Regional liberalization in international air transport : towards Northeast Asian open skies / Jae Woon Lee.
2016
KNC870 .L44 2016 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Author
Title
Regional liberalization in international air transport : towards Northeast Asian open skies / Jae Woon Lee.
Published
The Hague, Netherlands : Eleven International Publishing, [2016]
Call Number
KNC870 .L44 2016
ISBN
9789462366886 (hbk.)
9462366888 (hbk.)
9789462745766 (E-book)
9462366888 (hbk.)
9789462745766 (E-book)
Description
xxii, 329 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)957571069
Summary
"In this publication, the author examines the legal and policy aspects of air transport liberalization. While focusing on Northeast Asia, the central theme of the book is a regional approach to liberalizing the international air transport market. The author critically analyzes the legal barriers to air transport liberalization and highlights that regional approaches have emerged in most parts of the world. While noting that progress has been slower in Northeast Asia, the author prescribes solutions for Northeast Asian open skies. The author further emphasizes the role of airlines in promoting liberalization, arguing that airlines have become active reformers of government regulations."-- Back cover.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 277-325) and index.
Includes
ASEAN single aviation market model.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
xi
Foreword
xiii
Summary
xv
List of Tables
xvii
List of Figures
xix
Abbreviations
xxi
1.
Introduction to Northeast Asian Open Skies
1
1.1.
Overview
1
1.2.
Multilateral Air Law Treaties
11
1.3.
Exceptionalism in Economic Air Transport
15
1.3.1.
Historical Background
15
1.3.2.
ICAO or WTO: Institutional Problems?
17
1.3.3.
Nationalism
18
1.4.
Economic Liberalization in International Air Transport
20
1.4.1.
Scope: Relaxation of "Market Access" and "Ownership and Control" Restrictions
20
1.4.2.
Economic Impact of Air Transport Liberalization
24
1.4.3.
General Trends of Air Transport Liberalization
25
1.5.
Regional Liberalization
27
1.5.1.
Definition
27
1.5.2.
Rationale for the Regional Approach in International Air Transport
28
1.5.3.
Progress in Regional Liberalization
32
1.5.4.
Challenges to Regional Liberalization
33
1.6.
Airline Alliances
34
1.6.1.
Rationale for Airline Alliances
34
1.6.2.
Antitrust Immunity
37
1.6.3.
Metal Neutrality
40
1.7.
Object and Structure of the Research
42
2.
Comparative Analysis of Regional Liberalization Models
45
2.1.
Overview
45
2.2.
EU Single Aviation Market Model
46
2.2.1.
Overview
46
2.2.2.
Main Features
50
2.2.2.1.
Market Access
50
2.2.2.2.
Ownership and Control
51
2.2.2.3.
External Relations
52
2.2.3.
Benefits of the EU Single Aviation Market
57
2.2.4.
Challenges to the EU Single Aviation Market
58
2.3.
ASEAN Single Aviation Market Model
62
2.3.1.
Overview
62
2.3.2.
Main Features
64
2.3.2.1.
Market Access
64
2.3.2.2.
Ownership and Control
67
2.3.2.3.
External Relations
68
2.3.3.
Benefits of the ASEAN Single Aviation Market
70
2.3.4.
Challenges to the ASEAN Single Aviation Market
74
2.4.
Other Regional Liberalization Models
76
2.4.1.
Australia-New Zealand Single Aviation Market
76
2.4.2.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)'s Initiative
78
2.4.3.
Regional Liberalization in the League of Arab States
80
2.4.4.
Regional Liberalization in Latin America
83
2.4.5.
Regional Liberalization in the Pacific Islands
88
2.4.6.
Regional Liberalization in Africa
90
2.5.
Regional Liberalization in Northeast Asia
92
2.5.1.
History
92
2.5.2.
Justifications
93
2.5.3.
Barriers
96
2.5.4.
Paths to Northeast Asian Open Skies
99
2.6.
Conclusion
101
3.
Market Access Issues in Northeast Asia
103
3.1.
Market Access Restrictions in International Air Transport
103
3.1.1.
Overview
103
3.1.2.
Direct Market Access Issues
104
3.1.2.1.
Carrier Designation
104
3.1.2.2.
Route Designation
106
3.1.2.3.
Capacity and Frequency
107
3.1.3.
Indirect Market Access Issues
108
3.1.3.1.
Airport Capacity
109
3.1.3.2.
Airspace Use
110
3.1.3.3.
Visa Openness
112
3.2.
National Policies on Market Access in Northeast Asia
114
3.2.1.
Overview
114
3.2.2.
China
115
3.2.2.1.
Protecting the "Big Three" Airlines
115
3.2.2.2.
Promoting LCCs
118
3.2.2.3.
Managing Airspace Better
120
3.2.3.
Japan
126
3.2.3.1.
Policy Transformation through the "Asian Gateway Initiative"
126
3.2.3.2.
Increasing Airport Capacity in the Tokyo Area
127
3.2.3.3.
Promoting LCCs
130
3.2.4.
Korea
131
3.2.4.1.
Prioritizing Northeast Asia
131
3.2.4.2.
Focusing on 6th Freedom Traffic
132
3.2.4.3.
Promoting LCCs
133
3.3.
Bilateral Positions on Market Access
134
3.3.1.
China--Japan
134
3.3.2.
Japan--Korea
135
3.3.3.
Korea--China
137
3.4.
Prospect of Liberalizing Trilateral Market Access
139
3.4.1.
Shuttle Services among Major Cities in Northeast
140
3.4.2.
Role of LCCs
142
3.4.3.
Developing a China--Japan--Korea Free Trade Agreement
144
3.5.
Conclusion
146
4.
Ownership and Control Issues in Northeast Asia
147
4.1.
Ownership and Control Restrictions in International Air Transport
147
4.1.1.
Overview
147
4.1.2.
Internal (Domestic Law) Restrictions
150
4.1.3.
External (Air Services Agreement) Restrictions
154
4.2.
National Law and Policy on Ownership and Control Restrictions in Northeast Asia
158
4.2.1.
Overview
158
4.2.2.
China
161
4.2.3.
Japan
164
4.2.4.
Korea
167
4.3.
Options for Liberalizing Ownership and Control Restrictions
169
4.3.1.
Multilateral Approach
169
4.3.2.
Regional Approach
172
4.3.3.
Bilateral Approach
174
4.3.4.
Unilateral Approach
175
4.4.
Airlines' Response to Ownership and Control Restrictions
177
4.4.1.
Overview (Merger vs. Alliance)
177
4.4.2.
Cross-Border Merger through Holding Company
178
4.4.3.
Joint Ventures
184
4.5.
Conclusion
189
5.
Airline Alliances in Northeast Asia
191
5.1.
Conceptual Analysis of Airline Alliances
191
5.1.1.
Motivating Factors for Airline Alliances
191
5.1.1.1.
Circumventing Legal Barriers
191
5.1.1.2.
Increasing Revenue
193
5.1.1.3.
Cutting Costs
194
5.1.1.4.
Reducing Competition
195
5.1.2.
Spectrum of Airline Alliances
195
5.1.2.1.
Equity Alliances
197
5.1.2.2.
Non-equity Alliances
200
5.2.
Competition Law Analysis of Airline Alliances
202
5.2.1.
General Principles
202
5.2.2.
Antitrust Immunity
206
5.2.2.1.
Origin
206
5.2.2.2.
Correlation with Open Skies Agreements
209
5.2.2.3.
Challenges to Antitrust Immunity
212
5.2.3.
Metal Neutrality: New Requirement for Antitrust Immunity
216
5.3.
Airline Alliances and Competition Law in Northeast Asia
217
5.3.1.
Airline Alliances in the Northeast Asian Market
217
5.3.2.
Competition Law Regimes Relating to Airline Alliances in Northeast Asia
219
5.3.2.1.
China
220
5.3.2.2.
Japan
222
5.3.2.3.
Korea
224
5.4.
Metal Neutral Joint Ventures in the Trans-Pacific (Northeast Asia-US) Market
226
5.4.1.
US Policy on Open Skies and Antitrust Immunity in Asia
226
5.4.2.
American Airlines-Japan Airlines JV
229
5.4.3.
United Airlines-All Nippon Airways (ANA) JV
232
5.4.4.
Proposed Delta-Korean Air JV
234
5.4.5.
Possibility of a JV between a Chinese Airline and a US Airline
237
5.5.
Impact of Metal Neutral Joint Ventures in Northeast Asia
238
5.5.1.
Analysis of US-China Aviation Market
238
5.5.1.1.
Market Definition: "Relevant Market" in the Context of Competition Law
238
5.5.1.2.
Relevant Market of Passenger Air Transport
240
5.5.1.3.
China--US Market for Passenger Air Transport
242
5.5.2.
Impact on Chinese Aviation Policy
243
5.6.
Conclusion
248
6.
Towards Northeast Asian Open Skies: Liberalization by the Airline Industry and States
249
6.1.
Theoretical Findings
249
6.2.
Ongoing Regional Liberalization in Northeast Asia
253
6.3.
Action Plans for Northeast Asian Open Skies
258
6.3.1.
Institutional Framework
258
6.3.2.
Legal Reforms
261
6.3.2.1.
Overview
261
6.3.2.2.
Roadmap for Northeast Asian Open Skies by 2020
265
6.3.2.3.
Roadmap for Northeast Asian Open Skies by 2025
268
6.3.2.4.
Roadmap for Northeast Asian Open Skies by 2030
270
6.3.3.
Policy Liberalization
272
6.4.
Conclusion
274
Bibliography
277
Index
327