International law / Linda A. Malone, Founding Director, Human Security Law Center, Marshall-Wythe Foundation Professor of Law, William and Mary Law School.
2017
KZ1242 .M355 2017 (Map It)
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Author
Title
International law / Linda A. Malone, Founding Director, Human Security Law Center, Marshall-Wythe Foundation Professor of Law, William and Mary Law School.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer, 2017.
Call Number
KZ1242 .M355 2017
Edition
Third edition.
ISBN
9781454868538
1454868538
1454868538
Description
1 volume (various pagings) ; 28 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)957705091
Note
Includes index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xxxv
Casebook Correlation Chart
xxxvii
Capsule Summary
C-1
ch. 1
Concept Of Public International Law
I.
Introduction
1
A.
Definition of international law
1
1.
Historical approach
1
2.
Modern approach
1
3.
Public international law distinguished from private international law
1
B.
Importance of public international law
1
C.
History of public international law
2
1.
Natural law
2
2.
Positivism
2
3.
Liberalism
3
4.
In summary
3
ch. 2
Sources Of International Law
I.
Statute of the International Court of Justice
5
II.
International Conventions/Treaties
5
A.
Introduction
5
1.
History of the Vienna Convention
5
2.
Alternate forms of treaties
5
B.
Vienna Convention definition of a treaty-requirements
6
C.
International law governs all treaties
6
D.
Non-Vienna Convention treaties
6
E.
United States distinction between a treaty and an executive agreement
6
1.
Treaty
6
2.
Executive agreement
6
3.
Potential conflicts between U.S. domestic law and international law
7
F.
Name and form of treaty
7
1.
Components of treaty and language
7
2.
Subject matter of treaty
8
3.
Classification of international treaties
8
G.
Treaty-making power-capacity
10
1.
Nation-states and international organizations
10
2.
Component states of a federal union
10
3.
Self-governing territories
10
4.
Authority of persons representing a state or international organization
10
5.
Apparent authority of a state's representative
11
6.
Subsequent confirmation
11
H.
treaty process
11
1.
Negotiation of treaties
11
2.
Adoption
11
3.
Forms of conclusion
11
I.
Reservations
13
1.
Declarations of understanding
13
2.
Permissible reservations
13
3.
purpose of reservations
13
4.
Acceptance of and objections to reservations
14
5.
Legal effects of acceptances of and objections to reservations
14
J.
Limitations to reservations
15
K.
observance of treaties
15
1.
Pacta sunt servanda
15
2.
Good faith performance
15
3.
Territorial scope of treaties
15
4.
Interpretation of treaties
15
5.
Fulfillment of treaties-methods of oversight
16
6.
Amendment of treaties
16
7.
Invalidation of treaties
17
8.
Separability of treaty provisions (article 44)
18
9.
Acquiescence (article 45)
18
10.
Termination and suspension of treaties
18
11.
Effect of state succession on international treaties
21
12.
Effect of governmental succession on international treaties
22
III.
International Custom
22
A.
Two approaches to customary international law
23
1.
Objectivist/sociological approach
23
2.
Participatory/voluntarist approach
23
B.
Establishment of an international custom
23
1.
Quantitative factors
23
2.
Use of regional custom
24
3.
Local customary rights
24
4.
Qualitative factor-opinio juris
24
C.
Resolutions and recommendations of international organizations
24
D.
Application of international customary law
25
1.
Clear and consistent objection
25
2.
Historic departure
25
E.
Relationship between treaties and customary international law
25
1.
Equal weight standard
25
2.
Treaty as evidence of custom
25
IV.
General Principles of Law
26
A.
Limited application of general principles
26
B.
Decreasing importance as a source of international law
26
C.
Application of general principles for procedural matters
26
V.
Judicial Decisions and Publicists
26
A.
Status of judicial decisions
26
B.
role of judicial decisions in the development of international law
26
1.
International Court of Justice view
26
2.
Stare decisis effect
27
3.
Interpretation
27
4.
Law making
27
C.
Status of the most highly qualified publicists
27
1.
Role in systematization and codification
27
2.
Role of scholarly works in the courtroom
27
D.
Resolutions of the United Nations and other international law organizations
27
E.
Factors influencing the impact of General Assembly resolutions
27
1.
Internal General Assembly resolutions
28
2.
Declaratory resolutions
28
3.
State practice as proof of impact
28
4.
Diverse majority approval as proof of impact
28
5.
Effect on dissenting states
28
VI.
Jus Cogens-Peremptory Norms
28
A.
Subject to much controversy
28
B.
Identifying rules of jus cogens
28
C.
Actual application of jus cogens
29
VII.
Equity in International Law
29
A.
Ex aequo et Bono
29
B.
General principles of law
29
C.
Effect of other principles of equity-intra legem, contra legem, and praetor legem
29
Exam Tips On Sources Of International Law
29
ch. 3
International Law And Municipal Law
I.
Dualism and Monism
31
A.
Dualism defined
31
1.
Incorporation of international law in the domestic legal order
31
2.
Incorporation of municipal law in the international legal order
31
B.
Monism defined
31
II.
Treaties in Municipal Law
31
A.
Treaties in U.S. law
31
1.
Article II treaties
31
2.
Judicial power over treaties
31
3.
Supremacy of treaties
31
4.
Limitations on state powers
31
B.
Terminology for treaties
32
1.
Article II treaties
32
2.
Congressional/executive agreements
32
C.
Self-executing treaties
32
1.
Origin of self-executing treaty doctrine
32
2.
Constitutional restraints on the self-executing character of treaties
32
3.
Non-self-executing treaties
33
D.
Treaties and conflicting state law-effect of the Supremacy Clause
33
E.
Treaties and conflicting federal statutes
33
1.
"last-in-time" rule
33
2.
Effect on international law obligations
33
F.
Treaties and other constitutional constraints
33
1.
Treaty better suited to task
33
2.
Constitutional supremacy
34
G.
Treaties and the laws of other countries
34
1.
"English" rule
34
2.
Civil law treatment
34
III.
Customary International Law in Municipal Law
34
A.
Common law countries-international law as common law
34
1.
Incorporation of customary law into domestic law
34
2.
Supremacy Clause and customary international law
34
3.
U.S. treatment of customary international law
35
B.
Civil law countries-relationship between customary international law and domestic law
35
IV.
Foreign Relations Law of the United States
35
A.
Executive powers
35
1.
International agreements
35
2.
Recognition of governments
35
3.
Other presidential authority
36
B.
Congressional powers
36
C.
Judicial powers
36
1.
"Act-of-state" doctrine
36
2.
"Political question" doctrine
36
Exam Tips On International Law And Municipal Law
36
ch. 4
States
I.
Definition of a State
39
A.
Defined territory
39
B.
Permanent population-a "people"
39
C.
Under the control of its own government
39
D.
Capacity to engage in relations with other states
39
E.
Role of recognition in defining a state
39
II.
State Territory
40
A.
State boundaries or frontiers
40
1.
Boundary dispute resolution
40
2.
Effect of succession
40
B.
Airspace and outer space
40
1.
Airspace
40
2.
Outer space
40
C.
International rivers
41
1.
Characteristics
41
2.
Vienna Conference of 1815
41
D.
State coastal zones
41
E.
Res nullius and res communis
41
F.
Acquisition of territorial sovereignty
41
1.
Accretion
41
2.
Cession
41
3.
Conquest
41
4.
Contiguity
42
5.
Occupation
42
6.
Prescription
42
7.
Other considerations
42
III.
Recognition of States and Governments
42
A.
Express and implied recognition
42
B.
Recognition under U.S. law
43
C.
Whether recognition is discretionary or mandatory
43
1.
Recognition is optional
43
2.
Lauterpacht doctrine
43
3.
Premature recognition
43
4.
Premature withdrawal of recognition
43
5.
Non-recognition under the U.N. Charter
43
D.
De jure and de facto recognition
44
1.
States
44
2.
Governments
44
E.
Conditional recognition
44
IV.
Recognition of States
44
A.
Two theories of recognition
44
1.
Constitutive theory
44
2.
Declaratory theory
44
B.
Evidentiary value of recognition
45
V.
Recognition of Governments
45
A.
Traditional approach to recognition
45
B.
Estrada Doctrine
45
C.
Wilson Doctrine
45
D.
Acts of recognition
45
E.
Significance in domestic law of the recognition of states and governments
45
1.
Afghanistan
46
2.
Iraq
46
3.
Macedonia
46
VI.
Recognition of Insurgents and Belligerents
46
A.
Generally
46
VII.
Rights and Obligations of States
46
A.
Rights
46
1.
Right of sovereignty
46
2.
Equality of states
47
3.
right to defense
47
4.
right of international intercourse
47
B.
Rights of states under U.S. law
47
C.
General responsibility of states
47
1.
Acts attributable to a state
47
2.
Element of fault
48
3.
Defenses to claims against a state
48
4.
requirement of injury
49
5.
Remedies
50
6.
Implementing obligations of reparation
51
VIII.
Heads of State, Government Officials, Diplomats, and Officials of International Organizations: Roles and Status in International Law
52
A.
Heads of state
52
B.
Government
52
C.
Secretary of state/minister of foreign affairs (or the functional equivalent)
52
D.
Diplomatic agents
52
1.
Types of diplomats
52
2.
Heads of mission
52
3.
Diplomatic corps
52
4.
Appointment of a diplomatic mission
52
5.
Diplomatic immunities and privileges
53
6.
Termination of a diplomatic mission
53
E.
Consuls
53
F.
Officials of international organizations
53
Exam Tips On States
53
ch. 5
State Jurisdiction
I.
Definition of Jurisdiction
55
A.
Types of jurisdiction
55
B.
Civil and criminal jurisdiction
55
C.
Extraterritorial jurisdiction
55
II.
International Jurisdictional Principles
55
A.
territorial principle
55
1.
"Pure" territoriality
55
2.
"Objective" territoriality
56
3.
"effects" doctrine in U.S. law
56
B.
Active nationality principle based on nationality of the defendant
56
1.
Nationality of individuals
56
2.
Nationality of corporations
56
3.
Nationality of vessels
56
4.
Nationality of aircraft and spacecraft
57
5.
Extent of the territory to which jurisdiction applies
57
C.
Protective principle
57
D.
Universality principle
57
E.
Passive personality principle based on nationality of the victim
57
F.
Jurisdiction based on agreement
57
1.
Example of agreement-based jurisdiction
57
2.
Armed forces
58
G.
Conflicts of state jurisdiction
58
III.
Extradition
58
A.
Obligation to extradite
58
B.
Extraditable offenses
58
1.
Double criminality
58
2.
List of extraditable offenses
58
C.
Nationals of the asylum state
59
D.
Process of requesting extradition
59
1.
Role of U.S. secretary of state
59
2.
Necessity of proof that an individual has been "charged" with a crime
59
E.
Standard treaty limitations on extradition
59
1.
Discrimination
59
2.
Lack of probable cause
59
3.
Political offenses
59
4.
Doctrine of specialty
60
5.
Territorial jurisdiction
61
6.
Other non-extraditable crimes
61
F.
Methods employed to avoid the safeguards of extradition treaties
61
1.
Deportation (also referred to as "disguised extradition")
61
2.
Abduction
61
3.
Extraordinary rendition
61
IV.
Jurisdictional Principles in U.S. Law
62
A.
role of international law
62
1.
Federal legislation
62
2.
Conflicts of laws
62
B.
U.S. grounds for jurisdiction
62
1.
"conduct" and "effects" tests in U.S. law for claiming jurisdiction
62
2.
protective principle in U.S. law
62
C.
Conflict of laws under U.S. law
63
1.
Forum non conveniens
63
2.
Reciprocity distinguished
63
3.
Sovereign compulsion
63
V.
Immunities from Jurisdiction
64
A.
Sovereign immunity
64
1.
Absolute theory
64
2.
Restrictive theory
64
3.
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA)
65
4.
Exceptions to immunity
65
B.
Act-of-state doctrine
69
1.
Basic doctrine in the United States
69
2.
Exceptions to the act-of-state doctrine
70
3.
Act-of-state doctrine in antitrust cases
71
4.
Doctrine in other states
71
C.
Immunity of state representatives
71
1.
Head of state
71
2.
Diplomatic representatives
72
3.
Status of embassies and consulates
73
4.
Consuls
74
5.
Special missions
74
6.
Representatives to international organizations
74
7.
Individuals participating in foreign governments
74
8.
Congo v. France
74
D.
Immunity of international organizations, their agents, officials, and invitees
75
Quiz Yourself On State Jurisdiction
75
Exam Tips On State Jurisdiction
76
ch. 6
International Organizations
I.
United Nations
77
A.
U.N. Charter
77
1.
Purposes
77
2.
Principles
77
3.
Revision of the Charter
78
B.
Nature and function of the United Nations
78
1.
Legal capacity
78
2.
Immunity
78
C.
Membership
78
1.
Original and other members
78
2.
Admission to membership
79
3.
Suspension
79
4.
Expulsion
79
5.
Withdrawal
79
6.
Credentials
79
D.
Charter supremacy and the Lockerbie case
79
E.
U.N. organs
79
1.
General Assembly
79
2.
Security Council
80
3.
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
81
4.
Trusteeship Council
81
5.
International Court of Justice
82
6.
Secretariat
82
7.
Human Rights Council
82
F.
Legislative activities of the General Assembly and the International Law Commission
82
G.
Specialized agencies
82
1.
Defined
82
2.
Examples
83
3.
Membership
83
4.
Legislative activities
83
II.
Regional Organizations
83
A.
Basic characteristics
83
B.
Major organizations
83
1.
Organization of American States (OAS)
83
2.
Council of Europe
84
3.
African Union (formerly the Organization of African Unity [OAU])
84
4.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
84
5.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
84
C.
Functions
84
1.
Organization of American States
84
3.
African Union
84
4.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
85
5.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
85
D.
Relationship to United Nations
85
1.
Jurisdictional issues
85
2.
Collective self-defense organizations distinguished
85
III.
Supranational Organizations
86
A.
Mandate
86
B.
Structure
86
C.
Community law and domestic law
87
1.
institutional theory
87
2.
political theory
87
IV.
World Trade Organization
87
A.
Functions
87
B.
Structure
87
1.
Ministerial Conference
87
2.
General Council
87
3.
Councils for Trade
87
4.
Subsidiary Bodies
87
5.
Other committees
88
Quiz Yourself On International Organizations
88
Exam Tips On International Organizations
89
ch. 7
International Dispute Settlement
I.
"Dispute" Defined
91
H.
Role of the United Nations
91
A.
General Assembly
91
B.
Security Council
91
III.
Other Treaty Obligations of Peaceful Settlement
91
IV.
Non-Judicial Methods
92
A.
Negotiation
92
B.
Inquiry
92
C.
Mediation
92
D.
Good offices
92
E.
Conciliation
92
V.
Quasi-Judicial Methods/Arbitration
93
A.
Advantages of arbitration
93
B.
Disadvantages of arbitration
93
C.
Types of international arbitral clauses
93
1.
Clause inserted in treaty
93
2.
Treaty itself establishes settlement method
94
3.
"After-the-fact" arbitral agreements
94
D.
Consent to arbitrate and the compromis
94
E.
Composition of the arbitral tribunal
94
F.
Choice of location
94
G.
Rules of arbitration-ad hoc vs. institutional arbitration
94
1.
Rules of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
94
2.
Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
94
3.
Rules of the U.N. Commission on International Trade Law Arbitration (UNCITRAL)
94
4.
Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA)
95
H.
Applicable law
95
I.
Arbitral award
95
J.
role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
96
VI.
International Courts
96
A.
International Court of Justice
96
1.
Structure and composition
96
2.
Contentious and advisory jurisdiction
97
3.
Compulsory jurisdiction under the optional clause
97
4.
Duration of declaration under article 36, 12
98
5.
Reservations to compulsory jurisdiction
98
6.
Reservations for national security and self-defense
98
7.
Effect and enforcement of judgments
98
8.
Advisory jurisdiction
98
9.
Legal effect
99
10.
Preliminary relief
99
B.
Other international courts
99
1.
European Court of Justice
99
2.
Benelux Court of Justice
100
3.
European Court of Human Rights
100
VII.
World Trade Organization
100
A.
dispute arises
100
B.
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
100
1.
When consultations fail
100
2.
final report
101
C.
Compliance, compensation, retaliation
101
1.
Compliance
101
2.
Compensation and retaliation
101
Quiz Yourself On International Dispute Settlement
101
Exam Tips On International Dispute Settlement
102
ch. 8
Rights Of Individuals-International Law Of Human Rights
I.
Status of Individuals
103
II.
Brief History
103
A.
Traditional concept
103
B.
Early twentieth century
103
C.
Post-World War II
103
D.
Current status
104
III.
Human Rights and the United Nations
104
A.
U.N. Charter
104
1.
Article 55
104
2.
Article 56
104
3.
Implementation
104
B.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
105
1.
Civil and political rights
105
2.
Economic, social, and cultural rights
105
3.
Limitations on human rights
105
C.
U.N. human rights covenants
105
1.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICP)
105
2.
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
106
D.
role of specialized agencies of the United Nations
106
IV.
Fundamental Human Rights
107
A.
right of peoples to self-determination
107
1.
U.N. Charter
107
2.
Other U.N. documents
107
B.
Defining a "people"
107
C.
Legal status of principle of self-determination
107
D.
Rights of indigenous peoples
108
E.
Civil and political rights
108
F.
Economic, social, and cultural rights
108
G.
Prohibition of slavery
108
H.
Genocide
108
1.
Definition
108
2.
Punishable acts
109
3.
Elements of genocide
109
4.
Jurisdiction
109
I.
Crimes against humanity
109
1.
Definition
109
2.
Rape and sexual enslavement
109
J.
Prohibitions of discrimination
110
1.
Racial discrimination
110
2.
Sexual discrimination
111
3.
Religious discrimination
111
K.
Freedom from torture
112
1.
Definition of torture
112
2.
Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT)
112
3.
Rape as torture
112
4.
Other means of torture and prohibited conduct
112
5.
Torture and inadmissible evidence
112
6.
Asylum and torture
112
L.
Rights of refugees
113
1.
Definition of a refugee
113
2.
State's obligation to refugees
113
3.
Haitian Refugees case
114
4.
Diplomatic asylum
114
V.
Newly Emerging Rights and Fundamental Rights Recognized As Customary International Law
114
A.
Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§]702
114
B.
Creation of customary human rights law
114
C.
evolution of new rights
115
VI.
Enforcement of Human Rights Law in the U.S. Courts
115
A.
Generally
115
1.
Treaties not yet ratified by the United States
115
2.
No implementing legislation for Civil and Political Rights Treaty
115
B.
Incorporation by custom
115
C.
Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain
117
1.
Sosa decision
117
2.
Corporate liability
117
D.
Medellin v. Texas
119
1.
Backlash
119
VII.
Derogation from Protection of Rights
120
A.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
120
1.
Requirements for derogation
120
2.
Limitations to derogation under the Covenant
120
3.
Procedure
120
B.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
121
1.
Requirements for derogation
121
2.
Limitations to derogation
121
3.
Procedure
121
4.
Clauses of limitation
121
VIII.
Regional Human Rights Law and Institutions
121
A.
European system of human rights law
122
1.
European Convention on Human Rights
122
2.
European Social Charter
122
3.
European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine
123
4.
European Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings
123
B.
original institutions of the European regime
123
1.
European Commission of Human Rights
123
2.
European Court of Human Rights
123
3.
Merger of the European Commission and the Court of Human Rights
123
4.
Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe
124
C.
process of implementation and enforcement
124
1.
Court cases
124
2.
European Social Charter
124
3.
Reform of the European Convention
124
D.
Inter-American system-human rights law
125
1.
OAS Charter
125
2.
American Convention on Human Rights
125
E.
Institutions of the Inter-American system
125
1.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
125
2.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
126
F.
Process of implementation and enforcement
127
1.
commission
127
2.
court
127
G.
African regional system-human rights law
127
1.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
127
2.
Interstate complaints
127
3.
African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance
128
4.
Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
128
H.
League of Arab States and Human Rights
128
I.
ASEAN
128
IX.
International Humanitarian Law
128
Quiz Yourself On The Rights Of Individuals-international Law Of Human Rights
129
Exam Tips On The Rights Of Individuals-international Law Of Human Rights
129
ch. 9
Law Of Armed Conflict
I.
Armed Conflict Generally
131
A.
Definition of war and armed conflict
131
B.
Legal prohibitions against international armed conflict
131
1.
U.N. Charter's requirements of first resort to peaceful means
131
2.
U.N. Charter prohibition against the use of force
132
C.
Threat or use of force authorized by the U.N. Charter
134
1.
Article 51 self-defense
134
2.
Enforcement actions by the United Nations
136
3.
Enforcement actions by regional organizations under article 53
139
4.
Actions against former enemy states under articles 53, 11 and 107
139
D.
Non-Charter justifications of self-help or necessity for the use of armed force
140
1.
Humanitarian intervention
140
2.
Protection of nationals and property
140
3.
Reprisals
140
II.
Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict
141
A.
Sources of the law of armed conflict
141
1.
Customary law
141
2.
International treaties
141
B.
Protections provided by the Hague and Geneva Conventions
142
1.
Protection of the individual
142
2.
Protection of property
144
C.
Conflicts encompassed by the Geneva Conventions and Protocols
144
1.
International conflicts
144
2.
Civil wars
144
3.
Wars of self-determination
145
D.
Applicability of general human rights obligations during armed conflict
145
E.
Sanctions and enforcement
145
1.
Hague Conventions of 1907
145
2.
Geneva Conventions of 1949
145
3.
Protocols Additional of 1977
146
4.
Nuremberg Principles
146
5.
War crimes tribunals and an international criminal court
147
F.
Limitations on the methods of warfare
147
1.
Limitations on weaponry
147
2.
Limitations on tactics
149
3.
Limitations on the region of armed conflict
149
III.
Civil Wars
150
A.
Generally
150
1.
Categories of conflicts
150
B.
Traditional rule regarding intervention
150
C.
concept of non-intervention
150
D.
Acts constituting intervention
150
1.
Clear acts of state intervention
150
2.
Acts of a state's nationals as intervention
151
E.
Acts not constituting intervention
151
F.
Wars of national liberation as an exception to the norm of non-intervention
151
G.
Justifications for intervention in civil war
151
1.
Consent of the governing authorities
152
2.
Collective and individual self-defense
152
3.
Anticipatory self-defense
153
4.
Counterintervention
153
H.
Humanitarian rules of war in civil wars
153
Quiz Yourself On The Law Of Armed Conflict
154
Exam Tips On The Law Of Armed Conflict
155
ch. 10
Law Of The Sea
I.
Generally
157
A.
Historically
157
B.
U.N. Law of the Sea Convention
157
II.
Nationality of Vessels
157
A.
Introduction
157
B.
right of states to confer nationality upon a ship
157
1.
General principle
157
2.
Limitations
158
C.
Documentation and registration
158
D.
Duties of the flag state
158
III.
Baseline Determinations for Measuring Coastal Zones
159
A.
Purpose of the baseline
159
B.
Validity of baselines
159
C.
Delineation of the baseline
159
1.
Rivers
159
2.
Bays
159
3.
Islands
160
4.
Indented coastlines and island fringes
160
5.
Archipelagic states
160
6.
Low-tide elevations
160
7.
Harbors and roadsteads
161
D.
Demarcation of baseline with adjacent and opposite states
161
IV.
Internal Waters and Ports
161
A.
General definition
161
B.
Freedom of access to ports
161
1.
Landlocked nations
162
2.
Closing of ports
162
3.
Regulation
162
C.
Inland waters
162
D.
Jurisdiction over foreign vessels
162
1.
Matters internal to a ship
162
2.
Seeking refuge
162
E.
Jurisdiction of flag state
162
F.
Enlarged port state jurisdiction under the LOS Convention
162
V.
Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
162
A.
Coastal state sovereignty over the territorial sea
163
B.
Breadth of the territorial sea
163
C.
right of innocent passage
163
1.
General definition of passage
163
2.
Meaning of innocent passage
163
3.
Coastal state's rights
163
4.
Warships
164
D.
Transit passage
165
1.
Distinguished from innocent passage
165
2.
Archipelagic sea lanes passage
165
E.
Contiguous zone
165
VI.
Exclusive Economic Zone
165
A.
High seas to fishery zones to exclusive economic zone
165
1.
Early coastal management
165
2.
200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
166
B.
Management and conservation of the living resources within the EEZ
166
1.
Duty of the coastal state to prevent overexploitation of living resources in the EEZ
166
2.
Duty of coastal state to promote optimum utilization of the living resources within its EEZ
166
C.
Right of geographically disadvantaged states and landlocked states in the EEZ
166
1.
Rights
167
2.
Terms of participation
167
3.
Special access of developing states to limited surplus
167
D.
Species subject to special rules
167
1.
Species extending beyond a single EEZ
167
2.
Marine mammals
167
3.
River stocks
167
4.
Sedentary species
167
E.
Enforcement of conservation and management measures
167
1.
Within the EEZ
167
2.
Outside the EEZ
168
F.
U.S. legislation relating to conservation and exploitation of the living resources in the EEZ
168
G.
Non-living resources of the EEZ
168
H.
Marine scientific research
168
I.
Artificial islands and installations
168
VII.
Continental Shelf
168
A.
Early claims
169
B.
Definition and delimitation
169
1.
1958 Continental Shelf Convention
169
2.
LOS Convention
169
C.
Rights and duties of the coastal state over the continental shelf
169
1.
Extent of sovereign rights
169
2.
Duties
169
D.
Sedentary fisheries
169
E.
Marine scientific research on the continental shelf
169
F.
U.S. practice and legislation relating to the continental shelf
170
1.
Federal sovereignty
170
2.
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA)
170
VIII.
Exploiting the Mineral Resources of the Deep Seabed
170
A.
Current status of the legal regime of the deep seabed
170
1.
"Common heritage of mankind" view
170
2.
Freedom of the high seas view
171
3.
Res nullius view
171
B.
Seabed mining under the LOS Convention
171
1.
International Seabed Authority
171
2.
Assembly
171
3.
Council
171
4.
Enterprise
171
5.
Regulation of mining
171
6.
1994 implementing agreement
172
C.
U.S. legislation
172
IX.
Freedom of the High Seas
172
A.
General principles
172
B.
Reservation of the high seas for peaceful purposes
172
C.
Freedom of navigation
172
1.
Treaty exception
173
2.
Collision cases
173
3.
Right of visit
173
4.
"Hot pursuit"
174
5.
Necessity
174
6.
Self-defense
174
7.
Action authorized by the United Nations
174
D.
Freedom of overflight
174
E.
Freedom of fishing and conservation measures
174
F.
Freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines
174
G.
Freedom to construct artificial islands
174
H.
Freedom of scientific research
175
X.
Preservation of the Marine Environment
175
A.
1958 High Seas Convention
175
B.
Stockholm Declaration and general obligation to preserve the environment
175
C.
Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea
175
1.
Regional standards adopted
176
2.
Global standards adopted
176
D.
Vessel source pollution
176
1.
Flag state jurisdiction
176
2.
Coastal state regulation in ports, in internal waters, and in the territorial sea
176
3.
Coastal state jurisdiction in the EEZ
176
4.
North American Emission Control Area
176
E.
Pollution from land-based sources
176
F.
Ocean dumping
176
G.
Pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction
177
H.
Pollution from deep-seabed mining
177
I.
Pollution from or through the atmosphere
177
J.
Protection of fragile ecosystems
177
K.
Fisheries
177
L.
Liability
177
1.
Liability for nuclear accidents
177
2.
Liability for oil pollution
177
M.
Enforcement
178
1.
Flag state enforcement
178
2.
Coastal state enforcement
178
3.
Port state enforcement
178
4.
Liability for wrongful enforcement
178
N.
Notification and cooperative action
179
O.
Government non-commercial ships
179
P.
ITLOS
179
Quiz Yourself On The Law Of The Sea
179
Exam Tips On The Law Of The Sea
180
ch. 11
Air And Space Law
I.
Defining State Sovereignty over Airspace
181
A.
Common law view
181
B.
Balancing free airspace with states' self-preservation
181
C.
Exclusive control
181
1.
Territory limited by territorial waters
181
2.
No control over high seas
181
D.
"five freedoms" and accommodation of international air travel
181
1.
"five freedoms"
181
2.
Chicago Convention
181
3.
International Air Services Transit Agreement extends limited freedoms to scheduled air service
182
4.
Definition of "scheduled international air service"
182
5.
Prescriptive jurisdiction for international air travel
183
6.
Aircraft has nationality of state of registration
183
7.
Bilateral agreements
183
II.
Liability of Air Carriers
183
A.
Limitations on liability needed to foster airline industry
183
1.
Need to attract capital
184
2.
Need to obtain insurance
184
3.
Need to achieve uniformity of rules and balance the interests of passengers seeking recovery for personal injuries with the air carrier's interests of limiting liability
184
4.
Limitations narrowly construed
184
B.
Standard of liability
184
1.
Requirement of delivery of ticket
184
2.
Limitation not applicable to certain flights
185
C.
Jurisdiction
185
III.
Violations of Airspace
185
A.
Powers case
185
B.
Use of force to terminate a trespass
185
IV.
Offenses Committed Aboard Aircraft
186
A.
Jurisdiction generally
186
B.
Hijacking and sabotage
186
1.
Duty to extradite or prosecute
186
2.
Jurisdiction
186
V.
Outer Space
186
A.
Definition of "outer space"
186
1.
Necessity of a definition debatable
186
2.
Scientific versus contrived definition
187
3.
Possible definitions
187
B.
Control of outer space
187
C.
Liability for damage caused by space objects
187
1.
Standards of liability
187
2.
Measure of damages
188
3.
Defenses
188
4.
Obligation to consider rendering assistance
188
5.
Responsibility for activities in outer space
188
6.
State retains jurisdiction over objects it launches into space
188
D.
Military applications in outer space
188
1.
Ban on weapons of mass destruction
188
2.
Ban on nonpeaceful use of celestial bodies
188
E.
Geostationary orbits
189
1.
Valuable resource
189
2.
Not controlled by any particular state or states
189
3.
Regulated use of geostationary orbits
189
F.
Remote sensing
189
VI.
Celestial Bodies
189
A.
Territory not subject to state control
189
B.
Control of resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies
189
1.
Development of a governing regime
190
2.
Common heritage
190
Exam Tip On Air And Space Law
190
ch. 12
International Environmental Law
I.
Emergence of International Environmental Law
191
A.
Stockholm Conference
191
1.
Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment
191
2.
Action Plan for the Human Environment
191
B.
U.N. Environment Program (UNEP)
191
1.
Structure of UNEP
191
2.
Functions of UNEP
191
3.
UNEP's legal activities
192
C.
World Charter for Nature
192
1.
General principles
192
2.
Functions
192
3.
Implementation
192
D.
Articles on State Responsibility
192
1.
Article 1
192
2.
Article 3
192
3.
Article 19(3)(d)
192
4.
Articles 29, 30, and 31
192
E.
Restatement (Third) on the Foreign Relations Law of the United States
193
F.
1992 Rio Earth Summit
193
1.
Summit Documents
193
2.
Rio Declaration
193
3.
Agenda 21
194
G.
2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development
194
1.
Emphasis and global targets
194
2.
Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development
194
II.
Transboundary Pollution
195
A.
General rule
195
1.
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay case
195
2.
Trail Smelter case
195
3.
Corfu Channel case
195
4.
Lake Lanoux Arbitration
196
5.
Nuclear Test cases
196
6.
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project
196
B.
Possible theories of liability for transboundary pollution under international law
196
1.
Specific treaties focusing on transboundary pollution
196
III.
Ozone Depletion and Global Warming/Climate Change
197
A.
Protection of the ozone layer
197
1.
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985
198
2.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
198
B.
Protection of the climate
198
1.
U.N. resolutions on climate change
199
2.
U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change
199
3.
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
199
4.
Climate change before the U.S. Supreme Court-international applicability of U.S. statutes
200
5.
Future regulation of greenhouse gases-the Paris Agreement and beyond
202
IV.
Wildlife Preservation
203
A.
Provisions under the Stockholm Declaration and the World Charter of Nature
203
1.
Stockholm Declaration
203
2.
World Charter for Nature
203
B.
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
203
1.
Structure of the Commission
203
2.
Functioning of the Convention
203
C.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
203
1.
Structure of the Convention
203
2.
Functioning of the permit system
204
D.
U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity
204
1.
Commitments of the parties
204
2.
Structure of the Convention
204
E.
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
204
V.
Hazardous Waste, Radioactive Pollution, and Environmental Emergencies
204
A.
Early conventions on civil liability for nuclear damage
205
1.
Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 1963
205
2.
Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention 1988
205
B.
Chernobyl accident and resulting conventions
205
1.
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
205
2.
Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency 1986
205
3.
Emergency notification and obligation to assist
206
C.
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
206
1.
Obligations of the parties
206
2.
Structure of the Convention
206
3.
1991 Bamako Convention on the Ban of Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa
206
D.
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
206
E.
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
206
VI.
Antarctica
207
A.
Antarctic Treaty of 1959
207
1.
Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs)
207
2.
Environmental provisions
207
B.
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
207
C.
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
207
D.
Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
207
E.
1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol)
207
1.
Specific protection
208
2.
Amending the Protocol
208
VII.
Deforestation
208
A.
Consequences
208
B.
1984 International Tropical Timber Agreement
208
C.
Rio Forest Principles
209
D.
Debt-for-nature swaps
209
1.
Public vs. private debt-for-nature swaps
209
2.
New types of public debt-for-nature swaps
209
VIII.
Desertification and Land Degradation
210
A.
Definition
210
B.
Lome IV Convention
210
C.
Past U.N. efforts to combat desertification
210
D.
Current U.N. efforts
210
E.
Treaty envisioned
210
IX.
Marine Environment
211
X.
International Trade and Environment
211
A.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
211
1.
Lack of environmental protection under GATT
211
2.
Uruguay Round
211
3.
GATT Group on Environment Measures and Trade
212
B.
World Trade Organization
212
C.
Conflicting views of traditional free trade theorists and environmentally oriented economists
212
D.
Tuna/Dolphin Decision
212
E.
Shrimp/Turtle Case
212
F.
CAFE standards decision
213
G.
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
213
H.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
213
I.
Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA)
213
J.
Equator Principles
213
K.
U.N. Resolution 2003/71
214
XI.
Military Activities and the Environment
214
A.
Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
214
B.
Environmental Modification Convention of 1977 (ENMOD)
214
C.
General customary laws of war
214
D.
Application of U.S. domestic law
214
XII.
Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Environmental Law
215
A.
Refusal to apply U.S. domestic environmental law extraterritorially
215
B.
Exceptions to refusal to apply U.S. domestic environmental law extraterritorially
215
Quiz Yourself On International Environmental Law
215
Exam Tip On International Environmental Law
216
ch. 13
International Criminal Law
I.
Principles of Individual Responsibility and Criminal Liability
217
A.
Understanding international criminal law
217
B.
State responsibility
217
C.
International humanitarian law
217
D.
doctrine of command responsibility
217
1.
Prosecutor v. Delalic
218
2.
Prosecutor v. Hadzihasanovic
218
E.
Broadening criminal liability
218
1.
Aiding and abetting
218
2.
Incitement
218
3.
Recognition and definition of new crimes
219
II.
International Criminal Tribunals
219
A.
Problems of legitimacy
219
1.
Creation and jurisdiction
219
2.
Recognition by state governments
220
3.
Punishment
220
B.
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
221
1.
Creation
221
2.
Structure
221
3.
Rulings
221
C.
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
221
D.
International Residual Mechanism
222
E.
Mixed or hybrid tribunals
223
1.
Lockerbie
223
2.
East Timor
223
3.
Cambodia
223
4.
Iraqi Special Tribunal
224
5.
Lebanon
224
6.
Kosovo
224
7.
Bosnia
225
8.
Senegal/Chad
225
9.
Bangladesh
225
10.
Gacaca courts
225
11.
Special Court for Sierra Leone-an in-depth look at one hybrid tribunal
225
III.
International Criminal Court (ICC)
226
A.
permanent criminal court
226
1.
Creation and the Rome Statute
226
2.
Structure and jurisdiction
226
B.
Criticisms
227
1.
Politically motivated prosecution
227
2.
National sovereignty
227
C.
Early work
227
D.
Crimes the ICC can adjudicate
228
1.
crime of genocide
228
2.
Crimes against humanity
228
3.
War crimes
228
4.
Aggression
228
E.
Recent developments
228
IV.
State Prosecution of "International Criminals"
229
A.
Early development
229
B.
Statutory schemes and universal jurisdiction
229
1.
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000
229
C.
Civil liability and tort claims as alternatives to criminal law
229
V.
Barriers to Prosecution
230
A.
Sovereign immunity and the state action doctrine
230
B.
Extradition and problems with capture
231
1.
Extradition
231
2.
Illegal capture
231
Exam Tips on International Criminal Law
232
Multiple-Choice Questions
233
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
239
Table of Cases
241
Table of Conventions on the Law of the Sea
245
Table of U.N. Charter References
249
Table of Advisory Opinions, Reports, and Declarations
251
Table of Statutes and Restatement Provisions
253
Table of International Agreements
255
Subject Matter Index
261