EU law : text, cases, and materials / Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca.
2015
KJE945 .C73 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
EU law : text, cases, and materials / Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, [2015]
Call Number
KJE945 .C73 2015
Edition
Sixth edition.
ISBN
9780198714927
0198714920
0198714920
Description
clxxv, 1,198 ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)918021375
Summary
Building on its unrivalled reputation as the definitive EU law textbook, this sixth edition continues to provide clear and insightful analysis of all aspects of European Union law. Drawing on their wealth of experience both teaching and writing in this area, Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca provide a comprehensive and enhanced account of their classic text. Working closely as an author team for over twenty years, they succeed in bringing together a unique mix of illuminating commentary and well-chosen extracts from a wide range of cases, legislation and academic articles. All chapters have been carefully structured and designed to enhance student learning at all levels, laying the foundations of the subject while building analysis of more complex areas and cutting edge debates. Each chapter opens with a concise overview of the 'central issues', providing valuable context, before drawing together key analysis in a comprehensive chapter conclusion to provide a clear yet complete picture of the subject.-- Provided by Publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
European Union law
Added Author
Table of Contents
Table of Abbreviations
xxxv
Acknowledgements
xl
Table of Cases
xli
Table of Treaties, European Legislative Instruments and National Legislation
cxxxvii
Lisbon Table of Equivalences
clvii
1.
Development Of European Integration
1
1.
Central Issues
1
2.
Nationalism and the Origins of the EU
2
3.
From the ECSC to the EEC
3
(a).
ECSC: European Coal and Steel Community
3
(b).
European Defence Community and European Political Community: EDC and EPC
3
(c).
European Economic Community: EEC
4
4.
Prom EEC to the Single European Act
6
(a).
Tensions within the EEC
6
(b).
Single European Act: SEA
8
5.
From the SEA to the Nice Treaty
10
(a).
Maastricht Treaty: The Treaty on European Union
10
(b).
Treaty of Amsterdam
14
(c).
Nice Treaty
16
6.
From Nice to the Lisbon Treaty
17
(a).
Laeken Declaration
17
(b).
Constitutional Treaty
17
(c).
Lisbon Treaty
19
(d).
Post-Lisbon: The Financial Crisis
22
7.
Theories of Integration
23
(a).
Neofunctionalism
24
(b).
Liberal Intergovernmentalism
25
(c).
Multi-Level Governance
25
(d).
Rational Choice Institutionalism
26
(e).
Constructivism
26
8.
Conclusions
27
9.
Further Reading
28
2.
Institutions
30
1.
Central Issues
30
2.
Commission
31
(a).
President of the Commission
31
(b).
College of Commissioners
32
(c).
Commission Bureaucracy
34
(d).
Powers of the Commission
36
(e).
Downfall of the Santer Commission and Subsequent Reform
38
(f).
Role of the Commission
39
3.
Council
40
(a).
Composition
40
(b).
Presidency of the Council
41
(c).
Committee of Permanent Representatives
43
(d).
Council Secretariat
43
(e).
Powers of the Council
44
(f).
Role of the Council
45
4.
European Council
46
(a).
Composition
46
(b).
Presidency of the European Council
47
(c).
Rationale
47
(d).
Powers
47
(e).
Role of the European Council
48
5.
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
49
(a).
Powers
49
(b).
Role of the High Representative
50
6.
European Parliament
50
(a).
Composition and Functioning
51
(b).
Powers
53
(c).
Role of the European Parliament
56
7.
Courts
57
(a).
Court of Justice
58
(b).
General Court
59
(c).
Specialized Courts
60
(d).
Reform of the Court System
60
(e).
Advocate General
61
(f).
Procedure Before the Court
62
(g).
Style of the Court's Judgments
62
(h).
Role of the Court
62
8.
Court of Auditors
66
9.
EU Advisory Bodies
67
(a).
Economic and Social Committee
67
(b).
Committee of the Regions
68
10.
Agencies
69
11.
Conclusions
70
12.
Further Rending
71
3.
Competence
73
1.
Central Issues
73
2.
Impetus for Reform
74
3.
Lisbon Strategy
75
(a).
Categories and Consequences
75
(b).
Express and Implied Power
75
4.
Exclusive Competence
78
(a).
Basic Principles
78
(b).
Area Exclusivity
78
(c).
Conditional Exclusivity
79
5.
Shared Competence
83
(a).
Basic Principles
83
(b).
Pre-Emption
84
(c).
Scope and Variation
85
(d).
Shared Competence and Retained Power
85
6.
Supporting, Coordinating, or Supplementary Action
86
(a).
Basic Principles
86
(b).
Scope and Variation
86
(c).
Legal Acts, Harmonization, and Member State Competence
87
7.
Economic, Employment, and Social Policy
88
(a).
Basic Principles
88
(b).
Category and Legal Consequence
89
8.
Common Foreign and Security Policy and Defence
89
9.
Broad Treaty Provisions: The `Flexibility' Clause
90
(a).
Article 308 EC
90
(b).
Article 352 TFEU
91
10.
Broad Treaty Provisions: The Harmonization Clause
93
11.
Subsidiarity
95
(a).
Pre-Lisbon
95
(b).
Post-Lisbon
96
12.
Conclusions
102
13.
Further Reading
103
4.
Instruments And The Hierarchy Of Norms
105
1.
Central Issues
105
2.
Instruments
106
(a).
Introduction
106
(b).
Regulations
107
(c).
Directives
108
(d).
Decisions
108
(e).
Inter-Institutional Agreements
109
(f).
Recommendations, Opinions, and Soft Law
109
3.
Hierarchy of Norms
110
(a).
Rationale
110
(b).
Treaties and Charter
111
(c).
General Principles
111
(d).
Legislative Acts
113
(e).
Delegated Acts
114
(f).
Implementing Acts
116
(g).
Incomplete Categorization
120
4.
Conclusions
121
5.
Further Reading
122
5.
Legislation And Decision-Making
124
1.
Central Issues
124
2.
Legislative Initiative: Principle and Practice
124
3.
Legislative Acts: The Ordinary Legislative Procedure
126
(a).
Pre-Lisbon
126
(b).
Ordinary Legislative Procedure
126
(c).
Ordinary Legislative Procedure: Stages in the Process
128
(d).
Ordinary Legislative Procedure: Practical Operation
130
(e).
Ordinary Legislative Procedure: Power Dynamics
132
(f).
Ordinary Legislative Procedure: Normative Foundations
133
4.
Legislative Acts: Special Legislative Procedure
133
5.
Legislative Acts: Council Voting Requirements
134
(a).
Pre-Lisbon
134
(b).
Post-Lisbon
135
6.
Delegated Acts: Enactment and Control
137
(a).
Pre-Lisbon: The Rationale for Comitology
137
(b).
Post-Lisbon Delegated Acts: Demise of Comitology
138
(c).
Evaluation
140
7.
Implementing Acts: Enactment and Control
142
(a).
Lisbon Schema
142
(b).
Evaluation
143
8.
Enhanced Cooperation: Conditions and Use
145
9.
EU Decision-Making: Process and Reality
146
(a).
Temporal Dimension
146
(b).
Inter-Institutional Dimension
148
10.
EU Democracy: Argument and Evaluation
151
(a).
Nature of the Argument
152
(b).
Evaluation: The Empirical Frame of Reference
153
(c).
Evaluation: The Normative Frame of Reference
154
(d).
Evaluation: The Shadow of the Financial Crisis
159
11.
Conclusions
159
12.
Further Reading
160
6.
Decision-Making And New Forms Of Governance
162
1.
Central Issues
162
2.
Hierarchy, Classic Community Method, and New Governance
163
3.
New Approach to Harmonization
166
4.
Lisbon Agenda and the Open Method of Coordination
167
5.
General EU Governance Reform Initiatives
171
(a).
Subsidiarity and Proportionality
172
(b).
Better Regulation and the Commission's White Paper on governance
174
6.
Appraising the Move Towards New Forms of Governance
179
7.
Conclusions
182
8.
Further Reading
182
7.
Nature And Effect Of EU Law: Direct Effect And Beyond
184
1.
Central Issues
184
2.
Direct Effect: A Guide
185
3.
Direct Effect of Primary Law: Treaty Articles, General Principles, and the Charter of Fundamental Rights
187
(a).
Foundations: Direct Effect of Treaty Provisions in Van Gend en Loos
187
(b).
Conditions for Direct Effect: Broadening the Conditions
190
(c).
Treaty Articles: Vertical and Horizontal Direct Effect
192
(d).
General Principles of EU Law
193
(e).
Charter of Fundamental Rights
196
4.
Direct Effect of Secondary Law: Regulations and Decisions
198
(a).
Regulations
198
(b).
Decisions
199
5.
Directives: Direct Effect
200
(a).
Direct Effect of Directives
200
(b).
Vertical/Horizontal Distinction
204
6.
Directives: Enhancing Their Legal Effects
206
(a).
Broad Concept of the State
206
(b).
`Indirect Effect': Principle of Harmonious Interpretation
209
(c).
Incidental Horizontal Effects
216
(d).
Interaction with General Principles of Law
220
(e).
Regulations Conditional on Compliance with Directives
221
(f).
State Liability in Damages
222
7.
Conclusions
222
8.
Further Reading
223
8.
Application Of EU Law: Remedies In National Courts
225
1.
Central Issues
225
2.
Principles of National Procedural Autonomy, Equivalence, and Practical Possibility
226
(a).
Where No Relevant EU Rules Exist: National Law Determines the Conditions for Enforcement of EU Rights
226
(b).
Principles of Equivalence and Practical Possibility
227
(c).
No Obligation to Create New Remedies (Unless...)
228
3.
Emergence of Requirements of Proportionality, Adequacy, and Effective Judicial Protection
229
4.
Development of the `Effectiveness' Requirement
231
(a).
Strong Initial Requirement
231
(b).
More Cautious Approach
235
(c).
When Specific Remedies Must Be Made Available
237
5.
Current Approach: Balancing Effective Judicial Protection and National Procedural Autonomy
239
(a).
Effectiveness
239
(b).
Equivalence
246
(c).
Effect of the Plaintiff's Conduct on the Right to an Effective Remedy
250
6.
Summary
250
7.
Principle of (State) Liability for Breach of EU Law
251
(a).
Origins of the Principle
251
(b).
Clarifying and Extending the Principle
253
(c).
Conditions for State Liability
257
(d).
State Liability and the National Remedial Framework
261
(e).
State Liability as a Residual Remedy?
263
8.
Conclusions
264
9.
Further Reading
265
9.
Relationship Between EU Law And National Law: Supremacy
266
1.
Central Issues
266
2.
First Dimension: Supremacy from the ECJ's Perspective
266
(a).
Foundations
266
(b).
Ambit
268
(c).
National Bodies That Must Apply the Supremacy Doctrine
271
(d).
Impact on National Law
272
(e).
Declaration 17 on Primacy
274
(f).
Relation with Direct Effect
276
(g).
Conclusion
277
3.
Second Dimension: Supremacy from the Perspective of the Pre-2004 Member States
278
(a).
Germany
279
(b).
Italy
290
(c).
France
292
(d).
United Kingdom
296
4.
Second Dimension: Supremacy from the Perspective of the Post-2004 Member States
304
(a).
Central and East European States
304
(b).
Poland
305
(c).
Czech Republic
307
5.
Constitutional Pluralism and National Identity
309
(a).
Constitutional Pluralism
309
(b).
National Identity
312
6.
Conclusions
313
7.
Further Reading
314
10.
EU International Relations Law
316
1.
Central Issues
316
2.
Introduction: The EU as an International Actor and the General Principles of EU External Action
317
(a).
EU as an International Actor
317
(b).
Constitutional Framework and General Principles of EU External Action
318
(c).
Post-Lisbon Institutions of EU International Action
319
3.
External Capacity and EU Competence
321
(a).
International Legal Personality
321
(b).
Need for a Legal Basis and the Limits of External EU Competence
322
(c).
Express and Implied Competence
324
(d).
Exclusive EU Competence
327
(e).
Shared Competence
333
(f).
Summary
335
4.
Four Fields of EU External Action
335
(a).
Common Commercial Policy (CCP)
336
(b).
Association, Partnership, Cooperation, and Neighbourhood Relations
339
(c).
Development Policy, Technical Cooperation, and Humanitarian Aid
341
(d).
External Dimensions of Other Internal Policies
342
5.
Common Foreign and Security Policy
344
(a).
Scope of the CFSP
344
(b).
Constitutional Nature of the CFSP
346
(c).
CFSP and Economic Sanctions
347
6.
Conclusion of International Agreements by the EU and Other Forms of EU International Practice
349
(a).
EU Procedures for Concluding International Agreements
349
(b).
Mixed Agreements
352
(c).
Role of the European Parliament
353
(d).
Member States' Duty of Sincere Cooperation
354
(e).
Cooperation Within International Organizations
355
7.
EU and International Law
355
(a).
International Agreements Concluded by the EU are Binding Upon It and are Part of EU Law
356
(b).
EU Legal System as an Autonomous Legal Order
356
(c).
Effect of Other Rules of International Law, and of International Agreements to Which the Member States are Party
358
8.
Legal Effect of International Agreements in the EU Legal Order
361
9.
Role of The CJEU in EU International Relations
369
(a).
Pre-Emptive Jurisdiction: The Advisory Opinion Procedure of Article 218(11)
369
(b).
Jurisdiction of the CJEU over International Agreements under Other EU Treaty Procedures
371
(c).
CJEU and Mixed Agreements
372
(d).
CJEU and the CFSP
374
10.
Coherence, Consistency, and Cooperation in the Governance of EU International Relations
375
(a).
International Representation and the EU
375
(b).
Requirement of Coherence across Policies
376
(c).
Coordination Between the Member States and the EU: Cooperation and Compliance
377
11.
Conclusions
378
12.
Further Reading
379
11.
Human Rights In The EU
380
1.
Central Issues
380
2.
Introduction
382
3.
ECJ Discovers the `General Principles of EU Law'
383
4.
ECJ Develops the General Principles of EU Law
384
(a).
ECHR as a Source of Special Significance for the General Principles of EU Law
385
(b).
Other International Human Rights Instruments
386
(c).
National Constitutional Traditions
388
5.
Institutional and Policy Developments
390
(a).
Inclusion of Human Rights in the Treaty Framework
390
(b).
Fundamental Rights Agency
391
(c).
EU Human Rights Powers and Policies
392
6.
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
394
(a).
Introduction
394
(b).
Content
396
(c).
`Horizontal' Clauses
397
7.
Human Rights-Based Judicial Review of EU Action
400
(a).
Challenges to EU Legislation
401
(b).
Rights-Based Challenges to EU Administrative Action
406
(c).
Construing EU Legislation In Conformity with Fundamental Rights
408
(d).
Summary
408
8.
Human Rights-Based Challenges to Member State Action
409
(a).
Member States as Agents of the EU: Implementing and Applying EU Measures
410
(b).
Member States Derogating From EU Rules or Restricting EU Rights
413
(c).
Other Kinds of Member State Action `Within the Scope of EU Law'
415
(d).
Situations Falling Outside the Scope of EU Law
418
(e).
Horizontal Application of the Charter?
419
9.
EU and the ECHR
419
(a).
Accession by the EU to the ECHR
419
(b).
Indirect Review of EU Acts by the ECtHR Prior to Accession
422
(c).
Mutual Influence of the CJEU and the ECtHR Prior to Accession
425
10.
Conclusions
427
11.
Further Reading
427
12.
Enforcement Actions Against Member States
429
1.
Central Issues
429
2.
Function and Operation of the Infringement Procedure
431
(a).
Nature and Function of the Article 258 Procedure
431
(b).
Operation of the Procedure
434
3.
Relationship Between `Public' and `Private' Enforcement Mechanisms
436
4.
Commission's Discretion
436
5.
Reasoned Opinion
439
(a).
Function
439
(b).
Form and Content
440
(c).
Confidentiality of the Reasoned Opinion
442
6.
Why is an Enforcement Action Admissible After the Breach is Remedied?
443
7.
Types of Breach by Member States of EU Law
444
(a).
Breach of the Obligation of Sincere Cooperation Under Article 4(3) TEU
445
(b).
Inadequate Implementation of EU Law
446
(c).
Breaches Which Interfere with EU External Relations
448
(d).
Systemic and Persistent Breaches or General Practices
449
(e).
Action by the Courts of a Member State
450
8.
State Defences in Enforcement Proceedings
450
9.
Consequences of an Article 258 Ruling
453
10.
Article 259
453
11.
Article 260 TFEU: The Pecuniary Penalty
454
12.
Interim Measures
461
13.
Conclusions
462
14.
Further Reading
462
13.
Preliminary Rulings
464
1.
Central Issues
464
2.
Foundations: Article 267
464
(a).
Questions That Can Be Referred
466
(b).
Courts or Tribunals Which Can Refer
466
(c).
Courts or Tribunals Which Must Refer
468
(d).
Relationship Between National Courts
469
(e).
National Court Raising EU Law of Its Own Volition
470
3.
Existence of a Question: Development of Precedent
471
(a).
National Law in Breach of EU Law and Prior CJEU Rulings
471
(b).
Validity of EU Legislation and Prior CJEU Rulings
474
(c).
CJEU Rulings and Legal Certainty
476
(d).
Conclusion
478
4.
Existence of a Question: The `Acte Clair' Doctrine
478
(a).
Summary
482
5.
Decision to Refer: The National Court's Perspective
482
6.
Decision to Accept the Reference: The CJEU's Perspective
484
(a).
Liberal Initial Approach
485
(b).
CJEU Asserts Authority Over Cases Referred
486
(c).
Cases Where the CJEU has Declined Jurisdiction
490
(d).
Recommendations to National Courts on Preliminary References
494
(e).
Limits of the Power to Decline a Case
494
(f).
Summary
496
7.
Decision on the Reference: Interpretation versus Application
496
8.
Development of an EU Judicial System: National Courts and the CJEU
499
(a).
Precedent
499
(b).
Acte clair
500
(c).
Sectoral Delegation
501
9.
Development of an EU Judicial System: CJEU, General Court, and National Courts
501
(a).
Caseload Problem
501
(b).
Limiting the National Courts Empowered to Make a Reference
503
(c).
Filtering Mechanism Based on the Novelty, Complexity, or Importance of the Question
503
(d).
National Court Proposes an Answer to the Question
504
(e).
Towards an Appellate System
504
(f).
Creation of Decentralized Judicial Bodies
505
(g).
General Court to Have Jurisdiction to Give Preliminary Rulings
506
10.
Conclusions
507
11.
Further Reading
507
14.
Review Of Legality: Access
509
1.
Central Issues
509
2.
Article 263(1): Bodies Subject to Review
509
3.
Article 263(1): Acts Subject to Review
510
(a).
General Principles
510
(b).
Non-Existent Acts
513
(c).
Limitations on Review
513
4.
Article 263(2)--(3): Standing for Privileged and Quasi-Privileged Applicants
514
5.
Article 263(4): Standing for Non-Privileged Applicants
515
(a).
Direct Concern
515
(b).
Individual Concern: Plaumann
517
(c).
Individual Concern: Lisbon Treaty Reform
528
(d).
Summary
532
6.
Article 267: Indirect Challenge to the Legality of EU Acts
533
(a).
Rationale for Using Article 267
533
(b).
Acts That Can Be Challenged Under Article 267
534
(c).
`A Complete System of Legal Protection'
535
7.
Article 265: Failure to Act
537
(a).
Reviewable Omissions
537
(b).
Procedure
539
(c).
Standing
539
8.
Article 277: The Plea of Illegality
539
(a).
Acts That Can Be Challenged
539
(b).
Parties Who Can Use Article 277
541
9.
Conclusions
542
10.
Further Reading
542
15.
Review Of Legality: Grounds Of Review
544
1.
Central Issues
544
2.
Lack of Competence
545
3.
Infringement of an Essential Procedural Requirement
545
(a).
Right to be Heard
545
(b).
Consultation and Participation
546
(c).
Duty to Give Reasons
548
4.
Infringement of the Treaty or Any Rule of Law Relating to its Application
550
(a).
Scope
550
(b).
General Principles of Law: Proportionality
551
(c).
General Principles of Law: Legal Certainty and Legitimate Expectations
558
(d).
General Principles of Law: Non-Discrimination
564
(e).
General Principles of Law: Transparency
567
(f).
General Principles of Law: Precautionary Principle
575
5.
Misuse of Power
576
6.
Intensity of Review
577
7.
Consequences of Illegality and Invalidity
579
8.
Conclusions
581
9.
Further Reading
582
16.
Damages Actions And Money Claims
583
1.
Central Issues
583
2.
Discretionary Acts
583
(a).
General Test
584
(b).
Legislative and Non-Legislative Discretionary Acts
585
(c).
Superior Rule of Law
585
(d).
Flagrant Violation/Serious Breach
587
(e).
Assessment
590
(f).
Summary
590
3.
Non-Discretionary Acts
591
(a).
General Principle: Illegality, Causation, Damage
591
(b).
Application of the General Principle
591
(c).
Meaning of Illegality
592
(d).
Summary
593
4.
Official Acts of Union Servants
594
5.
Valid Legislative Acts
595
(a).
Nature of the Problem
595
(b).
Case Law
596
6.
Causation and Damage
598
(a).
Causation
598
(b).
Damage
599
7.
Joint Liability of the EU and Member States
601
(a).
Procedural Issues
601
(b).
Substantive Issues
601
8.
Contract
604
9.
Restitution
605
10.
Conclusions
606
11.
Further Reading
606
17.
Single Market
607
1.
Central Issues
607
2.
Economic Integration: Forms and Techniques
607
(a).
Forms of Economic Integration
607
(b).
Techniques of Economic Integration
608
3.
Pre-1986: Limits of Integration
609
4.
Single European Act 1986: The Economics and Politics of Integration
609
(a).
Economic Dimension: The Commission's White Paper
609
(b).
Political Dimension: The Politics of Integration
612
5.
Internal Market: Legislative Reform and the SEA
614
(a).
Article 26: The Obligation Stated
614
(b).
Article 27: The Obligation Qualified
615
(c).
Article 114(1): Facilitating the Passage of Harmonization Measures
615
(d).
Article 114(2)--(10): Qualifications to Article 114(1)
618
6.
Tire Internal Market: The New Legislative Approach to Marketing of Products and Harmonization
620
(a).
Rationale for the New Approach
620
(b).
Elements of the New Approach
621
7.
Internal Market: Tensions and Concerns
627
(a).
Consumer Interests and Commercial Power
627
(b).
Single Market, Market Freedom, and Structural Balance
629
(c).
Challenge to Positive Integration
630
(d).
Politics, Economics, and the Single Market Enterprise
630
8.
Internal Market: Reconceptualization
632
9.
Conclusions
635
10.
Further Reading
636
18.
Free Movement Of Goods: Duties, Charges, And Taxes
638
1.
Central Issues
638
2.
Articles 28--30: Deities and Charges
639
(a).
Duties and Charges: Effect Not Purpose
640
(b).
Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: General Principles
641
(c).
Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: Inspections and the `Exchange Exception'
642
(d).
Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: Inspections and Fulfilment of Mandatory Legal Requirements
644
(e).
Recovery of Unlawful Charges
646
(f).
Customs Union: The Broader Perspective
646
3.
Articles 110--113: Discriminatory Tax Provisions
647
(a).
Purpose of Article 110
648
(b).
Article 110(1): Direct Discrimination
648
(c).
Article 110(1): Indirect Discrimination
649
(d).
Article 110: National Autonomy and Fiscal Choices
650
(e).
Relationship Between Article 110(1) and (2)
652
(f).
Article 110(1) and (2): The Determination of Similarity
653
(g).
Article 110(2): The Determination of Protective Effect
655
(h).
Taxation: The Broader Legal Perspective
657
(i).
Taxation: The Broader Political Perspective
658
4.
Boundary Between Articles 28--30 and 110--113
659
(a).
Levies Imposed on Importers
659
(b).
Imports Taxed But Not Made By the State of Import
660
(c).
Selective Tax Refund
661
5.
Conclusions
662
6.
Further Reading
663
19.
Free Movement Of Goods: Quantitative Restrictions
665
1.
Central Issues
665
2.
Directive 70/50 and Dassonville
666
3.
Discriminatory Barriers to Trade
668
(a).
Import and Export Restrictions
668
(b).
Promotion or Favouring of Domestic Products
669
(c).
Price Fixing
672
(d).
National Measures versus Private Action
673
(e).
Summary
674
4.
Indistinctly Applicable Rules: Cassis de Dijon
674
(a).
Foundations: Cassis de Dijon
674
(b).
Application: The Post-Cassis Jurisprudence
677
(c).
Indistinctly Applicable Rules: Article 35
677
(e).
Indistinctly Applicable Rules: The Limits of Article 34
678
5.
Indistinctly and Distinctly Applicable Rules: Keck and Selling Arrangements
681
(a).
Keck: Selling Arrangements
681
(b).
Keck: Static and Dynamic Selling Arrangements
683
(c).
Keck and Selling Arrangements: Two Qualifications
683
6.
Indistinctly and Distinctly Applicable Rules: Product Use
687
7.
Current Law: Summary
689
8.
Current Law: Assessment
690
(a).
Market Access as Overarching Principle
690
(b).
Market Access as Slogan
693
(c).
Summary and Choices
695
9.
Defences to Discriminatory Measures: Article 36
695
(a).
Public Morality
696
(b).
Public Policy
697
(c).
Public Security
698
(d).
Protection of Health and Life of Humans, Animals, or Plants
699
(e).
Other Grounds for Validating Discriminatory Measures
702
(f).
Relationship Between Harmonization and Article 36
703
10.
Defences to Indistinctly Applicable Rules: The Mandatory Requirements
704
(a).
Rationale for the Mandatory Requirements
704
(b).
Relationship Between the Mandatory Requirements and Article 36
705
(c).
Mandatory Requirements: Consumer Protection
706
(d).
Mandatory Requirements: Fairness of Commercial Transactions
707
(e).
Mandatory Requirements: Public Health
707
(f).
Other Mandatory Requirements
709
(g).
Mandatory Requirements and Harmonization
711
(h).
Summary
711
11.
Free Movement of Goods and Cassis: The Broader Perspective
712
(a).
Commission's Response to Cassis
712
(b).
Problems With Realizing the Cassis Strategy
713
(c).
Problems Flowing from the Cassis Strategy
715
12.
Conclusions
717
13.
Further Reading
718
20.
Free Movement Of Capital And Economic And Monetary Union
721
1.
Central Issues
721
2.
Free Movement of Capital
721
(a).
Original Treaty Provisions
721
(b).
Current Provisions: The Basic Principle
722
(c).
Current Provisions: The Exceptions
724
3.
EMU and the European Monetary System: Early Attempts
726
4.
Economic and Monetary Union: The Three Stages
727
(a).
Stage One and the Delors Report
727
(b).
Stage Two and the Maastricht Settlement
727
(c).
Stage Three and the Legal Framework
728
5.
EMU: Economic Faundations
729
(a).
Case for EMU
729
(b).
Case Against EMU
730
(c).
EMU: Economics, Politics, and Law
731
6.
EMU: Monetary Union and the ECB
731
(a).
ECB and ESCB
732
(b).
Monetary Policy
733
(c).
Policy Issues: Central Bank Independence
733
7.
EMU: Coordination of Economic Policy
735
(a).
Multilateral Surveillance Procedure
736
(b).
Excessive Deficit Procedure
736
(c).
Policy Issues: Economic Policy Coordination
737
8.
Conclusions
741
9.
Further Reading
742
21.
Free Movement Of Workers
744
1.
Central Issues
744
2.
Article 45: Direct Effect
745
3.
Article 45: Worker and the Scope of Protection
748
(a).
Definition of `Worker': An EU Concept
748
(b).
Definition of `Worker': Minimum-Income and Working-Time Requirements
749
(c).
Definition of `Worker': Purpose of the Employment
753
(d).
Definition of `Worker': The Job-Seeker
756
(e).
Scope of Protection: New Member States
758
4.
Article 45: Discrimination, Market Access, and Justification
758
(a).
Direct Discrimination
758
(b).
Indirect Discrimination
759
(c).
Obstacles to Access to the Employment Market
761
(d).
Internal Situations
762
(e).
Objective Justification
763
5.
Article 45(4): The Public-Service Exception
765
(a).
Meaning Determined By the Court, Not the Member States
766
(b).
ECJ's Test for Public Service
766
(c).
Application of the ECJ's Test
768
(d).
Discriminatory Conditions of Employment within the Public Service are Prohibited
770
6.
Directive 2004/38: Right of Entry and Residence of Workers and Their Families
770
(a).
Formal Requirements for Workers
770
(b).
Job-Seekers and the Unemployed
774
(c).
Right of Permanent Residence
775
(d).
Conditions for Exercise of the Right to Residence
776
7.
Regulation 492/2011: Substantive Rights and Social Advantages
776
(a).
Regulation 492/2011
776
(b).
Article 7(2) of Regulation 492/2011
778
(c).
Article 7(3) of Regulation 492/2011 and Educational Rights for Workers
780
(d).
Article 10 of Regulation 492/2011: Educational Rights for Children
781
(e).
Rights of Families as Parasitic on the Workers' Rights
782
(f).
Family Members in an Internal Situation
784
(g).
Directive 2014/54
785
8.
Directive 2004/38: Public Policy, Security, and Health Restrictions
786
(a).
Three Levels of Protection
786
(b).
Article 27: General Principles
786
(c).
Article 28: Expulsion
787
(d).
Article 29: Public Health
790
(e).
Article 30: Notification of Decisions
790
(f).
Article 31: Procedural Safeguards
790
(g).
Articles 32--33: Duration of Exclusion Orders and Expulsion
791
9.
Conclusions
791
10.
Further Reading
792
22.
Freedom Of Establishment And To Provide Services
794
1.
Central Issues
794
2.
Differences and Commonalities between the Free Movement of Persons, Services, and Establishment
796
(a).
Comparing the Treaty Chapters
796
(b).
Are the Freedoms Horizontally Applicable?
797
(c).
`Official Authority' Exception
799
(d).
Public Policy, Security, and Health Justifications
800
(e).
Legislation Governing Entry, Residence, and Expulsion
801
3.
Right of Establishment
801
(a).
Effect of Article 49
802
(b).
Scope of Article 49
804
(c).
Establishment of Companies
810
(d).
Summary
819
4.
Free Movement of Services
820
(a).
Effect of Article 56 TFEU
822
(b).
Scope of Article 56
824
(c).
Justifying Restrictions on the Free Movement of Services
832
(d).
Non-Discriminatory Restrictions Under Article 56
839
5.
General Legislation to Facilitate Establishment and Services: Recognition of Professional Qualifications
842
(a).
Initial Sectoral Harmonization/Coordination Approach
842
(b).
Introduction of the Mutual Recognition Approach
843
(c).
Directive 2005/36 on the Recognition of Professional Qualifications
844
(d).
Situations Not Covered by the Legislation
845
6.
General Legislation to Facilitate Establishment and Services: The Services Directive
846
7.
Conclusions
850
8.
Further Reading
851
23.
Citizenship Of The European Union
852
1.
Central Issues
852
2.
Introduction
853
3.
Rights of Free Movement and Residence of EU Citizens
856
(a).
Directive 2004/38 on the Rights of Free Movement and Residence for EU Citizens and their Families
857
4.
Impact of EU Citizenship Law
860
(a).
Article 20 TFEU Created an Autonomous and Directly Effective Right of Movement and Residence
860
(b).
Developments in the Law on `Wholly Internal Situations' Under the Impact of Articles 20 and 21 TFEU
865
(c).
Impact of Articles 20 and 21 on the Rights of EU Nationals Who Are Neither Economically Active Nor Economically Self-Sufficient
872
(d).
Articles 20 and 21 TFEU Have Enhanced the Rights of EU Citizens to Challenge Restrictive Member State Measures
884
(e).
Summary
887
5.
Political Rights of Citizenship
888
6.
Conclusions
890
7.
Further Reading
891
24.
Equal Treatment And Non-Discrimination
892
1.
Central Issues
892
2.
EU Anti-Discrimination Law: Origins and Context
893
3.
Equal Treatment and Non-Discrimination: The Legal Framework
894
4.
Origins: Article 157 TFEU and the Principle of Equal Pay for Women and Men
895
(a).
Social and Economic Underpinnings of Article 157
896
(b).
Breadth of Article 157: The Definition of Pay
898
5.
Article 19 TFEU and the Article 19 Directives
905
(a).
Race Directive 2000/43
906
(b).
Framework Employment Directive 2000/78
908
(c).
Proposed New Article 19 Directive on Equal Treatment
913
6.
Gender Directives
914
(a).
`Recast' Equal Treatment Directive 2006/54
914
(b).
Social Security Directive 79/7
922
(c).
Pregnancy Directive 92/85
925
(d).
Directive 2004/113 on Access to and Supply of Goods and Services
928
(e).
Parental Leave
930
(f).
Directive 2010/41 on the Self-Employed
931
7.
General Principle of Equal Treatment and Non-Discrimination
932
8.
Common Provisions and Concepts of EU Anti-Discrimination Law
935
(a).
Direct and Indirect Discrimination
935
(b).
Exceptions and Justifications
938
(c).
Positive Action
950
(d).
Remedies
955
9.
Conclusions
961
10.
Further Reading
962
25.
AFSJ: EU Criminal Law
964
1.
Central Issues
964
2.
Maastricht to Lisbon
965
(a).
Maastricht: Three Pillars
965
(b).
Amsterdam: Three Pillars Modified
966
3.
Rationale
966
(a).
Rationale for the Three-Pillar Structure
966
(b).
Rationale for Subject Matter Comprising AFSJ
967
4.
Lisbon Treaty: General Principles
972
(a).
Objectives
972
(b).
Treaty Architecture
973
(c).
Competence
973
(d).
Article 67 TFEU
974
(e).
Institutions
974
(f).
Union Courts
976
(g).
UK and the AFSJ
977
5.
Criminal Law and Procedure: Pre-Lisbon
979
6.
Criminal Law and Procedure: Post-Lisbon
981
(a).
Criminal Law
981
(b).
Criminal Procedure
983
(c).
Crime Prevention
984
(d).
Criminal Investigation and Prosecution
984
(e).
Criminal Prosecution and the European Public Prosecutor
985
(f).
Crime and Police Cooperation
985
7.
Criminal Law and Procedure: Objectives
986
8.
Criminal Law and Procedure: Challenges
987
(a).
Member State Acceptance
987
(b).
Mutual Recognition
987
(c).
Mutual Recognition and the European Arrest Warrant
990
(d).
Mutual Recognition and the European Evidence Warrant
995
(e).
Substantive Criminal Law
996
9.
Conclusions
998
10.
Further Reading
999
26.
Competition Law: Article 101
1001
1.
Central Issues
1001
2.
Competition Law: Objectives
1001
3.
Article 101: The Treaty Text
1002
5.
Article 101(1): Undertakings
1003
5.
Article 101(1): Agreements, Decisions, and Concerted Practices
1004
(a).
Agreements
1004
(b).
Concerted Practice
1007
6.
Article 101(1): Object or Effect of Preventing, Restricting, or Distorting Competition
1012
(a).
Nature of the Problem
1012
(b).
Experience in the United States
1013
(c).
Academic Debate in the EU
1013
(d).
Case Law
1015
(e).
Summary
1024
7.
Article 101(1): The Effect on Trade Between Member Stales
1025
8.
Article 101(1): The De Minimis Doctrine
1026
9.
Article 101(3): Exemptions
1026
(a).
Individual Exemption
1027
(b).
Block Exemption
1029
10.
Article 101: Competition and Non-Competition Considerations
1030
(a).
Article 101(1)
1030
(b).
Article 101(3)
1031
11.
Article 101: Vertical Restraints
1032
(a).
Economic Debate
1032
(b).
Commission and Vertical Restraints
1035
(c).
Exclusive Distribution
1037
(d).
Selective Distribution
1038
(e).
Franchising
1042
(f).
Exclusive Purchasing
1043
(g).
Block Exemption
1044
(h).
Summary
1048
12.
Competition Law: Enforcement
1048
(a).
Traditional Approach and the Modernization White Paper
1048
(b).
New Regime
1049
(c).
Judicial Review
1051
(d).
Damages Actions
1052
13.
Conclusions
1053
14.
Further Reading
1053
27.
Competition Law: Article 102
1055
1.
Central Issues
1055
2.
Dominant Position: Defining the Relevant Market
1056
(a).
Product Market
1056
(b).
Geographic Market
1059
(c).
Temporal Factor
1060
(d).
Commission Notice on Market Definition
1060
3.
Dominant: Position: Market Power
1061
(a).
Single Firm Dominance
1061
(b).
Joint Dominance
1066
4.
Abuse: Three Problems of Interpretation
1068
(a).
Who is Article 102 Designed to Protect?
1068
(b).
What Kinds of Behaviour Are Abusive?
1069
(c).
Abuse of Which Market?
1069
5.
Abuse: Particular Examples
1070
(a).
Abuse and Mergers
1070
(b).
Abuse and Refusal to Supply
1072
(c).
Abuse and Price Discrimination
1077
(d).
Abuse and Predatory Pricing
1082
(e).
Abuse and Selective Pricing
1084
6.
Defences: Objective Justification, Proportionality, and Efficiency
1085
7.
Article 102: Reform
1085
8.
Conclusions
1087
9.
Further Reading
1087
28.
Competition Law: Mergers
1090
1.
Central Issues
1090
2.
Merger Control: The Policy Rationale
1091
(a).
Arguments Against Mergers
1091
(b).
Arguments in Favour of Mergers
1092
3.
Regulation 139/2004: Jurisdictional Issues
1093
(a).
Concentration: General
1093
(b).
Concentration: Joint Ventures
1094
(c).
Concentrations With an EU Dimension
1095
(d).
Relation Between EU and National Merger Control
1096
(e).
Residual Role for Articles 101 and 102 TFEU
1098
4.
Regulation 139/2004: Procedural Issues
1099
(a).
Prior Notification
1099
(b).
Suspension Pending Investigation
1099
(c).
Investigation
1099
(d).
Investigation and Enforcement
1100
5.
Regulation 139/2004: The Substantive Criteria
1101
(a).
Market Definition
1101
(b).
Test
1101
(c).
Horizontal Mergers: Non-Coordinated Effects
1103
(d).
Horizontal Mergers: Coordinated Effects and Collective Dominance
1107
(e).
Vertical and Conglomerate Mergers: Coordinated and Non-Coordinated Effects
1111
(f).
Concentration and Efficiencies
1112
(g).
Concentrations and Failing Firms
1112
(h).
Relevance of Non-Competition Considerations
1113
(i).
Remedies
1113
6.
Judicial Review
1113
7.
Conclusions
1114
8.
Further Reading
1115
29.
State And The Common Market
1117
1.
Central Issues
1117
2.
State and the Market: General Principles
1117
(a).
General Principle: The Competition Ethos
1117
(b).
Qualification: Services of General (Economic) Interest
1118
3.
Public Undertakings and Article 106
1120
(a).
Article 106(1)
1120
(b).
Article 106(2)
1125
(c).
Article 106(3)
1127
(d).
Article 106 and National Courts
1128
(e).
Summary
1129
4.
State, Articles 4(3) TEU, 101, 102, and 34 TFEU
1129
5.
State Aids: Policy Development and Reform
1130
(a).
Policy Development
1130
(b).
Reform
1132
6.
State Aids: The Substantive Rules and Article 107
1133
(a).
Definition of State Aid
1133
(b).
Article 107(2)
1139
(c).
Article 107(3)
1139
(d).
Block Exemption
1145
7.
State Aids: The Procedural Rules and Articles 108 and 109
1145
(a).
Review of Existing State Aids
1145
(b).
Procedure for New State Aids: Notification and Preliminary Review
1146
(c).
Procedure for State Aids: Detailed Investigation and Enforcement
1147
(d).
Exceptional Circumstances: Article 108(2), Paragraphs 3 and 4
1148
(e).
Article 109: Implementing Regulations
1148
(f).
Challenge to Commission Decisions
1149
(g).
Aid That Has Not Been Notified
1150
(h).
Recovery of Unlawful Aid
1152
8.
State Aids, Market Integration, and Regional Policy
1153
(a).
Policy Foundations
1153
(b).
State Aid and Free Movement
1154
(c).
National and EU Regional Policy
1155
9.
Conclusions
1156
10.
Further Reading
1156
Index
1159