The International Criminal Court and Africa : one decade on / edited by Evelyn A. Ankumah.
2016
KZ7312 .I578 2016 (Map It)
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Title
The International Criminal Court and Africa : one decade on / edited by Evelyn A. Ankumah.
Published
Cambridge ; Antwerp ; Portland : Intersentia, [2016]
Copyright
©2016
Call Number
KZ7312 .I578 2016
ISBN
9781780684178 (paperback)
1780684177 (paperback)
1780684177 (paperback)
Description
xxxvii, 676 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)957597941
Summary
"More than ten years ago the International Criminal Court (ICC) was established as a universal court meant to achieve criminal justice worldwide. That goal still stands, but so far the Court has dedicated most of its time and resources to African conflicts in which international crimes have been committed. While the ICC can be said to contribute to criminal justice in Africa, it cannot be denied that the relationship between the Court and the continent has been troublesome. The ICC has been accused of targeting Africa, and many African states do not seem willing to cooperate with the Court. Debates on Africa and international criminal justice are increasingly politicised. The author of this volume all recognise the current problems and criticism. Yet they do not side with populist pessimists who, after just over a decade of ICC experiences, conclude that the Court and international criminal justice are doomed to fail. Rather, the contributors may be regarded as cautions optimists who believe there is a future for international criminal justice, including the ICC. The contributers use their unique specific knowledge, expertise and experiences as the basis for reflections of the current problems and possible paths for improvements, both when it comes to the ICC as such, and its specific relationship with Africa."--Back cover.
Note
"Africa Legal Aid."
Writer of foreword: Benjamin B. Ferencz.
Writer of foreword: Benjamin B. Ferencz.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the African Law Center Fund
Added Corporate Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the African Law Center Fund
Table of Contents
Foreword
v
Editor's Note
ix
Preface
xi
List of Abbreviations
xxvii
List of Authors
xxxv
Fighting Impunity: African States and the International Criminal Court
1
1.
Introduction / Chris Maina Peter
1
2.
International Community and Serious Human Rights Violations / Chris Maina Peter
2
2.1.
Ad Hoc Mechanisms and Serious Human Rights Violations / Chris Maina Peter
2
2.2.
Universal Jurisdiction as a Stop-Gap Measure to Address Impunity / Chris Maina Peter
4
2.2.1.
Principle in Principle / Chris Maina Peter
4
2.2.2.
Universal Jurisdiction and Africa / Chris Maina Peter
5
3.
International Criminal Court - Aim and Purpose / Chris Maina Peter
6
3.1.
Introducing the Court - Functions and Jurisdiction / Chris Maina Peter
6
3.2.
Complementarity to National Criminal Jurisdictions as the Back Rock of the ICC / Chris Maina Peter
7
3.3.
ICC and Immunity to Rulers - Prosecution of the Head of State / Chris Maina Peter
8
4.
Africa and the ICC / Chris Maina Peter
10
4.1.
Africa and Serious Violations of Human Rights / Chris Maina Peter
10
4.2.
Rise and Consolidation of Impunity in Africa / Chris Maina Peter
11
4.3.
Embracing Human Rights in Order to Feel Good / Chris Maina Peter
13
4.4.
Early Love and Fall Out - Africa and the ICC / Chris Maina Peter
15
4.4.1.
Al-Bashir Warrants / Chris Maina Peter
16
4.4.2.
ICC and Gaddafi and Sons / Chris Maina Peter
20
5.
Kenya and the ICC / Chris Maina Peter
21
5.1.
Deaths and Displacement / Chris Maina Peter
21
5.2.
Waki Commission and the Envelope / Chris Maina Peter
21
5.3.
Tampering with Witnesses / Chris Maina Peter
24
5.4.
Challenge and Criticism to African Rulers' Solidarity / Chris Maina Peter
25
6.
Is the ICC an Instrument of Declining Imperialism? / Chris Maina Peter
26
6.1.
Kenya and the Extraordinary Summit of the African Union / Chris Maina Peter
27
6.2.
UN Security Council's Reaction to the AU's Deferral Request / Chris Maina Peter
30
7.
ICC Replies to Critics / Chris Maina Peter
31
8.
Is Opting Out of the Rome Statute the Solution? / Chris Maina Peter
35
9.
Withdrawal of the Charges against Uhuru Kenyatta and its Impact on the Work of the ICC / Chris Maina Peter
37
10.
Conclusion / Chris Maina Peter
39
Bibliography / Chris Maina Peter
41
Rome Statute and Universal Human Rights / Chris Maina Peter
63
1.
Introduction / Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, Alexander Heinze
63
2.
History of Universal Human Rights / Alexander Heinze Sanji Mmasenono Monageng
63
2.1.
Human Rights Movement / Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, Alexander Heinze
63
2.2.
Human Rights Globalisation / Alexander Heinze Sanji Mmasenono Monageng
64
3.
Heart of the Rome Statute: Article 21(3) / Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, Alexander Heinze
65
3.1.
Context of Article 21(3) / Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, Alexander Heinze
65
3.2.
Role of the ICC / Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, Alexander Heinze
68
4.
Conclusion / Alexander Heinze Sanji Mmasenono Monageng
70
Bibliography / Alexander Heinze Sanji Mmasenono Monageng
71
Challenging the Culture of Impunity for Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes / Alexander Heinze Sanji Mmasenono Monageng
79
1.
Introduction / Fatou Bensouda
79
2.
Challenges at the National Level / Fatou Bensouda
80
2.1.
Resource Challenges / Fatou Bensouda
80
2.2.
Culture of Indifference Leads to a Culture of Impunity / Fatou Bensouda
81
3.
Challenges at the International Level / Fatou Bensouda
82
3.1.
Resource Challenges and Social Stigmatisation / Fatou Bensouda
82
3.2.
Judicial Limits - Prosecution and Codification of Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes / Fatou Bensouda
83
3.3.
Sexual Violence against Boys and Men in Conflict / Fatou Bensouda
84
4.
Focusing on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes / Fatou Bensouda
85
4.1.
Harms to the Victim / Fatou Bensouda
85
4.2.
Harms to Society / Fatou Bensouda
86
4.3.
Sexual Crimes as a Vicious Cycle / Fatou Bensouda
87
4.4.
Sexual Crimes as Under-Prosecuted Crimes / Fatou Bensouda
88
5.
Challenging the Narrative Internationally / Fatou Bensouda
88
5.1.
Developing Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court / Fatou Bensouda
88
5.2.
OTP's Policy on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes / Fatou Bensouda
89
5.3.
Preliminary Examinations / Fatou Bensouda
91
5.4.
Investigations / Fatou Bensouda
91
5.5.
Prosecutions / Fatou Bensouda
92
5.6.
Reparations / Fatou Bensouda
94
6.
Challenging the Narrative Nationally / Fatou Bensouda
95
6.1.
Support by States and Institutions at the International Level / Fatou Bensouda
95
6.2.
Coordination and Cooperation at the National Level / Fatou Bensouda
95
7.
Conclusion / Fatou Bensouda
96
Bibliography / Fatou Bensouda
97
Impunity Through Immunity: The Kenya Situation and the International Criminal Court / Fatou Bensouda
101
1.
Introduction / Leila Nadya Sadat, Benjamin Cohen
101
2.
Kenya Situation's Referral to the International Criminal Court and Litigation in the Kenyatta and Ruto Cases Regarding the Obligation of the Accused to Appear before the Court / Leila Nadya Sadat, Benjamin Cohen
102
3.
Challenges to Kenyatta's Trial and the Law on Head of State Immunity / Leila Nadya Sadat, Benjamin Cohen
109
4.
Head of State Immunity in International Law / Benjamin Cohen Leila Nadya Sadat
114
5.
Conclusion / Leila Nadya Sadat, Benjamin Cohen
116
Bibliography / Leila Nadya Sadat, Benjamin Cohen
118
Defence Perspectives: State Cooperation and ICC Detention: A Decade Past an Arrest Warrant / Benjamin Cohen Leila Nadya Sadat
125
1.
Introduction / Xavier-Jean Keita
125
2.
'Detention as an Exception' / Xavier-Jean Keita
126
3.
Interim Release at the ICC / Xavier-Jean Keita
128
3.1.
Standard of Review / Xavier-Jean Keita
128
3.2.
Decisions / Xavier-Jean Keita
130
3.2.1.
Article 5 Cases / Xavier-Jean Keita
130
3.2.2.
Article 70 Cases / Xavier-Jean Keita
131
4.
Cooperation / Xavier-Jean Keita
132
4.1.
Interim/Conditional Release / Xavier-Jean Keita
132
4.2.
Post-Conviction/Acquittal / Xavier-Jean Keita
134
5.
Conclusion / Xavier-Jean Keita
135
Bibliography / Xavier-Jean Keita
136
Towards a Multi-Layered System of International Criminal Justice / Xavier-Jean Keita
139
1.
Introduction / Mia Swart
139
2.
Mutual Dependency and Legitimacy / Mia Swart
141
3.
Package of Cases: Campbell, Fick, and Zimbabwe Torture Docket Case / Mia Swart
144
3.1.
Campbell Case / Mia Swart
145
3.2.
Fick Case / Mia Swart
147
3.3.
Zimbabwe Torture Docket Case / Mia Swart
150
4.
Complementarity and Jurisdiction / Mia Swart
152
5.
Al-Bashir Matter: A Step Backwards / Mia Swart
154
6.
Promising Complementarity Initiatives in Uganda and Senegal / Mia Swart
155
7.
African Court of Justice and Human Rights: A Viable Alternative? / Mia Swart
156
8.
Conclusion / Mia Swart
157
Bibliography / Mia Swart
159
Complementarity in Practice and ICC Implementing Legislation: Lessons from Uganda / Mia Swart
163
1.
Introduction / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
163
2.
Background: The History and Origins of the War Crimes Division and the Conflict Propagated by the Lord's Resistance Army / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
164
2.1.
Ugandan Amnesty Act of 2000 / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
165
2.2.
Referral of the Ugandan Situation to the ICC / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
166
2.3.
Juba Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
166
3.
Creation of the ICD and the Laws Applicable / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
167
3.1.
Ugandan Laws / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
167
3.2.
International Criminal Court Act 2010 (the ICC Act 2010) / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
167
3.2.1.
Objective of the ICC Act / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
168
3.2.2.
Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the Court / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
169
3.2.3.
Retrospectivity / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
169
3.2.4.
General Principles of Law in the ICC Act 2010 / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
170
3.2.5.
Defence / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
170
3.2.6.
Immunity Provisions under ICC Act 2010 / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
171
3.2.7.
Rules of Procedure / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
171
3.2.8.
Disclosure of Evidence / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
171
3.2.9.
Military Trials / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
172
3.2.10.
Rights of the Accused and Right to Counsel / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
173
3.2.11.
Bail / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
173
3.2.12.
Sentencing and the Aspect of Differential Sentencing / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
174
4.
Thomas Kwoyelo: Testing the Waters and the International Crimes Division's First Case / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
174
4.1.
Application for a Stay of Execution / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
176
4.2.
Application for Judicial Review / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
177
4.3.
Latest Supreme Court Decision on Kwoyelo / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
178
5.
Challenges of the International Crimes Division (ICD) / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
180
5.1.
Institutional Challenges / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
180
5.1.1.
Response to Institutional Challenges / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
181
5.2.
Procedural and Evidential Challenges / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
181
5.2.1.
Response to Procedural Challenges / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
182
5.3.
Lack of Formal Witness Protection Mechanisms / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
183
5.3.1.
Response to Lack of Witness Protection / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
184
5.4.
Victim Participation in the Proceedings in their Own Standing and Lack of Victim Reparations / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
186
5.4.1.
Response to Lack of Victims' Participation / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
187
5.5.
Reparations for Victims: Types of Reparation / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
187
5.5.1.
Reparation under International Law / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
187
5.5.2.
Other Forms of Reparations / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
188
5.5.3.
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
189
5.5.4.
Article 24 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
189
5.5.5.
Juba Peace and Reparation Initiative / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
189
5.5.6.
United Nations General Assembly and Reparations / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
190
5.5.7.
Right to Remedy under Uganda's Basic Legal Instruments / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
190
5.6.
Draft Transitional Justice Policy and Reparation / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
191
6.
Challenge of Lack of Capacity / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
193
6.1.
Lack of Legal Effective Legal Aid / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
194
6.2.
Lack of Adequate Equipment / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
194
6.3.
Response to Lack of Capacity, Training, and the Shortage of Personnel and Lack of Legal Aid / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
194
7.
Challenges of Office Space / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
195
7.1.
Response to the Lack of Space / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
195
8.
Conclusion / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
196
Bibliography / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
196
Looking Back, Looking Forward: The Implications of the Termination of the Kenyatta Case Before the ICC / Elizabeth Ibanda-Nahamya
199
1.
Introduction / George Kegoro
199
1.1.
Background / George Kegoro
200
1.2.
Implementing the Recommendations of the Waki Commission / George Kegoro
203
1.3.
ICC Moves into Kenya / George Kegoro
204
2.
Understanding the Choice of the ICC as Kenya's Eventual Justice Mechanism / George Kegoro
205
2.1.
Comment on the Parliamentary Process on the Bill / George Kegoro
211
2.2.
Effects of the Kenyatta Charges Being Dropped / George Kegoro
216
3.
Future Prospects of the Kenyatta Case / George Kegoro
218
3.1.
Pre-Trial Brief in the Kenyatta Case / George Kegoro
219
4.
Conclusion / George Kegoro
222
Bibliography / George Kegoro
225
Transforming Legal Concepts and Gender Perceptions / George Kegoro
227
1.
Introduction / Brigid Inder
227
1.1.
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo / Brigid Inder
228
2.
Inclusive Justice / Brigid Inder
232
2.1.
Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga / Brigid Inder
232
3.
Indicators of the Common Purpose / Brigid Inder
234
3.1.
Whether the Crimes Were Numerous and Committed Repetitively / Brigid Inder
235
3.2.
Whether the Crimes Were Necessary to Fulfilling the Common Purpose / Brigid Inder
236
3.3.
Whether the Perpetrators of Rape and Sexual Slavery - in this Case, the Ngiti Combatants of Walendu-Bindi - Had Committed these Crimes prior to the Attack on Bogoro / Brigid Inder
236
3.4.
Whether the Rape and Sexual Slavery were Ethnically Motivated, in Light of the Prosecution's Theory that Ethnic Hatred was a Key Dimension of the Common Plan / Brigid Inder
237
4.
Looking Ahead / Brigid Inder
239
Bibliography / Brigid Inder
241
Exploring Efforts to Resolve the Tension Between the AU and the ICC over the Bashir Saga / Brigid Inder
245
1.
Introduction / Max Du Plessis
245
2.
Proclaimed Double Bind / Max Du Plessis
247
3.
Wanted War Criminal Comes to (and Leaves) Town / Max Du Plessis
250
4.
Resolving the ICC/AU Impasse? / Max Du Plessis
255
5.
Conclusion / Max Du Plessis
269
Bibliography / Max Du Plessis
271
When We Don't Speak the Same Language: The Challenges of Multilingual Justice at the ICC / Max Du Plessis
275
1.
Introduction / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
275
2.
Language and the ICC / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
276
3.
Multilingualism at the ICC: Challenges and Achievements / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
279
4.
Language Services at a Cost / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
283
5.
Defendants' Right to Language, Translation and Interpretation / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
284
5.1.
Partial or Unlimited Translation / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
287
6.
Victims' Language Rights / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
290
7.
Languages and Complementarity / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
292
8.
Conclusion / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
294
Bibliography / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
294
Role of the African Union in International Criminal Justice: Force for Good or Bad? / Lorraine Smith Van-Lin
299
1.
Introduction / Godfrey M. Musila
299
2.
Global Context and Overview of Regional and Sub-Regional Bodies / Godfrey M. Musila
300
3.
Role of the AU's Political and Deliberative Organs / Godfrey M. Musila
303
4.
AU Assembly of Heads of State and Government and the Peace and Security Council / Godfrey M. Musila
306
5.
Preventive Action and Preventive Diplomacy / Godfrey M. Musila
308
6.
Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement / Godfrey M. Musila
308
7.
Humanitarian Intervention and International Criminal Justice / Godfrey M. Musila
311
8.
AU and Ad Hoc Courts: The Extraordinary African Chambers in Senegal / Godfrey M. Musila
317
9.
Shaping the Debate on Important Questions in International Criminal Justice / Godfrey M. Musila
319
10.
Universal Jurisdiction Debate / Godfrey M. Musila
319
11.
Blowing Hot and Cold? The AU and the International Criminal Court / Godfrey M. Musila
321
12.
Pan-African Parliament (PAP) / Godfrey M. Musila
324
13.
Role of Judicial and Adjudicative Bodies / Godfrey M. Musila
327
14.
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) / Godfrey M. Musila
327
15.
African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACtHPR) / Godfrey M. Musila
331
16.
African Criminal Court / Godfrey M. Musila
332
17.
Conclusion: Looking to the Future / Godfrey M. Musila
334
Bibliography / Godfrey M. Musila
337
Seed for World Peace Growing in Africa: The Kampala Amendments on the Crime of Aggression and the Monsoon of Malabo / Godfrey M. Musila
347
1.
Introduction / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
347
2.
Kampala / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
348
2.1.
Adoption of the Amendments on the Crime of Aggression / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
348
2.2.
Jurisdictional Conditions / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
353
2.3.
Definition and a 'Breathing Room' / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
356
3.
Malabo / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
359
3.1.
Adoption of the Malabo Protocol / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
359
3.2.
Jurisdictional Conditions / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
362
3.3.
Definition / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
364
3.4.
Criminal Participation and Immunity / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
367
4.
Malabo and Kampala / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
371
4.1.
Mutual Impact between the Malabo Protocol and the Rome Statute: Complementarity? / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
371
4.2.
Urgency of Activating the ICC's Authority over the Crime of Aggression / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
376
4.3.
(More) Questions of Complementarity / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
385
Bibliography / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
394
Rights of Victims of Serious Violations of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law: A Human Rights Perspective / Jutta F. Bertram-Nothnagel
401
1.
Introduction / Cecile Aptel
401
2.
Definition of Victims of Gross Violations of IHRL and Serious Violations of IHL / Cecile Aptel
402
3.
Nature and Sources of Victims' Rights / Cecile Aptel
402
3.1.
Access to Justice / Cecile Aptel
405
3.2.
Right to Reparation / Cecile Aptel
406
3.3.
Right to Truth: Access to Relevant Information Concerning Violations and Reparation Mechanisms / Cecile Aptel
407
4.
Responsibility of States to Realise Victims' Rights / Cecile Aptel
409
5.
Conclusion / Cecile Aptel
413
Bibliography / Cecile Aptel
414
Boko Haram's Insurgency in Nigeria: Exploring the Justice, Peace and Reconciliation Pathways / Cecile Aptel
419
1.
Introduction / Idayat Hassan Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
419
2.
Justice, Peace, Reconciliation and the 'Interests of Justice' in the Rome Statute / Idayat Hassan Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
421
2.1.
Justice, Peace, Reconciliation and Transitional Justice: the Nigerian Experience / Idayat Hassan Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
423
3.
Niger Delta Conflict vis-à-vis the Northern Nigeria Conflict / Idayat Hassan Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
424
4.
Nigeria and Resource Control in the Niger Delta / Idayat Hassan Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
425
4.1.
Peace, Justice, Reconciliation and Boko Haram / Idayat Hassan Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
426
4.2.
Boko Haram and Emerging Trends in Conflict Resolution / Benson Chinedu Olugbuo, Idayat Hassan
428
5.
Conclusion / Idayat Hassan Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
429
Bibliography / Idayat Hassan Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
429
Ten Years of International Criminal Court Practice - Trials, Achievements and Tribulations: Is the ICC Today what Africa Expects or Wants? / Benson Chinedu Olugbuo, Idayat Hassan
433
1.
Introduction / Akbar Khan
433
2.
Selectivity of Cases / Akbar Khan
434
3.
Relationship with the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) / Akbar Khan
436
4.
Efficient and Effective Functioning of the Court / Akbar Khan
437
5.
Cooperation, Complementarity and Universality / Akbar Khan
438
6.
Conclusion / Akbar Khan
439
Universal Jurisdiction, African Perceptions of the International Criminal Court and the New AU Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights / Akbar Khan
441
1.
Introduction / Manuel J. Ventura Amelia J. Bleeker
441
2.
Negative African Perceptions of the ICC: The Disconnect between Rhetoric and Reality / Amelia J. Bleeker Manuel J. Ventura
442
3.
Jurisdiction of the African Court under the Protocol / Manuel J. Ventura Amelia J. Bleeker
445
4.
Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes Committed in Africa / Amelia J. Bleeker Manuel J. Ventura
447
5.
African Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction / Manuel J. Ventura Amelia J. Bleeker
448
6.
Surmounting Obstacles to the African Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes Committed in Africa / Manuel J. Ventura Amelia J. Bleeker
452
7.
Conclusion: A Future for Universal Jurisdiction in Africa? / Manuel J. Ventura Amelia J. Bleeker
455
Bibliography / Manuel J. Ventura Amelia J. Bleeker
456
Punishment as Prevention? The International Criminal Court and the Prevention of International Crimes / Amelia J. Bleeker Manuel J. Ventura
461
1.
Introduction / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
461
2.
International Crimes and International Criminal Justice / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
462
3.
Prevention of International Crimes / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
466
3.1.
Introduction / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
466
3.2.
Deterrence and the International Criminal Court / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
468
3.3.
Beyond Deterrence: Prosecution as Prevention / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
475
3.4.
Indirect, Preventive Effects of Prosecution / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
482
3.5.
Courts and their Limitations (Other Preventive Strategies) / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
483
4.
Conclusion: The ICC and the Prevention of International Crimes / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
484
Bibliography / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
485
Complementarity and Africa: Tackling International Crimes at the Domestic Level / Kjell Follingstad Anderson
489
1.
Introduction / Angela Mudukuti
489
2.
International Law and its Place in the South African Legislative Framework / Angela Mudukuti
491
3.
ICC Act / Angela Mudukuti
491
3.1.
Southern Africa Litigation Centre and Another v. The National Director of Public Prosecutions and Others / Angela Mudukuti
492
3.1.1.
High Court Proceedings / Angela Mudukuti
493
4.
Supreme Court of Appeal Proceedings / Angela Mudukuti
495
5.
Constitutional Court Proceedings / Angela Mudukuti
495
6.
Concluding Remarks on the Zimbabwe Torture Case / Angela Mudukuti
499
7.
Bashir Case (SALC v. The Minister of Justice and Others) / Angela Mudukuti
500
8.
Other Initiatives / Angela Mudukuti
501
9.
Role of Civil Society / Angela Mudukuti
504
10.
Conclusion / Angela Mudukuti
505
Bibliography / Angela Mudukuti
506
Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda / Angela Mudukuti
509
1.
Introduction / Andre Klip
509
2.
First African International Criminal Tribunal / Andre Klip
509
3.
Genocide Tribunal / Andre Klip
513
4.
Intense Relationship with the Situation State / Andre Klip
514
5.
Successful Tribunal / Andre Klip
517
6.
Conclusion / Andre Klip
520
Bibliography / Andre Klip
520
Can there be Justice Without Reparations? Identifying Gaps in Gender Justice / Andre Klip
525
1.
Introduction / Renifa Madenga
525
2.
International Criminal Justice System and the Theory of Reparations / Renifa Madenga
526
3.
What Does Justice Mean to Some of the ICTR Survivor Witnesses I Interviewed? / Renifa Madenga
528
4.
Identifying the Forms of Reparation / Renifa Madenga
531
5.
Reparations and Reconciliation / Renifa Madenga
535
5.1.
Lack of Reparations Negates a Gender-Sensitive Approach in Post Conflict Interventions / Renifa Madenga
538
5.2.
Reparations for Survivors of Sexual Violence in Rwanda / Renifa Madenga
543
6.
Conclusion / Renifa Madenga
545
Bibliography / Renifa Madenga
545
Transitional Justice and the ICC: Lessons from Rwanda / Renifa Madenga
549
1.
Introduction / Leo C. Nwoye
549
2.
Transitional Justice and Legal Pluralism in Rwanda: the Collective Level (ICTR) and the Individual Level (Gacaca) / Leo C. Nwoye
552
2.1.
ICTR's Creation, Transitional Justice Aims, and Prevailing Perspectives / Leo C. Nwoye
554
2.2.
Gacaca Courts, Transitional Justice Aims and Prevailing Perspectives / Leo C. Nwoye
558
2.3.
Assessment of the ICTR and Gacaca / Leo C. Nwoye
562
3.
Overview of the ICC's Prosecutorial Mandate / Leo C. Nwoye
566
3.1.
ICC Prosecutor's Discretion / Leo C. Nwoye
567
3.2.
Possibility for Other Forms of Transitional Justice / Leo C. Nwoye
569
3.3.
Universal Jurisdiction / Leo C. Nwoye
570
4.
Lessons for the ICC / Leo C. Nwoye
572
4.1.
Lessons from the ICTR / Leo C. Nwoye
572
4.2.
Lessons from the Gacaca Courts / Leo C. Nwoye
574
4.3.
Lessons from the Legal Pluralist Structure of ICTR and Gacaca / Leo C. Nwoye
575
4.3.1.
Importance of Having a Customised Approach to Accountability / Leo C. Nwoye
575
4.3.2.
Benefits and Limitations of Prosecution / Leo C. Nwoye
577
4.3.3.
No 'One-Size-Fits-All' Transitional Justice System / Leo C. Nwoye
582
5.
Conclusion / Leo C. Nwoye
583
Bibliography / Leo C. Nwoye
585
Looking Forward, Anticipating Challenges: Making Sense of Disjunctures in Meanings of Culpability / Leo C. Nwoye
593
1.
Introduction / Kamari Maxine Clarke
593
2.
Making Sense of the Perpetrator / Kamari Maxine Clarke
595
3.
Culpability and the Challenge of Legal Time / Kamari Maxine Clarke
596
4.
Foundations for Continuing Crimes in the Kenyan Postcolonial Imagination / Kamari Maxine Clarke
599
5.
Command Responsibility, Legal Time, and the Problem of Continuing Crimes / Kamari Maxine Clarke
606
5.1.
Challenges with Continuing Crimes: The Rainbow Warrior Case / Kamari Maxine Clarke
608
5.2.
British Seizure of US Slave Ships / Kamari Maxine Clarke
608
6.
Proximity, Intimacy, and Redirecting the Culpability of the Perpetrator / Kamari Maxine Clarke
614
7.
Conclusion / Kamari Maxine Clarke
618
Bibliography / Kamari Maxine Clarke
621
Building the Base: Local Accountability for Conflict-Period Sexual Violence / Kamari Maxine Clarke
625
1.
Introduction / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
625
2.
Local Actors: Who They Are and Why They Are Important / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
626
3.
Study / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
628
4.
Accountability Challenges During Recent Conflict / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
630
4.1.
Reporting / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
630
4.2.
Investigation / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
631
4.3.
Prosecution / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
632
5.
Signs of Progress / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
633
5.1.
New Laws / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
633
5.2.
New Institutions / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
635
6.
Considerations for Improving Domestic Accountability for Conflict-Period Sexual Violence / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
637
6.1.
Improving Reporting during Conflict / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
638
6.2.
Rethinking Witness Protection / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
640
6.3.
Supporting the Health Sector / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
641
6.4.
Develop and Coordinate Expertise on Sexual Violence and International Crimes / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
644
7.
Conclusion / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
645
Bibliography / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
646
Safety and Security of Protected Witnesses and Acquitted and Released Persons: Lessons from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda / Kim Thuy Seelinger, Julie Freccero
649
1.
Introduction / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
649
2.
Experience of the ICTR / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
651
3.
Relocating ICTR Protected Witnesses / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
652
4.
Relocating Acquitted and Released Persons / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
652
5.
Lessons Learned from the ICTR / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
657
6.
Possible Solutions and Way Forward / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
658
7.
Conclusion / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
660
Bibliography / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
662
Bridging the Legal Gap: The International Initiative for Opening Negotiations on a Multilateral Treaty for Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition in the Domestic Prosecution of Atrocity Crimes / Roland Kouassi Amoussouga Gero
663
1.
Introduction / Anne-Sophie Massa
663
2.
Early Days / Anne-Sophie Massa
665
3.
Main Objectives / Anne-Sophie Massa
669
4.
Proposed Content / Anne-Sophie Massa
670
5.
Latest Developments and Way Forward / Anne-Sophie Massa
672
6.
Conclusion / Anne-Sophie Massa
674
Bibliography / Anne-Sophie Massa
675