International law of sharks : obstacles, options and opportunities / by Erika J. Techera, Natalie Klein.
2017
K3900.S5 .T43 2017 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
International law of sharks : obstacles, options and opportunities / by Erika J. Techera, Natalie Klein.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Brill Nijhoff, [2017]
Call Number
K3900.S5 .T43 2017
ISBN
9789004345508 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9004345507 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9789004345515 (ebook)
9004345515 (ebook)
9004345507 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9789004345515 (ebook)
9004345515 (ebook)
Description
xviii, 282 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)973291150
Summary
In 'International Law of Sharks', Erika J. Techera and Natalie Klein provide an in-depth analysis of the current legal frameworks that relate to these important species. The authors offer ways in which to overcome obstacles that prevent existing laws from working better and identify best practice global governance options while highlighting opportunities for legal reform. Scientific evidence indicates that sharks play a critical role in maintaining marine ecosystem health, yet current governance regimes have not been effective and many shark species continue to diminish. In this context, effective laws are critical to improve sharks conservation status. This volume also explores the broader relevance of oceans governance by identifying appropriate legal frameworks and regulatory mechanisms that balance conservation and utilisation of marine species in general.
Note
In 'International Law of Sharks', Erika J. Techera and Natalie Klein provide an in-depth analysis of the current legal frameworks that relate to these important species. The authors offer ways in which to overcome obstacles that prevent existing laws from working better and identify best practice global governance options while highlighting opportunities for legal reform. Scientific evidence indicates that sharks play a critical role in maintaining marine ecosystem health, yet current governance regimes have not been effective and many shark species continue to diminish. In this context, effective laws are critical to improve sharks conservation status. This volume also explores the broader relevance of oceans governance by identifying appropriate legal frameworks and regulatory mechanisms that balance conservation and utilisation of marine species in general.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 245-273) and index.
Available in Other Form
Online version: Techera, Erika J. International law of sharks. Leiden : Brill Nijhoff, 2017 9789004345515 (OCoLC)973733522
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Series Editor's Preface
ix
Acknowledgements
x
List of Figures
xi
List of Abbreviations
xi
List of Treaties
xiv
List of Foreign Legislation
xvi
List of Cases
xvii
1.
Case for Sharks
1
1.
Why Sharks
2
1.1.
Scientific Knowledge
2
1.2.
Societal Attitudes and Approaches
4
1.3.
Values
8
2.
Legal Dimensions
12
2.1.
Legal Responses
12
2.2.
Legal Challenges
16
3.
Global Influences
18
3.1.
Holistic Approaches
18
3.2.
Ecosystem-based Management
20
3.3.
Inter-Disciplinarity
20
4.
Moving Forward
23
4.1.
Underpinning Principles, Concepts and Approaches
23
4.2.
Fragmented Governance
25
4.3.
Implementation
25
5.
Conclusion
26
2.
International Law Framework
27
1.
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
28
2.
International Plan of Action for Sharks
32
3.
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species
35
4.
Convention on Migratory Species and the Sharks Memorandum of Understanding
43
5.
Key Environmental Principles
48
5.1.
Sustainable Development and Sustainable Management
48
5.2.
Precautionary Approach
49
5.3.
Environmental Impact Assessments
51
5.4.
Ecosystem-based Approach
51
5.5.
Biodiversity Protection
53
6.
Conclusion
53
3.
Governance and Regulation
55
1.
Linking Governance and Sustainability
56
1.1.
Defining Sustainability
57
1.2.
What is Good Governance
61
2.
Environmental Governance Theories
67
2.1.
Hierarchical Theories
68
2.2.
Multi-layered Approaches
70
2.3.
Return to Principles
73
3.
Regulation
77
3.1.
Regulatory Theory
78
3.2.
Environmental Regulation
83
3.3.
Regulatory Pluralism
83
4.
Governance, Regulation and Sharks
85
4.1.
Foundations
85
4.2.
Achieving Goals
85
5.
Conclusion
86
4.
Species-based Measures
88
1.
Species-based Approaches
88
1.1.
Background
89
1.2.
Emergence of Law and Policy
90
1.3.
Defining Species-based Approaches
92
1.4.
Substance of Species-based Approaches
93
1.5.
Inter-disciplinarity
95
2.
Legal Frameworks for Protection of Species
97
2.1.
Historical Developments
97
2.2.
International Environmental Laws
98
2.3.
Fisheries Regulation
100
2.4.
Other Activities Impacting Species: Marine Eco-tourism
103
3.
Shark Specific Measures
105
3.1.
Fishing and Finning Bans
105
3.2.
Gear and Equipment
106
3.3.
Supply Chain
107
4.
Gaps and Challenges
108
5.
Conclusion
112
5.
Spatial and Area Measures
114
1.
Exploring Area-based Measures
115
1.1.
Background
115
1.2.
Value of Spatial Measures
117
1.3.
Defining Protected Ocean Areas
118
1.4.
Substance of Protected Areas
121
2.
Spatial Measures in International Law
123
2.1.
International Treaties
123
2.2.
Regional Agreements
131
3.
Implementation of Spatial Measures
134
3.1.
Shark-focused MPAS
135
3.2.
Sanctuaries
136
4.
Challenges and Opportunities
137
4.1.
Gaps and Challenges
137
4.2.
Synergies and Solutions
140
5.
Conclusion
141
6.
Institutions: Key Roles and Structural Issues
143
1.
Background to the Law of International Organisations
145
2.
Key Roles for International Environmental Institutions
150
2.1.
Law-making and Standard Setting
151
2.2.
Stakeholder Participation
153
2.3.
Collection of Information
154
2.4.
Monitoring, Compliance and Dispute Settlement
155
3.
UNEP, FAO and Treaty Organisations
156
3.1.
UNEP
156
3.2.
FAO
158
3.3.
CITES
160
3.4.
CMS and the Sharks MoU
163
4.
Responses within RFMOS
165
5.
Shark Commission? Lessons from Whales
169
6.
Interaction between International Institutions
176
7.
Conclusion
179
7.
Enforcement and Compliance
181
1.
Legal Framework for Enforcement under UNCLOS and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
184
1.1.
In the EEZ
185
1.2.
On the High Seas
187
1.2.1.
Exclusive Flag State Jurisdiction
187
1.2.2.
Boarding and Inspecting Vessels Flagged to Another State
188
2.
Port State Measures
190
3.
Inspections, Monitoring and Other Enforcement Processes: Lessons from RFMOS
193
4.
Compliance with Treaty Obligations: CITES, CMS and CBD
200
4.1.
CITES
201
4.2.
CMS
203
4.3.
CBD
205
5.
Dispute Settlement Options
206
6.
Sanctions and Trade Restrictions
211
7.
Conclusion
213
8.
Broader Lessons Learned: A Principled Approach
215
1.
Lessons Learned for Sharks
216
1.1.
International Legal Regime
216
1.2.
Spatial and Species Measures
222
1.3.
Structural Issues
224
1.4.
Compliance and Enforcement
227
2.
Lessons Learned for Other Marine Species
232
2.1.
Commonalities between Sharks and Other Marine Species
233
2.2.
Lessons from Other Marine Species
234
3.
Lessons for Governance and Sustainability
236
4.
Virtual Treaty Regime
239
5.
Conclusion
243
Bibliography
245
Index
274