Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in domestic courts / Katharina Berner.
2017
K672 .B47 2017 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in domestic courts / Katharina Berner.
Published
Berlin : Springer, [2017]
Call Number
K672 .B47 2017
ISBN
9783662549360 (hardback alkaline paper)
3662549360 (hardback alkaline paper)
3662549360 (hardback alkaline paper)
Description
xlv, 298 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1020074010
Summary
The book analyses how subsequent agreements and subsequent practice as defined in articles 31 and 32 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties have been applied in interpretative reality. Based on the jurisprudence of domestic courts, it elucidates the distribution of power between the parties to a treaty and other actors. To start with, the book traces the origins of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice and places them in their broader legal context. Next, it explores the legal status and effects of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice, explains why such agreements are only rarely used, and defines the relevance of non-party practice in the interpretative process. In closing, it critically examines how domestic courts have approached the normative heart of subsequent practice, i.e. the notion of 'agreement'. Thus, this book ultimately challenges the traditional assumption that the parties are the joint masters of the treaty.--Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 287-298).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Preliminary Reflections upon Interpretative Power
1
1.2.
Current State of Research
6
1.3.
Scope of this Study
9
1.3.1.
Treaty Interpretation
10
1.3.1.1.
Treaties
10
1.3.1.2.
Interpretation
11
1.3.2.
Inter-State Level
14
1.3.2.1.
Domestic Judiciaries
14
1.3.2.2.
Accessibility and Reliability of Jurisprudence
16
1.3.2.3.
Sample Period
17
1.3.3.
Intra-State Level
17
1.4.
Outline and Methodology
19
pt. I
Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice
2.
Origins of Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice
27
2.1.
International Legal Doctrine
28
2.1.1.
`Classical' Writers
28
2.1.2.
`Post-Classical' Writers
30
2.1.3.
State-Sponsored and Private Codification Efforts
34
2.1.4.
Conclusion
40
2.2.
Judicial Settlement of International Disputes
41
2.2.1.
Permanent Court of International Justice
42
2.2.2.
International Court of Justice
46
2.2.3.
Conclusion
52
2.3.
Domestic Jurisprudence
53
2.3.1.
Germany
53
2.3.2.
Switzerland
55
2.3.3.
United States of America
59
2.3.4.
Conclusion
63
3.
Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Context: The 1969 VCLT
65
3.1.
Genesis of the Vienna Convention and its Rules of Interpretation
66
3.2.
Vienna Rules as a Reflection of Customary Law
75
3.3.
Vienna Rules of Interpretation
80
3.3.1.
General Rule of Interpretation
82
3.3.1.1.
Ordinary and Special Meaning
83
3.3.1.2.
Context
87
3.3.1.3.
Object and Purpose
89
3.3.2.
Supplementary Means of Interpretation
90
3.3.3.
Interpretation as a Single Combined Operation
92
4.
Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice under Articles 31 and 32 VCLT
99
4.1.
Relationship between Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice
99
4.2.
Subsequent Agreements under Article 31 (3)(a) VCLT
103
4.2.1.
Agreement'
103
4.2.1.1.
Agreement and Treaties
104
4.2.1.2.
Interpretative Treaties
105
4.2.1.3.
Form of Agreement
105
4.2.2.
`Between the Parties'
108
4.2.2.1.
Who Are'the Parties'?
108
4.2.2.2.
How Many Parties Are `the Parties'?
112
4.2.3.
Object of the Agreement
113
4.2.3.1.
Sole Purpose v Unintended Side-Effect
113
4.2.3.2.
Interpretation and Application Distinguished
114
4.2.3.3.
Interpretation and Modification Distinguished
116
4.2.4.
`Subsequent'
119
4.3.
Subsequent Practice under Article 31 (3)(b) VCLT
121
4.3.1.
Objective Components of Subsequent Practice
121
4.3.1.1.
What Constitutes' Practice'?
121
4.3.1.2.
Whose Practice Counts as `Practice'?
125
4.3.1.3.
`In the Application of the Treaty'
128
4.3.2.
Subjective Components of Subsequent Practice
129
4.3.2.1.
Agreement of the Parties
129
4.3.2.2.
Interpretation and Modification Distinguished
131
4.3.2.3.
How to `Establish' the Agreement?
133
4.4.
`Other' Subsequent Conduct under Article 32 VCLT
135
4.5.
Conclusion
137
pt. II
Jurisprudence of Domestic Courts
5.
Legal Status and Effects of Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice
141
5.1.
Status of Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice
141
5.1.1.
Authentic Means of Interpretation
142
5.1.1.1.
Origins and Re-emergence of Authentic Interpretation'
143
5.1.1.2.
Authentic Interpretation in Domestic Jurisprudence
147
5.1.2.
Relative Weight in the Interpretative Process
150
5.2.
Effects of Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice
156
5.2.1.
Extensive and Restrictive Interpretation
156
5.2.1.1.
Different Concepts of Extensive and Restrictive Interpretation
157
5.2.1.2.
Extensive and Restrictive Interpretation in Domestic Jurisprudence
158
5.2.2.
Dynamic and Static Interpretation
161
5.2.2.1.
Denning and Qualifying Dynamic and Static Interpretation
162
5.2.2.2.
Dynamic and Static Interpretation in Domestic Jurisprudence
164
5.3.
Conclusion
168
6.
Frequency of Subsequent Agreements
171
6.1.
Number of Parties to a Treaty
172
6.2.
Solid Evidence of Subsequent Agreements
174
6.3.
Constitutional Impediments
179
6.3.1.
Negative Impact on Parliamentary Participation Rights
179
6.3.1.1.
Parliamentary Participation in Foreign Affairs in Germany
180
6.3.1.2.
Different Approaches to the Ratification Requirement
182
6.3.1.2.1.
Objective Approach
182
6.3.1.2.2.
Mixed Approach
186
6.3.1.3.
Parliamentary Participation and Subsequent Practice in Other States
190
6.3.2.
Legal Advantages over Other Means of Interpretation
193
6.4.
Conclusion
196
7.
Practice by Non-Party Entities
199
7.1.
Output of Treaty Bodies
200
7.1.1.
Interpretative Value of Treaty Body Output
202
7.1.2.
Treaty Body Output in the Jurisprudence of Domestic Courts
206
7.1.3.
Evaluation
212
7.2.
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees
214
7.2.1.
Link between the Refugee Convention, the Refugee Protocol, and the UNHCR
214
7.2.2.
UNHCR Publications in Domestic Jurisprudence
217
7.2.3.
Evaluation
224
7.3.
OECD `Model Convention on Income and Capital'
225
7.3.1.
OECD, its Model Convention, and Related Documents
227
7.3.2.
OECD Model Convention in Domestic Jurisprudence
232
7.3.3.
Evaluation
237
7.4.
Conclusion
239
8.
Notion of `Agreement'
241
8.1.
Agreement and Silence
242
8.1.1.
Eloquent Silence in International Law
243
8.1.2.
How Domestic Courts Interpret Silence or Inaction
246
8.1.3.
Evaluation
253
8.2.
Agreement and Selected Practice
254
8.2.1.
Ascertaining the Parties' Agreement
255
8.2.2.
Spectrum of Selectivity
259
8.2.2.1.
Quantitative Selectivity
262
8.2.2.2.
Regional Selectivity
264
8.2.2.3.
Qualitative Selectivity
266
8.2.3.
Selected Practice and Uniform Interpretation
269
8.2.4.
Evaluation
273
8.3.
Conclusion
275
9.
Conclusion and Outlook
277
9.1.
Ancient Origins but Undiminished Validity
278
9.2.
Neutral Ingredients for the Crucible
280
9.3.
True Masters of the Treaty
282
9.4.
Towards Uniform Interpretation?
284
Bibliography
287