Obligations : law and language / Martin Hogg, University of Edinburgh.
2017
K830 .H64 2017 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Obligations : law and language / Martin Hogg, University of Edinburgh.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Call Number
K830 .H64 2017
ISBN
9781107087958 (hardback)
1107087953 (hardback)
1107087953 (hardback)
Description
xxxiv, 332 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
Other Standard Identifiers
99971756894
System Control No.
(OCoLC)958796230
Summary
"Obligations: Law and Language is the first work of its kind to examine in depth the fundamental language used by courts, legislators, and academic commentators when describing the nature of obligations law. A comparative perspective is taken, examining the law of England, Scotland, the United States, Canada, and Australia, and an in-depth analysis is provided of the major legal commentaries, statutes, and case law from each jurisdiction. In exploring such fundamental words as obligation, liability, debt, conditional, unilateral, mutual, and gratuitous, the author examines the often confusing and contradictory ways in which basic structural language has been used, and brings clarity to a core area of legal theory and practice"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 316-320) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xiii
Table of Cases
xv
Table of Public Legislation
xxviii
Introduction
1
A.
Fundamental Structural Language
1
B.
Field of Study: Which Legal Systems and Source Material?
2
C.
Field of Study: Which Fundamental Structural Words?
2
D.
Search for Clarity in Meaning
3
E.
Purposes of Deploying Fundamental Structural Language
4
F.
Fundamental Structural Language and Taxonomy
6
G.
Objections to the Search for Default or Core Meanings of Fundamental Structural Language
8
H.
Continuing Desirability of Default or Core Meanings of Fundamental Structural Language
9
1.
Obligation and Liability
12
A.
Introduction
12
B.
Etymology and Commonly Ascribed Meanings of the Terms
13
(1).
Obligation(s)
14
(2).
Liability(-ies)
17
C.
Obligations, Rights, and Duties
18
(1).
`Law of Obligations' and Obligations More Generally Understood
18
(2).
Obligations and Real Obligations
20
D.
Hohfeldian Critique
21
E.
Obligation
27
(1).
Roman Origins of `Obligation'
27
(2).
Obligation in Early English Law
30
(3).
Obligation in the Early Modern Period
31
(4).
Nineteenth-Century Development
37
(5).
Modern Law
41
(6).
Managing the Obligations/Property Divide: Real and Personal Obligations
45
F.
Liability
47
(1).
Historical Development of the Idea of Liability
48
(2).
Judicial Understandings of the Core Meaning of Liability
49
G.
Debt
54
(1).
Historical Development of the Idea of Debt
54
(2).
Judicial Understandings of the Core Meaning of Debt
57
H.
Conjoined Usage of the Terms
60
(1).
`Obligations and Liabilities' (and `Duties and Liabilities')
60
(2).
`Rights, Powers, Duties, Obligations, and Liabilities' (and Similar Lists)
62
I.
Model Law Instruments
64
(1).
Draft Common Frame of Reference
64
(2).
Principles of European Tort Law
66
(3).
Uniform Commercial Code
67
(4).
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
68
(5).
Restatement (Third) of Torts
68
(6).
Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment
70
(7).
Overall Assessment of Model Law Instruments
70
J.
Conclusions
71
2.
Conditionality and Contingency
73
A.
Introduction
73
(1).
Specific Contextual Usage
74
(a).
Stipulations as to the Time for Performance under Obligations: Pure, Future, and Conditional Obligations
75
(b).
Minimal Requirements for the Constitution of Obligations
80
(c).
Status of Claims (Claim Rights) Before and After Adjudication by a Court or Other Arbiter
81
(d).
Status of Tortious/Delictual Conduct after an Unlawful Infringement of a Protected Interest Has Occurred, But Before the Potential Manifestation of Any Harm
81
(e).
Classification and Effect of Contract Terms
82
B.
Etymology and Commonly Ascribed Meanings of the Terms
83
(1).
Condition(al)
83
(2).
Contingent (or Contingency)
85
C.
Conditionality
86
(1).
Roman Origins
86
(2).
Early Modern Conceptions of Conditionality
87
(3).
Modern Law
93
(a).
Conditionality Equals Contingency?
94
(b).
Common Law Multiplicity of Meanings
96
(c).
`Subject to'
100
(d).
Codified Definitions
101
D.
Contingency
102
(1).
Is a Contingent Liability the Same Thing as a Conditional Obligation?
103
(2).
Is an Underlying, Existing Obligation Required for Contingent Liability?
107
(3).
Some Contextual Usages
108
(4).
Context versus Standard Meaning
111
(5).
Conclusions
113
E.
Contextual Usages
114
(1).
Liability in Bankruptcy and Insolvency
114
(2).
Legislative Transfer of Liability from One Person to Another
116
(3).
Workers' Compensation Claims
121
F.
Model Law Instruments
122
(1).
Draft Common Frame of Reference
123
(2).
Principles of European Tort Law
124
(3).
Uniform Commercial Code
124
(4).
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
125
(5).
Restatement (Third) of Torts
126
G.
Conclusions
126
3.
Unilaterality and Bilaterality
130
A.
Introduction
130
B.
Juristic Acts and the Distribution of Obligational Burden
130
C.
Etymology and Commonly Ascribed Meanings of the Terms
132
D.
Historical Development of the Terminology
138
(1).
Roman Law
138
(2).
Linguistic Note to the English Terms `Unilateral'/`Bilateral'
139
(3).
Early Modern to Nineteenth-Century Law: English Scholarship
140
(4).
Early Modern to Nineteenth-Century Law: Scottish Scholarship
145
(5).
Nineteenth to Early Twentieth-Century Scholarship: The United States
147
E.
Legislation
149
F.
Case Law
155
(1).
England
155
(2).
Canada
162
(3).
Australia
164
(4).
United States
167
(5).
Scotland
171
(6).
South Africa
173
G.
Model Law Instruments
174
(1).
Draft Common Frame of Reference
174
(2).
Uniform Commercial Code
175
(3).
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
175
(4).
Principles of European Tort Law, the Restatement (Third) of Torts, and the Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment
175
H.
Conclusions
175
4.
Gratuitousness and Onerousness
179
A.
Introduction
179
B.
Etymology of the Terms
179
C.
Commonly Ascribed Meanings of the Terms
180
(1).
Senses Deriving from a Contrasting Usage of the Terms
180
(2).
Senses Not Reliant upon a Contrasting Usage of the Terms
182
(3).
Layer of Complexity: Gratuitous Transactions or Gratuitous Party Circumstances?
184
(4).
Possible Application of the Terms across the Law of Obligations
185
D.
Historical Development of the Terms
185
(1).
Roman Law
185
(2).
English Law
186
(3).
US Law
190
(4).
Scots Law
193
E.
Legislation
204
F.
Case Law
209
(1).
England
209
(2).
Canada
213
(3).
Australia
214
(4).
United States
214
(5).
Scotland
216
(6).
South Africa
219
G.
Model Law Instruments
219
(1).
Draft Common Frame of Reference
219
(2).
Uniform Commercial Code
221
(3).
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
221
(4).
Other Instruments
221
H.
Conclusions
222
5.
Mutuality and Reciprocity
224
A.
Introduction
224
B.
Etymology and Commonly Ascribed Meanings of the Terms
225
(1).
Etymology
225
(2).
Commonly Ascribed Meanings of the Terms
226
C.
Historical Development of the Terms
229
(1).
Roman Law
229
(2).
Common Law Sources
231
(3).
Scots Law
239
D.
Legislation
245
E.
Case Law
248
(1).
England
248
(2).
Canada
251
(3).
Australia
253
(4).
United States
255
(5).
Scotland
258
F.
Model Law Instruments
263
(1).
Draft Common Frame of Reference
263
(2).
Uniform Commercial Code
264
(3).
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
264
(4).
Restatement (Third) of Torts
265
(5).
Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment
266
G.
Conclusions
266
6.
Voluntariness and Consent
269
A.
Introduction
269
B.
Etymology and Commonly Ascribed Meanings of the Terms
269
C.
Historical Development of the Terms
272
(1).
Ancient Greek Thought
272
(2).
Roman Law
273
(3).
Common Law Sources
274
(4).
Scotland
283
D.
Legislation
290
E.
Case Law
291
(1).
England
291
(2).
Canada
293
(3).
Australia
295
(4).
United States
296
(5).
Scotland
299
F.
Model Law Instruments
300
(1).
Draft Common Frame of Reference
300
(2).
Uniform Commercial Code
300
(3).
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
301
(4).
Principles of European Tort Law
301
(5).
Restatement (Third) of Torts
301
(6).
Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment
302
(7).
Conclusion on Model Law Instruments
302
G.
Conclusions
302
Conclusion
305
A.
Themes Arising from Previous Chapters
305
B.
Plotting Core Meanings of Fundamental Structural Language
306
C.
Rationalising the Terminology - Avoiding Ambiguity
312
Bibliography
316
Index
321