Collective reparations : tensions and dilemmas between collective reparations and the individual right to receive reparations / Diana Itza Odier-Contreras Garduño.
2018
KZ6785 .O35 2018 (Map It)
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Title
Collective reparations : tensions and dilemmas between collective reparations and the individual right to receive reparations / Diana Itza Odier-Contreras Garduño.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Intersentia, [2018]
Copyright
© 2018
Call Number
KZ6785 .O35 2018
ISBN
9781780687056 (paperback)
1780687052 (paperback)
9781780687469 (PDF)
1780687052 (paperback)
9781780687469 (PDF)
Language Note
Text in English with summary text also in Dutch, Spanish and French.
Description
xvi, 425 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1057668026
Summary
Although international human rights law establishes the individual right to receive reparations, collective reparations have been considered a common response from judicial and non-judicial bodies to reparations for victims of gross violations of human rights. As such, collective reparations have been awarded within the field of international human rights law, international criminal law and transitional justice. Yet the concept, content and scope of collective reparations are rather unspecified. To date, neither the judicial nor the non-judicial bodies that have granted this kind of reparations have ever defined them. This book presents the first study on collective reparations. It aims to shed light on the legal framework, content and scope of collective reparations, and to the relationship between collective reparations and the individual right to reparations. In order to do so, the book analyses specific case law from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Additionally, the practices of non-judicial mechanisms were examined, specifically those of the Peruvian and Moroccan Truth Commissions and of two mass claims compensation commissions (the United Nations Compensation Commission and the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission). Finally, it provides an overview of the challenges that collective reparations present to the fields of international human rights law and international criminal law, including in their implementation.
Note
Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Utrecht University, 2018.
Although international human rights law establishes the individual right to receive reparations, collective reparations have been considered a common response from judicial and non-judicial bodies to reparations for victims of gross violations of human rights. As such, collective reparations have been awarded within the field of international human rights law, international criminal law and transitional justice. Yet the concept, content and scope of collective reparations are rather unspecified. To date, neither the judicial nor the non-judicial bodies that have granted this kind of reparations have ever defined them. This book presents the first study on collective reparations. It aims to shed light on the legal framework, content and scope of collective reparations, and to the relationship between collective reparations and the individual right to reparations. In order to do so, the book analyses specific case law from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Additionally, the practices of non-judicial mechanisms were examined, specifically those of the Peruvian and Moroccan Truth Commissions and of two mass claims compensation commissions (the United Nations Compensation Commission and the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission). Finally, it provides an overview of the challenges that collective reparations present to the fields of international human rights law and international criminal law, including in their implementation.
Although international human rights law establishes the individual right to receive reparations, collective reparations have been considered a common response from judicial and non-judicial bodies to reparations for victims of gross violations of human rights. As such, collective reparations have been awarded within the field of international human rights law, international criminal law and transitional justice. Yet the concept, content and scope of collective reparations are rather unspecified. To date, neither the judicial nor the non-judicial bodies that have granted this kind of reparations have ever defined them. This book presents the first study on collective reparations. It aims to shed light on the legal framework, content and scope of collective reparations, and to the relationship between collective reparations and the individual right to reparations. In order to do so, the book analyses specific case law from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Additionally, the practices of non-judicial mechanisms were examined, specifically those of the Peruvian and Moroccan Truth Commissions and of two mass claims compensation commissions (the United Nations Compensation Commission and the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission). Finally, it provides an overview of the challenges that collective reparations present to the fields of international human rights law and international criminal law, including in their implementation.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 375-402).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
v
Abbreviations
xiii
ch. I
Introduction
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Reparations Commonly Awarded for Gross Violations of Human Rights
6
2.
Problem in a Nutshell
9
2.1.
Complex Reparations for Complex Harm
9
2.2.
Legal Foundations of Collective Reparations under Human Rights Law
10
2.3.
Legal Issues Arising from Awarding Only Collective Reparations
12
2.4.
Central Research Question
15
2.5.
Aims and Structure
18
3.
Key Concepts
19
3.1.
Victim
19
3.2.
Gross Violations of Human Rights
20
3.3.
Collective Reparations
23
3.4.
Transitional Justice
24
4.
Research Methodology and Limitations
24
4.1.
Defining the Methodology
25
4.2.
Delimiting the Scope of the Research
26
ch. II
Developments Concerning The Right To Reparation
1.
Introduction
33
1.1.
Right to a Remedy
35
1.1.1.
Procedural Aspect: Access to Justice
37
1.1.2.
Substantive Aspect: Reparations
39
2.
Reparations: A State Obligation
41
2.1.
Concept of Reparation
41
2.2.
Types of Reparations
43
2.2.1.
Restitution
43
2.2.2.
Compensation
45
2.2.3.
Satisfaction
47
2.2.4.
Cessation and Guarantees of Non-Repetition
49
2.3.
Main Characteristics of Reparations
52
2.3.1.
Restitutio in Integrum
53
2.3.2.
Full Reparations
53
2.3.3.
Adequacy and Appropriateness
55
2.3.4.
Proportionality
56
2.4.
Other Substantive and Procedural Aspects of Reparations
57
2.4.1.
Liability to Repair
57
2.4.2.
Beneficiaries
58
2.4.3.
Assessment of Harm
60
2.4.4.
Standard of Proof
62
2.4.5.
Causality
64
2.5.
Compliance with Judgments on Reparations
68
3.
Reparations: A Human Right for Victims
70
3.1.
Concept of Reparation
73
3.2.
Types of Reparations
75
3.2.1.
Restitution
76
3.2.2.
Compensation
81
3.2.3.
Rehabilitation
87
3.2.4.
Satisfaction
89
3.2.5.
Guarantees of Non-Repetition
92
3.3.
Main Characteristics of Reparations
95
3.3.1.
Restitutio in Integrum
97
3.3.2.
Full Reparation
97
3.3.3.
Adequacy and Appropriateness
98
3.3.4.
Proportionality
100
3.4.
Other Substantive and Procedural Aspects of Reparations
101
3.4.1.
Liability to Repair
101
3.4.2.
Beneficiaries
101
3.4.3.
Assessment of the Harm
103
3.4.4.
Standard of Proof
106
3.4.5.
Causality
111
3.5.
Compliance with Judgments on Reparations
113
4.
Conclusions
117
ch. III
Collective Reparations At The Inter-American Court Of Human Rights
1.
Introduction
121
1.1.
Selection of Cases
123
1.2.
Table of the 40 Cases Selected from the IACtHR&apso;s Jurisprudence
125
2.
IACtHR&apso;s Legal Framework for Reparations
127
3.
Principles on Reparations
129
4.
Types of Reparations
130
4.1.
Individual Measures
131
4.1.1.
Restitution
131
4.1.2.
Compensation
132
4.1.3.
Rehabilitation
133
4.1.4.
Satisfaction and GNR
134
4.2.
Collective Measures
136
4.2.1.
Symbolic (Satisfaction & GNR)
136
4.2.2.
Material
138
4.2.2.1.
Restitution
138
4.2.2.2.
Compensation
139
4.2.2.3.
Rehabilitation
140
4.2.3.
Collective Reparations
141
4.2.3.1.
Definition
142
5.
Substantive and Procedural Aspects of Collective Measures and Reparations
143
5.1.
Adequacy
143
5.1.1.
Victims&apso; Participation
145
5.1.2.
Agreement
147
5.2.
Liability to Repair
147
5.3.
Beneficiaries
148
5.3.1.
Collectivities as Beneficiaries
150
5.3.2.
Society as a Beneficiary
151
5.4.
Assessment of Harm
151
5.4.1.
Moral Harm
153
5.4.2.
Material Harm
154
5.4.3.
Collective Harm
156
5.5.
Standard of Proof
157
5.6.
Causality
163
5.7.
Implementation of Collective Reparations
166
5.8.
Main challenges of Implementation
169
5.8.1.
Other Challenges & Dilemmas
170
6.
Conclusions
172
ch. IV
Collective Reparations In International Criminal Law
1.
Introduction
175
2.
Legal Framework of Reparations
177
2.1.
ICC&apso;s Legal Framework
178
2.1.1.
Trust Fund for Victims
179
2.2.
ECCC&apso;s Legal Framework
183
2.2.1.
Victims Support Section
184
2.3.
Overview of the Cases
185
3.
Principles on Reparations
189
3.1.
ICC&apso;s General Principles
189
3.2.
ECCC&apso;s General Principles
192
4.
Types of Reparations
193
4.1.
Individual Reparations
193
4.2.
Moral Reparations
195
4.2.1.
Acknowledgment of Responsibility
196
4.2.2.
Truth-Seeking
198
4.2.3.
Dissemination of a Judgment
198
4.2.4.
Memory-related Measures
199
4.2.5.
Preventive Measures
200
4.2.6.
Other Measures of Satisfaction
201
4.3.
Collective Reparations
201
4.3.1.
Definition
201
4.3.2.
Scope
203
4.3.2.1.
Scope of the ICC&apso;s Collective Reparations
203
4.3.2.2.
Scope of the ECCC&apso;s Collective Reparations
206
4.3.2.3.
Scope of Collective Reparations in General
208
5.
Substantive and Procedural Aspects of Collective Reparations
208
5.1.
Adequacy
209
5.1.1.
Victims&apso; Participation
211
5.2.
Liability to Repair
213
5.2.1.
Liability and Indigence
214
5.2.2.
Liability and Proportionality to the Crime&apso;s Contribution
216
5.3.
Beneficiaries
220
5.3.1.
Who Can Become a Beneficiary?
220
5.3.2.
Identification of Beneficiaries
222
5.4.
Assessment of Harm
227
5.5.
Standard of Proof
229
5.6.
Causality
233
5.7.
Implementation of Collective Reparations
235
5.7.1.
ICC&apso;s Implementation of Collective Reparations
236
5.7.2.
ECCC&apso;s Implementation of Collective Reparations
241
5.8.
Main Challenges for Implementation
241
6.
Conclusions
244
ch. V
Collective Reparations & Non-Judicial Bodies
1.
Introduction
249
1.1.
Definition of Transitional Justice
251
1.2.
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
252
1.3.
National Reparations Programmes
254
1.4.
Mass Claims Reparations
255
2.
Overview of the Case Studies
256
2.1.
Peruvian TRC
256
2.2.
Moroccan TRC
259
2.3.
United Nations Compensation Commission
261
2.4.
Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
263
3.
Principles on Reparations in TJMs
264
3.1.
National Programmes
265
3.2.
Mass Claims Reparations
267
4.
Types of Reparations
268
4.1.
Individual Reparations
269
4.2.
Collective Reparations
270
4.2.1.
Concept
270
4.2.2.
Scope
271
5.
Substantive and Procedural Aspects of Collective Reparations
273
5.1.
Adequacy
273
5.1.1.
National Reparation Programmes
274
5.1.2.
Mass Claims Reparations
277
5.2.
Liability
278
5.2.1.
National Reparation Programmes
278
5.2.2.
Mass Claims Reparations
279
5.3.
Beneficiaries
280
5.3.1.
National Reparations Programmes
281
5.3.2.
Mass Claims Reparations
283
5.4.
Assessment of Harm
285
5.4.1.
National Reparations Programmes
285
5.4.2.
Mass Claims Reparations
288
5.5.
Standard of Proof
291
5.5.1.
National Reparations Programmes
291
5.5.2.
Mass Claims Reparations
292
5.6.
Causality
294
5.6.1.
National Reparations Programmes
295
5.6.2.
Mass Claims Reparations
295
5.7.
Implementation of Collective Reparations
297
5.7.1.
National Reparations Programmes
297
5.7.2.
Mass Claims Reparations
303
5.8.
Main Challenges of Implementation
307
6.
Conclusions
308
ch. VI
Conclusions
1.
Introduction
313
2.
Main Findings of This Research
314
2.1.
Developments Concerning the Right to Reparations
314
2.2.
Collective Reparations at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
315
2.3.
Collective Reparations in International Criminal Law
317
2.4.
Collective Reparations and Non-Judicial Bodies
318
2.5.
Conclusions
320
3.
Collective Reparations: A Bitter but Better Approach?
321
3.1.
Towards a Concept
322
3.2.
Purposes and Aims
324
4.
Collective Reparations: Tensions and Dilemmas
326
4.1.
Main Tensions
327
4.2.
Dilemmas: Beneficiaries and Groups
327
4.3.
Dilemmas: Adequacy and its Content
328
4.4.
Dilemmas: Standard of Proof and the Causality Requirement
329
4.5.
Dilemmas: Assessment of Harm
330
4.6.
Extraordinary Justice: A Justification
331
Samenvatting
335
Resumen
349
Resume
363
Bibliography
375
Table of Instruments
403
Table of Cases, Decisions and Filings
407
Curriculum Vitae
423