Reasons to doubt : wrongful convictions and the criminal cases review commission / Carolyne Hoyle and Mai Sato.
2019
KD8464 .H695 2019 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Reasons to doubt : wrongful convictions and the criminal cases review commission / Carolyne Hoyle and Mai Sato.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2019.
Call Number
KD8464 .H695 2019
Edition
First edition.
ISBN
0198794576
9780198794578
9780198794578
Description
xix, 383 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1050280025
Summary
This book reveals what happens to applications for post-conviction review when those in England and Wales who consider themselves to have been wrongfully convicted, and have exhausted direct appeal processes, apply to have their case assessed by the Criminal Cases Review Commission. It presents the findings of the first thorough empirical study of decision-making and the use of discretion within the Commission. It shows how the Commission exercises its discretionary powers in identifying and investigating possible wrongful convictions for rehearing by the Court of Appeal. The research it draws on - a three year empirical study - comprises a mixed-method approach of quantitative and qualitative analysis of case files and aggregate data, as well as interviews with decision makers and observations of committee meetings to fully grasp the workings of the organization from a socio-legal perspective and to understand how discretion operates at the individual and institutional level.0The study starts from the premise that the legal framework within which the Commission works - the probability of a case being likely to succeed at the Court - is neither rigid nor uncomplicated. While it is a legal test, and is therefore applied according to statute and case law, it could also be seen as a fluid concept that must be determined on a case-by-case basis, drawing in various cultural and structural variables as well as the more obvious features of the case and prior decisions of0the Court. 0.
Note
This book reveals what happens to applications for post-conviction review when those in England and Wales who consider themselves to have been wrongfully convicted, and have exhausted direct appeal processes, apply to have their case assessed by the Criminal Cases Review Commission. It presents the findings of the first thorough empirical study of decision-making and the use of discretion within the Commission. It shows how the Commission exercises its discretionary powers in identifying and investigating possible wrongful convictions for rehearing by the Court of Appeal. The research it draws on - a three year empirical study - comprises a mixed-method approach of quantitative and qualitative analysis of case files and aggregate data, as well as interviews with decision makers and observations of committee meetings to fully grasp the workings of the organization from a socio-legal perspective and to understand how discretion operates at the individual and institutional level.0The study starts from the premise that the legal framework within which the Commission works - the probability of a case being likely to succeed at the Court - is neither rigid nor uncomplicated. While it is a legal test, and is therefore applied according to statute and case law, it could also be seen as a fluid concept that must be determined on a case-by-case basis, drawing in various cultural and structural variables as well as the more obvious features of the case and prior decisions of0the Court. 0.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [347]-366) and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes
xxi
1.
Responding to Wrongful Convictions 1
Introduction
1
Finding a Solution? The Criminal Cases Review Commission
3
Post-conviction Review Around the World
6
Scotland, Norway, and North Carolina: modelled on the English Commission
7
Use of executive power: Canada
9
Proposals to establish a Commission: Australia and New Zealand
10
2.
Commission under Scrutiny
12
Introduction
12
Key Criticisms
14
Relationship with the Court of Appeal
14
allocation of finite resources
18
Aims of the Book
21
Methodological Approach
23
matter of definition
23
Identifying our sample of wrongful convictions
23
Collecting qualitative and quantitative data
25
Ensuring anonymity
27
3.
Making Sense of Decision-making
28
Introduction
28
Real Possibility Test
29
On Discretion
31
Organizing ideas: the need for socio-legal analysis
31
Legal approaches to discretion
33
Sociological approaches to discretion
35
Surround, Decision Fields, and Decision Frames
39
Surround
39
Field
40
Frame
41
4.
Decision-making from Application to Outcome
47
Introduction
47
Sociology of an Organization
48
Categorizing Applications
49
Stage One: Screening Cases
50
Exceptional circumstances
51
Stage Two: Reviewing Cases
52
Deciding how quickly to start and complete an investigation
53
Collecting evidence
55
Powers to collect evidence from public and private bodies and individuals
55
Interviews to collect evidence or information
56
Communication with applicants
57
Expert witnesses
57
Appointing an investigating officer to the case
58
Obligations to investigate on behalf of the Court
58
Decision-making
59
Deciding whether to refer
59
Decision-making committees
59
Casework documentation
60
Post-decision' decision-making
61
Making Sense of Cases
62
Knowledge Creation
63
Decision-making at the Commission
65
5.
Nature of Applications to the Commission
68
Introduction
68
Fallible Process
69
Fallibility of Witnesses
71
Vulnerable Suspects
73
Fallibility of Science and Expert Testimony
76
Due Process Failures
79
Pervasive Influence of Prejudice and Fear
81
Changing Nature of Wrongful Convictions
82
6.
Triage: The Application Screening Process
85
Introduction
85
Stage One Review: Four Types of Applications
87
Individual Commissioners' Decision Frames
88
Commissioners' self-perceptions about screening
88
Perceived commissioner variability
90
Screening no-appeal cases
93
Commissioners' screening record of no-appeal cases
93
Difficulty in identifying exceptional circumstances
96
New Screening Policy
100
Towards consultative decision-making
100
Responses to the change in screening policy
102
Guilty Pleas: Influence of the Surround
104
Legal Representation
109
Impact of legal representation on stage one decisions
109
'Good' legal representation
110
Drivers of Stage One Decision-making
112
7.
Managing Uncertainty in Forensic and Expert Evidence Cases
115
Introduction
115
Our Sample of Forensic and Expert Evidence Cases
117
Decision Field in Forensic and Expert Evidence Cases
119
Internal guidance and policy
119
Influence of evolving jurisprudence
122
Surround in Forensic and Expert Evidence Cases
125
Evolutions in science
125
Cracks in the veneer of scientific certainty: interpreting forensic evidence
127
Changing opinion on sexual abuse of children
128
Changing opinion on infant deaths and head injuries
131
Decision Frames in Forensic and Expert Evidence Cases
133
(Contested) legal frame
134
Narrative frame
137
More Science, Yet More Uncertainty
139
8.
Complainant Credibility in Sexual Offence Cases
141
Introduction
141
Sexual Offence Cases
143
Establishing complainant credibility
143
Developments in the field
144
Before 2006
146
After 2006
147
When credibility is undermined
151
Historical Institutional Abuse Cases
156
Passage of time
157
Multiple complainants, multiple convictions
157
'Cumulative effect' argument
161
'Change in law' and 'missing documents' arguments
167
Responding to the Surround
168
From doubting to believing the complainant
169
Commission's response: field and frame
171
Shifting Beliefs about Complainant Credibility
173
9.
Responding to Applicants' Allegations of Policing Without Integrity
175
Introduction
175
Enduring Misconduct, Innocence, and Safety: Surround
176
Policing Without Integrity and the Safety of Convictions: Field
180
Commission Responses to Policing Without Integrity: Frame
182
Policing without integrity: legal decision frame in action
185
Referring cases of police misconduct
185
Referring cases of non-disclosure
187
When evidence of improper policing is not enough
190
Evidence of improper policing is not 'fresh'
190
Failure by the defence to adduce evidence of improper policing at trial
191
Police misconduct or nondisclosure is not determinative
192
Instrumental decision frame at work
194
Moral decision frame at work
197
Organizational decision frame at work
199
Past, Present, and Future Challenges for the Commission
200
10.
Responding to Applicants' Claims of Inadequate Defence
204
Introduction
204
Decision Field
205
Applicants' claims of inadequate defence
207
Legal Decision Frame
209
Framing decisions as 'tactical'
212
Instrumental decision frame
215
Inadequate Defence of Refugees and Asylum Seekers
217
Legal protection for refugees and asylum seekers: decision field
217
Unwelcoming stance: surround in refugee and asylum cases
218
Asylum and immigration offences: homogeneous cases
219
Decision Frames in Refugee and Asylum Cases
223
Efficiency and justice: organizational decision frame
223
Confident and liberal: legal and moral decision frames
225
Keeping the System Honest
228
11.
Working Cooperatively with Other Criminal Justice Institutions
231
Introduction
231
Working with the Police: Section 19 Cases
233
Selective use of section 19 powers
233
'Supervising' the police
238
Negotiating section 19 investigations
239
Referral-orientated frame
241
Working for the Court: Section 15 Cases
245
Co-dependency between the Commission and the Court
245
Web of decision-making
247
jury as a source of miscarriage of justice
251
Working Cooperatively with the Police and the Court
253
12.
Managing Efficiency and Thoroughness in Case Review
255
Introduction
255
Story So Far
256
Sense-making: case prioritization and screening
256
Knowledge-building: expert evidence and complainant credibility
257
Defining Efficiency and Thoroughness
258
Examining the Commission's value premises through key performance indicators
258
Cultural knowledge on efficiency and thoroughness
260
From a pursuit of perfection to a sense of urgency
261
Investigation Beyond a 'Desktop' Review
265
Meeting applicants, legal representatives, and witnesses
266
Surveying CRMs
268
Waiting for Information: Section 17 Powers and External Experts
272
Liaising with external bodies and experts
274
Achieving cooperation without coercion
278
Pursuing Efficiency with Thoroughness
281
13.
'Post-decision Decision-making'
283
Introduction
283
Commission's Policy
285
Further submissions
285
Reapplications
287
Legitimacy of Post-decision Decision-making
288
Reapplications
289
Further submissions
290
Instrumental Decision-making
296
Redefining the Relevant Issues
300
Developments in the surround
300
Internal factors: same facts, different decision
302
Second Chance at the 'Last Resort'
305
14.
Last Chance for Justice
308
Introduction
308
Criminal Justice in Crisis
309
Cuts to legal aid
309
Increasing evidence of non-disclosure
310
Declining trust in forensic science
311
Threats to access to justice
312
Sociological Understanding of Decision-making at the Commission
315
surround
316
decision field
317
decision frame
318
Variability in approaches and outcomes
319
Commission's Relationship with 'Stakeholders'
322
Engagement with the media and campaigners
323
Engagement with other criminal justice institutions
325
Engagement with applicants and their legal representatives
326
Commission's Relationship with the Court
330
Court deference to the jury
330
Commission deference to the Court?
332
Pushing at the boundaries
334
bolder approach to referrals
335
Appendix
339
References
347
Index
367