Summary
Recommendations: To Rwandan Government, Military, and Judicial Authorities
To Rwanda's National Commission for Human Rights, Ombudsman, and Parliament
To International Donors to Rwanda's Justice and Security Sectors and Other Foreign Governments
To the UN, the World Bank, and Donors Supporting the DDRRR Program
To the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
To the UN Subcommittee on the Prevention of Torture
To the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
Methodology
I. Background: The FDLR
The Rwanda National Congress
Grenade attacks
History of Violations in Rwandan Military Detention
II. Torture and Unlawful Detention in Military Centers: Kami
MINADEF (Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence)
Mukamira
Rubavu's "Gendarmerie"
Other Detention Centers
Detention Conditions
III. Arrests and Enforced Disappearances: Profile of Former Detainees
Arrests in Rwanda
Arrests in Burundi
Arrests in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Arrests and Transfers during Demobilization and Repatriation from Congo
IV. Leaving Military Detention: Release
Into the Regular Justice System
Visits
Trials
Allegations of Torture and Illegal Detention in Court, and Unfair Trials
Impunity for Perpetrators
After Release
V. Government response: VI. National and International Legal Standards: Torture and Forced Confessions
Safeguards and Procedure for Arrests and Detention
Arbitrary and Illegal Detention and Enforced Disappearances
Acknowledgments.