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Items
Details
Author
Title
Grievance guide / Karen L. Ertel.
Published
Arlington, VA : Bloomberg BNA, [2017]
Call Number
HD6972.5 .G74 2017
Edition
Fourteenth edition.
ISBN
9781682673171
1682673170
1682673170
Description
xxix, 582 pages ; 23 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)992798580
Record Appears in
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
Preface
v
Introduction
vii
Part I: Discipline And Discharge: In General
1
ch. 1
Just Cause For Discipline
3
Overview
3
Summary of Cases
3
A.
Seven Tests of Just Cause
3
B.
Just Cause Determinations
4
ch. 2
Disciplinary Procedures
5
Overview
5
Summary of Cases
6
A.
Workplace Rules and Policies
6
B.
Communication of Rules
6
C.
Consistent Rule Enforcement
7
D.
Due Process Rights
7
E.
Union Involvement
8
F.
Union Representation
9
ch. 3
Proving Misconduct
11
Overview
11
Summary of Cases
11
A.
Determining Degree of Proof
11
B.
Types of Evidence
13
1.
Post-Discharge Evidence
14
C.
Witnesses
15
1.
Witness Interviews
16
D.
Unnamed or Biased Accusers
16
E.
Searches
17
F.
Surveillance
17
1.
Time Cards
18
G.
Polygraph Tests
19
ch. 4
Types Of Penalties
21
Overview
21
Summary of Cases
22
A.
Progressive Discipline
22
B.
Warnings
23
C.
Suspension
24
D.
Discharge
24
E.
Last-Chance Agreements
25
F.
Discharge or Resignation?
25
G.
Demotion
26
H.
Restitution
27
I.
Double Jeopardy and Delays
27
J.
Back Pay
28
K.
Management Also at Fault
29
Part II. Discipline And Discharge: Categories
31
ch. 5
Absenteeism
33
Overview
33
Summary of Cases
34
A.
Discharge for Absenteeism and Tardiness
34
B.
Documentation of Need for Leave
35
C.
Reasons for Absenteeism
35
1.
Illness or Injury of Employee
36
2.
Illness of Family Member
37
3.
Weather Conditions
38
4.
Religious Beliefs
39
5.
Alcoholism
39
6.
Imprisonment
39
D.
Notice, Documentation Requirements
41
1.
Lack of Notice
41
2.
Defective Notice
42
3.
Documentation Following Absence
42
ch. 6
Abusive Behavior
45
Overview
45
Summary of Cases
46
A.
Physical Assault
46
B.
Off-Duty Misconduct
48
C.
Threats and Intimidation
48
D.
Abusive Language
50
1.
Profanity
51
2.
"Liar"
51
3.
Discriminatory Comments
52
E.
Disrespectful Attitude
53
F.
Disparaging Remarks About Company Management
53
G.
Mitigating Circumstances
54
ch. 7
Damaging Employer Property
55
Overview
55
Summary of Cases
55
A.
Intent
55
B.
Vandalism
58
C.
Sabotage
59
ch. 8
Discourtesy
63
Overview
63
Summary of Cases
63
A.
Evidence and Due Process
63
B.
Categories of Employment
65
1.
Cashiers, Retail Workers
65
2.
Health Care Workers
66
3.
Drivers
68
4.
Law Enforcement
69
5.
School Districts
69
6.
Waitstaff and Hotel Workers
70
C.
Employer Discourtesy
70
ch. 9
Dishonesty & Theft
71
Overview
71
Summary of Cases
72
A.
Falsification of Job Applications
72
1.
Employment History and Qualifications
72
2.
Criminal Convictions
74
3.
Medical Information
75
4.
Immigration Status
77
B.
Falsification of Work Records
78
C.
Falsification of Time Records
79
1.
Absence Claims
80
D.
Falsification Related to Benefits
81
E.
Theft and Pilferage
82
1.
Expense Account Reimbursement
84
F.
Making False Statements
84
ch. 10
Dress & Grooming
87
Overview
87
Summary of Cases
88
A.
Management Right to Establish and Enforce Reasonable Rules
88
B.
Justification Requirements
89
C.
Bargaining Requirements
90
D.
Public Image
91
E.
Health and Safety Concerns
92
1.
No-Beard Rules
93
F.
Revealing or Offensive Attire
94
G.
Discrimination and Accommodation
95
ch. 11
Drug Abuse
99
Overview
99
Summary of Cases
100
A.
Enforcement of Drug Policies
100
B.
Last-Chance Agreements
102
C.
Safety Considerations
103
D.
Nature of Abused Drug
104
1.
Marijuana for Medical Use
105
E.
Evidence of Drug Involvement
106
1.
Witnesses
106
2.
Undercover Agents
106
3.
Supervisors or Co-workers
107
F.
Equal Treatment for Abusers
108
G.
Off-Duty Drug Use
109
H.
Arrest on Drug Charges
110
I.
Conviction on Drug Charges
111
ch. 12
Drug Testing
113
Overview
113
Summary of Cases
114
A.
Negotiating Testing Policies
114
B.
Zero-Tolerance Policies
115
C.
For-Cause Testing
116
1.
Post-Accident Testing
117
2.
Safety Considerations
118
3.
Marijuana Used for Medical Purposes
118
D.
Kinds of Testing
119
1.
Random Testing
119
E.
Off-Duty Testing
121
F.
Proof of Impairment
122
G.
Refusing to Test
123
H.
Volunteering to Test
125
I.
Privacy During Test Procedures
125
J.
Sample Problems, Testing Protocols
125
1.
Problems with Test Samples
125
2.
Soundness of Test Procedures
127
3.
Types of Testing Procedures
128
ch. 13
Electronic Communications And Technology
131
Overview
131
Summary of Cases
132
A.
Policy and Enforcement Issues
132
B.
Social Media/Internet
134
C.
Sexual or Obscene Content
137
D.
Offensive or Discriminatory Content
139
E.
Computer Control Issues
140
F.
Mobile Phone Usage
142
1.
Workplace Security Issues
143
2.
Drivers
144
ch. 14
Gambling
147
Overview
147
Summary of Cases
147
A.
Rationale for Discipline
147
B.
Nature of the Offense
148
1.
Organized Gambling
148
2.
Unorganized Gambling
149
ch. 15
Garnishment
151
Overview
151
Summary of Cases
152
A.
Rules and Warnings
152
B.
Disciplinary Actions Overturned
154
1.
Extenuating Circumstances
155
ch. 16
Horseplay
157
Overview
157
Summary of Cases
157
A.
Severity of Conduct
157
1.
Fire Hazards
159
B.
Racial or Sexual Conduct
160
ch. 17
Incompetence
163
Overview
163
Summary of Cases
164
A.
Evidence and Due Process
164
B.
Performance Standards
166
1.
Sales Employees
167
2.
Health Care Workers
168
ch. 18
Intoxication & Alcoholism
171
Overview
171
Summary of Cases
172
A.
Anti-Alcohol Policies
172
B.
Evidence of Intoxication
173
1.
Alcohol Testing
173
2.
Refusal to Submit to Testing
175
C.
Evidence of Alcohol Possession
176
D.
Rehabilitation v. Discharge
176
1.
Employee Assistance Programs
177
2.
Last-Chance Agreements
178
E.
Off-Duty Drinking
179
F.
Holiday Drinking
180
ch. 19
Negligence
181
Overview
181
Summary of Cases
182
A.
Discharge for Negligence
182
B.
Repeated Negligence or Carelessness
184
C.
Neglect of Duty or Responsibility
184
D.
Accidents and Recklessness
185
1.
Accident Proneness
186
2.
Recklessness
186
ch. 20
Off-Duty Misconduct
189
Overview
189
Summary of Cases
190
A.
Reach of Employer Policies
190
1.
Threats, Fighting, and Assaults
191
2.
Challenge to Policies
191
B.
Adverse Impact
192
C.
Public Employees
193
1.
Public Perception/Morality Issues
193
2.
Police Officers
196
D.
Just Cause for Discipline
196
E.
Effect of Arrest
197
F.
Off-Duty Sexual Activities
199
ch. 21
Outside Employment & Moonlighting
203
Overview
203
Summary of Cases
204
A.
Moonlighting Policy Implementation
204
1.
Conflict-of-Interest Policies
204
2.
Conflicts of Interest in Journalism
205
B.
Leave Abuse and Dishonesty
205
C.
Working for Competitors
208
D.
Personal Business Ventures
208
E.
Other Adverse Effects
209
ch. 22
Refusal To Comply With Policies And Directives
211
Overview
211
Summary of Cases
212
A.
General Rules
212
1.
Refusal to Obey Directives
212
2.
Refusal to Carry Out Assignments
214
3.
Refusal to Follow Rules and Procedures
215
B.
Work Schedules and Overtime
216
1.
Overtime Requirements
217
2.
Health and Endurance
218
3.
Religious Conflicts
218
4.
Personal Hardship
218
C.
Safety and Working Conditions
219
1.
Hazardous Versus Uncomfortable
220
2.
Medical Restrictions
221
D.
Conflicting Laws or Regulations
221
ch. 23
Safety Issues
223
Overview
223
Summary of Cases
224
A.
Reasonableness of Safety Rules
224
B.
Discipline or Discharge for Safety Infractions
224
C.
Progressive Discipline
227
D.
Consistency of Enforcement
228
E.
Worker Knowledge of Safety Rules
229
F.
Failure to Use Safety Equipment
230
G.
Vehicle Violations
230
H.
Smoking
231
1.
Smoking Restrictions Upheld
231
2.
Smoking Restrictions Overturned
232
ch. 24
Sexual Harassment
235
Overview
235
Summary of Cases
236
A.
Discharge or Discipline Upheld
236
1.
Cases Involving Discharge
236
2.
Cases Involving Lesser Discipline
239
B.
Penalties Overturned or Reduced
240
1.
Punishment Found Inappropriate
240
C.
Harassment of Third Parties
241
D.
Other Issues in Harassment Cases
241
1.
Employer's Burden of Proof
241
2.
Conflicting Testimony
241
3.
Delays in Filing Complaints
242
ch. 25
Sleeping & Loafing
245
Overview
245
Summary of Cases
246
A.
Penalty for Sleeping
246
1.
Sleeping
246
2.
First Offense
248
B.
Sleeping During Break
249
C.
Proof of Sleeping on Job
249
D.
Mitigating Factors
250
1.
Sleep Apnea
250
E.
Loafing
250
1.
Notice
250
2.
Discipline for Loafing
251
ch. 26
Strike-Related Activities
253
Overview
253
Summary of Cases
254
A.
Unlawful Work Stoppages & Slowdowns
254
1.
Honoring Picket Line
256
2.
Wildcat Strikes
256
B.
Use of Selective Discipline
257
1.
Union Leadership
258
C.
Misconduct During Lawful Strikes
259
1.
Mitigating Factors
260
D.
Post-Strike
260
ch. 27
Tardiness
263
Overview
263
Summary of Cases
263
A.
Establishing Tardiness
263
ch. 28
Union Activity
267
Overview
267
Summary of Cases
268
A.
Grievance Investigation, Processing, and Bargaining
268
B.
Leave for Union Business
269
C.
Confrontations With Supervisors
270
D.
Disrupting Management Authority
273
ch. 29
Workplace Violence
275
Overview
275
Summary of Cases
275
A.
Fighting and Assaults
275
1.
Mitigating Factors
278
B.
Threats of Violence
279
C.
Off-Duty Violence or Threats
281
D.
Weapons in the Workplace
282
Part III. Layoff Issues
285
ch. 30
Order Of Layoffs
287
Overview
287
Summary of Cases
288
A.
What Is a Layoff?
288
B.
Seniority Units
288
C.
Seniority Starting Date
289
D.
Seniority Versus Ability
289
1.
Sufficient Ability
289
2.
Relative Ability
291
3.
Employee Assessments
292
E.
Employment Interruptions
293
F.
Superseniority in Layoffs
294
1.
Designations by Management
294
G.
Layoff of Probationary Employees
294
H.
Temporary or Emergency Layoffs
295
ch. 31
Procedures For Layoffs
297
Overview
297
Summary of Cases
298
A.
Notice or Pay Required?
298
B.
Adequacy of Layoff Notices
299
1.
Timing of Notices
300
C.
Temporary or Short-Term Layoffs
301
D.
Worksharing Arrangements
301
1.
Worksharing Arrangements Upheld
301
a.
Group Affected by Worksharing
304
2.
Worksharing Arrangements Rejected
304
a.
Contract Terms Allow Reduced Hours
305
ch. 32
Bumping Rights
307
Overview
307
Summary of Cases
308
A.
Existence of Bumping Rights
308
B.
Bumping After Medical Leave
309
C.
Scope and Application of Rights
309
1.
Terms of Contract
310
2.
Notice of Bumping Rights
310
D.
Control Over Bumping Options
311
1.
"Less Senior" Versus "Least Senior"
311
E.
Ability, Skills, Qualifications, and Prior Experience
311
1.
Experience Requirements
313
2.
Testing Issues
314
F.
Trial and Training Periods
314
G.
Upward Bumping
315
H.
Bumping During Brief Layoffs
316
I.
Right to Refuse Downgrading
317
ch. 33
Recall From Layoff
319
Overview
319
Summary of Cases
320
A.
Seniority Versus Ability
320
B.
Type of Seniority Used in Recalls
323
C.
Superseniority for Union Officials
324
D.
Recall Scheduling, Notification, and Response
326
1.
Pay Issues Related to Delays
328
E.
Refusal to Accept Proffered Job
328
F.
Fitness Standards and Examinations
330
Part IV. Disability Issues
331
ch. 34
Disability
335
Overview
335
Summary of Cases
336
A.
Lack of Protected Status
336
B.
Medical Evidence
337
1.
Return to Work
339
C.
Reasonable Accommodation
341
1.
Demotion
343
D.
Seniority Versus Accommodation
343
E.
Mental Illness
344
F.
Vision Impairments
346
G.
Chemical Sensitivity, Allergies
347
H.
Obesity and Hypertension
348
I.
Epilepsy
348
Part V. Leave
351
ch. 35
Arranging Leave
353
Overview
353
Summary of Cases
353
A.
Leave Arrangement Procedures
353
B.
Adequacy of Notice
356
C.
Return to Work After Leave
357
D.
Leave Cancellations
358
ch. 36
Paid Sick Leave
361
Overview
361
Summary of Cases
362
A.
Eligibility for Sick Leave
362
1.
Doctors' Statements
363
2.
Illness of a Family Member
364
B.
Falsified Sick Leave Claims
364
C.
Sick Leave During Other Absences
365
D.
Return-to-Work Examinations
366
E.
Involuntary Sick Leave
366
ch. 37
Kinds Of Leave
367
Overview
367
Summary of Cases
368
A.
Personal Leave
368
1.
Falsified Leave Requests
370
B.
Jury Duty Leave
370
1.
Court Leave
372
C.
Funeral or Bereavement Leave
373
1.
Timing of Leave
374
2.
Funeral Leave and Other Absences
375
D.
Leave for Union Business
375
1.
Disputes Over Leave Restrictions
375
a.
"Official Time" for Federal Employees
378
2.
Grievance and Arbitration Activities
378
a.
Arbitration Hearings
379
3.
Leave for Local Union Officers
379
E.
Maternity and Paternity Leave
381
1.
Maternity Leave
381
a.
Benefits Considerations
382
b.
Return-to-Work Issues
383
2.
Paternity Leave
384
ch. 38
Family & Medical Leave
387
Overview
387
Summary of Cases
388
A.
Law and Contract Interplay
388
1.
Minimum Standards
389
B.
Eligibility for Leave
391
1.
"Serious Health Condition"
392
2.
Leave Request and Documentation Requirements
393
C.
Protection of Covered Absences
395
D.
Paid or Unpaid Leave?
396
1.
Forced Substitution of Paid Leave
396
2.
Employees' Rights Regarding Usage of Paid Sick Leave
397
E.
Leave Falsification or Abuse
399
F.
Return-to-Work Issues
400
Part VI. Hiring, Transfer, And Promotion
403
ch. 39
Posting Of Vacancies & Bidding
405
Overview
405
Summary of Cases
406
A.
Job Posting Requirements
406
1.
Job Elimination or Reassignment of Duties
407
2.
Posting of Temporary Jobs
408
3.
Information and Notification Requirements
409
B.
Eligibility for Bidding
410
C.
Trial and Training Periods
411
ch. 40
Promotion
413
Overview
413
Summary of Cases
414
A.
Seniority and Sufficient Ability
414
B.
Promotion Under Hybrid Clauses
415
1.
Education and Certification Requirements
417
C.
Ability as Primary Consideration
417
D.
Bias Against Union Representatives
419
E.
Posting and Hiring from the Outside
419
F.
Promotion to Supervisory Positions
421
G.
Measurement of Ability
423
1.
Tests as Measure of Ability
423
a.
Use of Aptitude Tests
425
b.
Employer's Failure to Test
425
c.
Employee's Refusal to Take Test
426
2.
Other Measures of Ability
427
ch. 41
Transfer
429
Overview
429
Summary of Cases
430
A.
Right to Implement Transfers
430
1.
Seniority Considerations
432
2.
Transfers for Safety or Health Reasons
433
B.
Transfers Desired by Employees
433
C.
Pay Issues Related to Transfers
434
D.
Transfers Involving Union Officials
435
Part VII. Wages And Hours
437
ch. 42
Pay
439
Overview
439
Summary of Cases
440
A.
Setting Rates of Pay
440
B.
Impact of Job Duties on Pay
441
C.
Equipment and Technology Changes
442
D.
Impact of Job Moves on Pay
443
E.
Pay Gaps or Inequities
445
F.
Merit Increases
445
G.
Incentive Pay
446
1.
Establishing or Revising Incentive Standards and Rates
447
a.
Changing Standards or Rates
449
2.
Accounting for Downtime and Nonproduction Tasks
450
a.
Disputes Over Assigned Work
451
3.
Determining Appropriate Rates for Mixed Work and Overtime
451
4.
Denying Incentive Pay Based on Deficiencies or Defects
452
ch. 43
Pay For Holiday Work
453
Overview
453
Summary of Cases
454
A.
Holiday Premiums
454
B.
Premium Pay Combinations
457
1.
Past Practice
458
C.
Overtime Rates on Holidays
458
D.
Pay for Birthday Holidays
459
E.
Work Requirements
460
1.
Partial Absences
460
2.
Union Business
460
F.
Effect of Absences on Eligibility
461
1.
Absences for Medical Reasons
461
2.
Inclement Weather
462
G.
Effect of Vacations on Eligibility
462
H.
Effect of Strikes on Eligibility
464
1.
Refusal to Cross Picket Lines
464
I.
Effect of Shutdowns and Layoffs
465
J.
Ad Hoc Holidays
465
ch. 44
Overtime & Premium Pay
467
Overview
467
Summary of Cases
468
A.
Mandatory Overtime
468
1.
Disciplinary Actions
468
2.
Substantiation of Excuses
470
B.
Distribution of Desired Overtime
471
1.
Overtime Equalization
473
2.
Skills and Abilities
474
C.
Disputes Over Pyramiding of Pay
476
1.
Unworked Holidays
476
D.
Remedies for Overtime Violations
477
E.
Premium Pay
477
1.
Premiums Based on Day Worked
477
a.
Effect of Time Not Worked
479
2.
Premiums Based on Shift Worked
480
a.
Calculating Overtime Pay
481
b.
Shift Premiums for Unworked Hours
482
3.
Premiums Based on Type of Work
482
a.
Pay for "Extra" Responsibilities
483
b.
Teachers and School Employees
483
ch. 45
Work Hours & Schedules
487
Overview
487
Summary of Cases
488
A.
Authority Over Scheduling
488
1.
Implementation of Continuous Operations
491
2.
Union Consent
492
B.
Notification of Schedule Changes
492
C.
Flexible Schedules and "Flextime"
493
D.
Meal Periods and Breaks
495
E.
Schedule Accommodations
495
Part VIII. Union And Management Rights
497
ch. 46
Management Rights
499
Overview
499
Summary of Cases
500
A.
Extent of Management Authority and Control of Operations
500
1.
Limits on Unilateral Action
501
B.
Control of Output and Quality
501
1.
Quality Standards
502
C.
Control of Job Classifications, Staffing, and Crew Sizes
502
D.
Control of Work Assignments
503
1.
Work Performed by Supervisors
504
2.
Application of "De Minimus" Principle
505
3.
Work in the Media
506
E.
Control of Rules and Policies
506
ch. 47
Union Rights
509
Overview
509
Summary of Cases
510
A.
Information Rights
510
1.
Employer Actions Upheld
510
B.
Weingarten/Representation Rights
511
1.
Contractual Representation Rights
513
C.
Bulletin Board Postings
514
1.
Derogatory Content
515
2.
Content Related to Organizing
515
3.
Review and Permission Requirement
516
D.
Access to Employer Premises
516
E.
Union Buttons and Insignia
517
Part IX. Strikes And Lockouts
519
ch. 48
Strikes And Lockouts
521
Overview
521
Summary of Cases
522
A.
Work Refusals and Disruptions
522
1.
Slowdowns
523
B.
Simultaneous Absences
523
C.
Sympathy Strikes
524
1.
Potential for Injury
525
D.
Dangerous Working Conditions
525
E.
Handling Struck Work
527
F.
Strike Penalties
527
1.
Penalties Against Union Officials
527
a.
Discipline Other Than Discharge
528
b.
Discipline Overturned or Reduced
528
2.
Penalties Against Employees
529
a.
Selective Discipline
530
3.
Damage Award Penalties
531
Part X. Vacations
533
ch. 49
Vacations
535
Overview
535
Summary of Cases
536
A.
Eligibility
536
B.
Effect of Time Away from Work on Vacation Eligibility
538
C.
Termination and Retirement
539
D.
Shutdowns and Ownership Changes
540
1.
Shutdowns
540
2.
Ownership Changes
540
E.
Scheduling
541
1.
"Subject to Business Requirements"
541
2.
Seniority as a Factor
542
3.
Vacation Leave and Sick Leave
544
F.
Vacation Pay
544
1.
Payment for Unused Vacation
544
a.
Unused Vacation of Deceased Workers
545
2.
Effect of Layoffs and Shutdowns
545
3.
Effect of Strikes
546
4.
Effect of Workers' Compensation
547
5.
Vacation Pay Calculations
548
a.
Pay for Time Not Worked
549
b.
Varying Pay Rates
550
c.
Contract Changes
550
Part XI. Health Care Benefits
553
ch. 50
Health Care Benefits
555
Overview
555
Summary of Cases
556
A.
Unilateral Health Plan Changes
556
1.
Plan Changes Overturned
556
2.
Plan Changes Upheld
559
B.
Interpreting Payment Provisions
562
1.
Obligations of Successor Employers
563
C.
Eligibility for Coverage
564
1.
Coverage for Nonemployees
565
Part XII. Subcontracting And Outsourcing
567
ch. 51
Subcontracting & Outsourcing
569
Overview
569
Summary of Cases
570
A.
Authority to Subcontract Work
570
B.
Reasonableness, Good Faith, and Other Considerations
573
C.
Common Business Justifications
574
1.
Economic Reasons
574
2.
Availability of Staff
576
3.
Availability of Equipment
578
4.
Unusual or Urgent Situations
579
D.
Advance Notice of Subcontracting
580