Human trafficking and slavery reconsidered : conceptual limits and states' positive obligations in European law / Vladislava Stoyanova.
2017
KJE8781.H86 S76 2017 (Map It)
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Title
Human trafficking and slavery reconsidered : conceptual limits and states' positive obligations in European law / Vladislava Stoyanova.
Published
Cambridge ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Copyright
©2017
Call Number
KJE8781.H86 S76 2017
ISBN
9781107162280 hardcover
1107162289 hardcover
1107162289 hardcover
Description
xxxiv, 478 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)961358040
Summary
"By reconsidering the definitions of human trafficking, slavery, servitude and forced labour, Vladislava Stoyanova demonstrates how, in embracing the human trafficking framework, the international community has side-lined the human rights law commitments against slavery, servitude and forced labour that in many respects provide better protection for abused migrants. Stoyanova proposes two corrective steps to this development: placing a renewed emphasis on determining the definitional scope of slavery, servitude or forced labour, and gaining a clearer understanding of states' positive human rights obligations. This book compares anti-trafficking and human rights frameworks side-by-side and focuses its analysis on the Council of Europe's Trafficking Convention and Article 4 of the ECHR. With innovative arguments and pertinent case studies, this book is an important contribution to this field and will appeal to students, scholars and legal practitioners interested in human rights law, migration law, criminal law and EU law"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
xiii
Abbreviations
xv
Table of Cases
xvii
Table of Legislation
xxix
National Legislation
xxxiii
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Scope
1
1.2.
Structure
10
1.3.
Human Trafficking Legal Framework versus the Human Rights Law: Structural Differences
11
pt. I
Human Trafficking Legal Framework
17
2.
Origins, Context and the Currently Valid Law
19
2.1.
Roots of the Concept of Human Trafficking
19
2.2.
Re-emergence of Concerns about Trafficking and the Nexus with Organized Crime
23
2.3.
Palermo Protocols as Transnational Criminal Law Treaties
25
2.4.
CoE Trafficking Convention
27
2.5.
EU Law on Human Trafficking
29
2.6.
Conclusion
30
3.
Definition of Human Trafficking in International Law
32
3.1.
Not a Form of Exploitation
33
3.1.1.
Mens Rea Attached to the `Action' Element
43
3.1.2.
Accomplice Liability and the `Action' Element
48
3.2.
Deceptive and Coercive Process
50
3.2.1.
Timing
50
3.2.2.
Threshold
54
3.3.
For the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation
57
3.3.1.
Drafting the `Purpose' Element
57
3.3.2.
Actors in Opposition to the Term `Exploitation'
61
3.3.3.
Feminist Clashes at Palermo
62
3.4.
For the Purpose of Labour Exploitation
66
3.5.
Conclusion
72
4.
Positive Obligations under the Human Trafficking Legal Framework
74
4.1.
Obligation to Criminalize
75
4.1.1.
Establishment of Criminal Jurisdiction
75
4.1.2.
Approximation of National Substantive Criminal Law
77
4.1.3.
Investigation and Punishment
80
4.1.4.
Criminalization of the Use of Services of Victims
82
4.2.
Status of a Victim of Human Trafficking
86
4.3.
Procedure for Identifying Victims
91
4.4.
Stages in the Identification Procedure
101
4.4.1.
Preliminary Stage under CoE Law
102
4.4.2.
Preliminary Stage under EU Law
111
4.4.3.
Conclusive Stage
114
4.5.
Assistance for Victims
117
4.5.1.
Minimum Level
117
4.5.2.
Access to the Labour Market
120
4.5.3.
Assistance Not Conditional on Cooperation
122
4.5.4.
Timeframe of the Assistance
123
4.5.5.
Assistance in the Framework of the Criminal Proceedings
129
4.6.
Immigration Status in the Host Country
131
4.6.1.
Repatriation
131
4.6.2.
Residence Permit for Victims Who Cooperate under CoE Law
134
4.6.3.
Residence Permit for Victims Who Cooperate under EU Law
136
4.6.4.
Residence Permit on Humanitarian Grounds under CoE Law
138
4.7.
Protection from Punishment
142
4.7.1.
`... victims ...'
144
4.7.2.
`... to the extent that they have been compelled to do so ...'
146
4.7.3.
`... provide for the possibility ...'
150
4.7.4.
`... in accordance with the basic principles of its legal system'
152
4.7.5.
`... not imposing ...'
155
4.7.6.
`... penalties ...'
157
4.7.7.
Comparison with Article 31 (1) of the Refugee Convention
158
4.8.
Immigration Detention of Victims of Trafficking
160
4.8.1.
Detention in the Context of Deportation Proceedings
161
4.8.2.
Detention in the Context of an Unauthorized Entry
167
4.8.3.
Detention during Determination of International Protection Needs and Dublin Transfers
169
4.9.
Compensation
172
4.9.1.
Access to Information
172
4.9.2.
Legal Assistance
172
4.9.3.
Compensation from the Perpetrators
177
4.9.4.
State Compensation Funds
178
4.10.
Conclusion
181
pt. II
Human Rights Law Framework
187
5.
Historical Background
189
5.1.
Colonialism and the Differentiation between Slavery and Forced Labour
190
5.2.
Term `Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery'
201
5.3.
Conceptual Division under Human Rights Law
206
5.4.
Conclusion
215
6.
Definitions with Contemporary Relevance
218
6.1.
Slavery: Exercise of Powers Attaching to the Right of Ownership
220
6.1.1.
1953 Secretary General Report
221
6.1.2.
ICC Statute and the Elements of Crimes
222
6.1.3.
Kunarac et al.
230
6.1.4.
Destruction of Juridical Personality
234
6.1.5.
Queen v. Tang and Its Follow Up
240
6.1.6.
ECtHR and the Definition of Slavery
245
6.1.7.
Slavery and Abuses against Migrants
248
6.2.
Servitude
251
6.2.1.
Particularly Serious Form of Denial of Freedom
257
6.2.2.
Usage of Labour Capacity
258
6.3.
Forced Labour
260
6.3.1.
No Exceptions under Article 4(3) of the ECHR
260
6.3.2.
Disproportionate Burden Test
266
6.4.
Absolute Right
279
6.5.
Distinctions between Slavery, Servitude and Forced Labour
285
6.5.1.
Gradation Model
285
6.5.2.
Distinctiveness of Slavery
287
6.5.3.
Special Stigma of Slavery
288
6.5.4.
Why do the Distinctions Matter?
290
6.6.
Conclusion
291
7.
Relationship between the Concept of Human Trafficking and the Concepts of Slavery, Servitude and Forced Labour
292
7.1.
`Dancing' on the Borders of Article 4 of the ECHR and Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia
294
7.2.
Slavery and Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia
301
7.3.
Ineffectiveness of the Concept of Human Trafficking in the Context of Abuses against Migrant Prostitutes
307
7.4.
Displacement of the Focus from the Actual Abusive Conditions to the Migration Process
310
7.5.
Addressing Indeterminacy
315
7.6.
Conclusion
318
8.
Positive Obligations under Human Rights Law
319
8.1.
Sources and Means of Interpretation
319
8.2.
Reasonableness, Proximity and Knowledge
324
8.3.
Systematization
329
8.4.
Obligation to Criminalize
330
8.4.1.
Interaction between Human Rights Law and National Criminal Law
331
8.4.2.
Criminalization under the Specific Labels of Slavery, Servitude and Forced Labour
338
8.4.3.
Defining the Crimes at National Level
344
8.5.
Obligation to Investigate
351
8.5.1.
Conditions Triggering the Obligation to Investigate
352
8.5.2.
Criteria for Assessing the Effectiveness of the Investigation
360
8.5.3.
Test of Reasonableness and the `Significant Flaws' Test
365
8.6.
Prosecution
367
8.7.
Obligation to Develop Effective Regulatory Frameworks
369
8.7.1.
Protection by Law
369
8.7.2.
Importance of Labour Law
372
8.7.3.
Regulating Agencies
378
8.7.4.
Clash between Protection and Immigration Control
380
8.7.5.
Opportunities and the Limitations of Human Rights Law
387
8.8.
Obligation to Develop Guarantees in the Identification Procedure
394
8.9.
Obligation to Take Protective Operational Measures
400
8.9.1.
Knowledge Element
402
8.9.2.
Reasonable Measures
404
8.10.
Obligation to Provide for Effective Remedy
407
8.10.1.
Requirements Raised by Article 13 of the ECHR
407
8.10.2.
Suspension of Deportation Proceedings and the Procedural Aspect of the Right to Remedy
415
8.10.3.
Non-removal as a Form of Remedy
421
8.11.
Conclusion
424
9.
Conclusion
427
9.1.
Historical Corrective and Conceptual Clarity
427
9.2.
Criminal Law Approach Subverts the Human Rights Law Approach
430
9.3.
New Possibilities for Challenging States' Immigration Control Interests
431
9.4.
Historical Account of Slavery as a Cautionary
434
9.5.
Protection Gap
435
9.6.
Better Definitional Articulation of Criminal Offences
438
9.7.
Interactions between the Legal Frameworks in Relation to the Obligation of Investigating Abuses
439
9.8.
Interactions between the Legal Frameworks in Relation to the Obligation of Identifying Victims
440
9.9.
Limited Entitlements Attached to the Status of Victim of Human Trafficking
442
9.10.
Difficulty of Ensuring Non-removal under the Existing Legal Parameters
445
9.11.
EU Law on Human Trafficking Undermines the CoE Standards
448
Select Bibliography
453
Index
465