (paperback)
1442277351 (paperback)
9781442277366
1442277343 (hardback)
9781442277359 (paperback)
1442277351 (paperback)
9781442277366
Description
542 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)969741229
Summary
To thoroughly understand how the PRC has become one of the most important actors in international affairs, this definitive book provides readers with a comprehensive assessment of the preconditions, prospects, and risks associated with China's political development.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 436-504) and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
List of tables
11
List of figures
14
List of acronyms and abbreviations
16
Preface
20
1.
Analyzing Chinese politics
23
1.1.
Historical foundations
23
1.1.1.
Political destabilization in modern history
23
1.1.2.
Formative developments and traumatic experiences in recent history
25
1.1.3.
Persistent and transformed political traditions
27
1.2.
How China is portrayed in Western media
30
1.3.
Why China challenges popular assumptions
33
1.4.
Utilizing information and data from China
36
1.5.
Analytical approaches to Chinese politics
38
1.5.1.
Political culture and legitimacy
39
1.5.2.
Political elites and power struggles
40
1.5.3.
Civil society and bottom-up political change
40
1.5.4.
Bureaucratic bargaining
41
1.5.5.
Organizational learning
42
1.5.6.
Integrated political and economic analysis
43
1.5.7.
Combining analytical perspectives
43
2.
Chinese Communist Party and state institutions
46
2.1.
Socialist organizational and ideological features
46
2.1.1.
Leninist organizational principles
46
2.1.2.
Ideology and legitimation in transition
49
2.2.
constitution of the party-state
56
2.2.1.
Short Constitutional History
57
2.2.2.
Key principles in the constitution
57
2.2.3.
Constitutional revisions
60
2.2.4.
Communist Party as sovereign of the state
61
2.3.
Chinese Communist Party
62
2.3.1.
Party organization and party membership
62
2.3.2.
Party congresses and ballots
64
2.3.3.
Politburo and its Standing Committee
66
2.3.4.
Central working organs and Leading Small Groups
68
2.3.5.
Overlap between party and state bodies
72
2.3.6.
Organizational decline and reform efforts
74
2.3.7.
persistence of Leninist patterns of control
75
2.4.
central government
76
2.4.1.
State Council and its inner cabinet
76
2.4.2.
Party organs within the State Council
82
2.4.3.
unitary state and decentralization
83
2.5.
Provincial- and municipal-level governments
85
2.5.1.
Regional administrative organization
85
2.5.2.
Regional special interests
90
2.5.3.
Informal federalism?
92
2.6.
Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong and Macau
94
2.6.1.
Hong Kong's economic role
95
2.6.2.
Hong Kong's political trajectory
96
2.6.3.
Constraints on democratization
98
2.7.
Local governments at the county, township, and village levels
99
2.7.1.
functions of local government
99
2.7.2.
Village self-governance and village elections
101
2.7.3.
Recent developments and signs of crisis
103
2.8.
Public finance
105
2.8.1.
Fiscal decentralization
105
2.8.2.
Budgets and public debt
109
2.8.3.
Expenditure priorities in the national budget
112
2.9.
cadre system and public administration
114
2.9.1.
nomenklatura system for senior cadres
115
2.9.2.
Administrative reorganization
118
2.9.3.
New approaches in public administration
123
2.10.
Legislation, the People's Congresses, and the Political Consultative Conferences
125
2.10.1.
Regulation and law-making
125
2.10.2.
People's Congresses
127
2.10.3.
Political Consultative Conferences
136
2.11.
judiciary, police, and penal systems
138
2.11.1.
Party control over the judicial and police systems
138
2.11.2.
police
139
2.11.3.
Courts and judges
140
2.11.4.
Public prosecutors
143
2.11.5.
Attorneys
143
2.11.6.
Criminal law and the penal system
144
2.11.7.
Judicial reform
145
2.12.
military and politics
147
2.12.1.
Party control over the military
147
2.12.2.
political loyalty of the PLA
148
2.12.3.
Defense policy and decision-making
148
3.
Political leadership
153
3.1.
center of power
154
3.1.1.
Shifts in the decision-making system
154
3.1.2.
Capacity for policy innovation and imposition
157
3.1.3.
"Normal mode" and "crisis mode" in decision-making
158
3.14.
How unified is the center of power?
162
3.2.
Leadership generations: Revolutionaries, technocrats, and recent diversification
163
3.3.
division of labor within the party leadership
166
3.4.
Central Leading Small Groups: Top-level decision-making under Xi Jinping
169
3.5.
Top leaders
172
3.5.1.
Members of the Politburo Standing Committee
173
3.5.2.
Senior strategists and advisers
176
3.6.
risks of political succession and Xi Jinping's presidential style
177
3.7.
Informal methods of exercising power
181
3.7.1.
Formal versus informal rules
181
3.7.2.
Beidaihe conferences and the role of retired leaders
183
3.7.3.
Informal rules of leadership selection and patronage networks
184
3.7.4.
Vested interests in flux
187
3.7.5.
Informal lobbying, consultations, and think-tanks
189
3.8.
Between fragmented authoritarianism and a re-concentration of power
190
4.
Governing China's economy
193
4.1.
China's economic transformation
193
4.2.
Economic growth: Official data and alternative indicators
197
4.3.
Prerequisites for Chinese economic reform
200
4.4.
political initiation and implementation of economic reform
202
4.5.
Government involvement in the Chinese economy
207
4.5.1.
Diverse types of ownership and corporate governance
208
4.5.2.
Party and government interference in business
210
4.6.
role of government in the banking and financial systems
212
4.7.
Economic globalization and government policy
218
4.7.1.
Currency policy and external economic relations
218
4.7.2.
Capital account controls
222
4.7.3.
political impact of economic globalization
225
4.8.
"Cadre capitalism" and corruption
226
4.8.1.
Assessing the extent of corruption
227
4.8.2.
Informal rules in China's "administrative market"
228
4.8.3.
Various forms of corruption
230
4.8.4.
Resistance to combating corruption
233
4.9.
Decentralized economic policies and regional disparities
234
4.9.1.
diversity of the regional economies
234
4.9.2.
Divergent levels of economic development
236
4.10.
dynamics of a developmental state
238
5.
Governing China's society
242
5.1.
Political control and "social management"
242
5.1.1.
Changing mechanisms of control
243
5.1.2.
Birth control
244
5.1.3.
Household registration
246
5.1.4.
Society: The focus of active government management
247
5.2.
Political controls and popular demands for civil rights
248
5.2.1.
Changing concepts of human rights
248
5.2.2.
Political opposition and protest movements
251
5.3.
Rural society
253
5.3.1.
Social change in rural areas
253
5.3.2.
Rural poverty and rural development policies
255
5.3.3.
Migrant workers and urban-rural integration
257
5.4.
Urban society and new social forces
259
5.4.1.
Income differentiation and social mobility
259
5.4.2.
China's new middle classes: Professionals and private entrepreneurs
261
5.4.3.
Patterns of consumption and political attitudes
264
5.4.4.
Indications of a nascent civil society
266
5.5.
Social organizations and trade unions
268
5.5.1.
State regulation of social organizations
269
5.5.2.
Party-controlled trade unions
271
5.5.3.
Foreign foundations and international NGOs
272
5.5.4.
Prospects for more open interest intermediation
274
5.6.
media and public opinion
274
5.6.1.
commercialization of China's media
275
5.6.2.
Media firms and entrepreneurs
275
5.6.3.
Media control and "guidance" of public opinion
277
5.6.4.
Internet and political communications
278
5.7.
Ethnic and religious groups
281
5.7.1.
Ethnic minorities and autonomous regions
281
5.7.2.
Conflicts in Tibet and Xinjiang
283
5.7.3.
Religious organizations and groups
285
5.8.
potential for social unrest
288
5.8.1.
Labor protests
290
5.8.2.
Urbanization and land grabs
291
5.8.3.
Environmental protests
292
5.8.4.
Arbitrary authorities, rampages, and self-administered justice
293
5.8.5.
Crime
294
5.9.
political consequences of social change
295
6.
Policy making: Processes and outcomes
298
6.1.
Distinctive features of the policy process
300
6.2.
Administrative modernization and economic deregulation
314
6.3.
Internal security and justice: Abolition of "re-education through labor"
319
6.4.
Media policy: Controlling social media
323
6.5.
Social security: State pensions for the rural population
328
6.6.
Macroeconomic control: Managing the impact of the global financial crisis
334
6.7.
Public budgets: The role of local-government financing platforms
338
6.8.
Infrastructure policy and the high-speed rail network
342
6.9.
Industrial policy and investment catalogs in the automotive sector
346
6.10.
Innovation policy: Promoting the Internet of Things
352
6.11.
Environmental policy: Curtailing urban air pollution
356
6.12.
Food safety: Preventing health risks
362
6.13.
Disaster management: Contingency planning and rescue programs
366
6.14.
Foreign and security policies: Maritime rights and interests
371
6.15.
Urbanization policy: Experimental urban concepts
375
6.16.
Internet security: National IT independence and China's cyber policy
380
6.17.
Education policy: Popularization and improvements in vocational training
385
6.18.
Mega-projects: China's South-to-North Water Transfer Project
390
6.19.
Strengths, weaknesses, and special characteristics of Chinese policy making
396
7.
Perspectives on China's political development
398
7.1.
Erosion of the party-state and restorative efforts
398
7.2.
Foundations of Communist Party rule
401
7.3.
underlying fragility of the Chinese political order
403
7.4.
Scenarios for political development
408
7.5.
potential for gradual democratic evolution
416
7.6.
Is China a possible developmental model for other countries?
419
7.7.
Implications for international interactions with China
425
8.
Glossary
428
9.
References and sources
436
9.1.
Reference works
436
9.2.
Internet sources
437
9.3.
Periodicals
441
9.4.
Further readings for individual chapters
441
9.5.
Bibliography
457
10.
Index
505
11.
Contributors
542