Processes of constitutional decisionmaking : cases and materials / Paul Brest, Former Dean and Professor Emeritus (active), Stanford Law School; Sanford Levinson, W. St. John Garwood & W. St. John Garwood, Jr., Centennial Chair in Law, University of Texas Law School; Jack M. Balkin, Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment, Yale Law School; Akhil Reed Amar, Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science, Yale Law School; Reva B. Siegel, Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, Professor of Law, Yale Law School.
2018
KF4550 .B723 2018 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Processes of constitutional decisionmaking : cases and materials / Paul Brest, Former Dean and Professor Emeritus (active), Stanford Law School; Sanford Levinson, W. St. John Garwood & W. St. John Garwood, Jr., Centennial Chair in Law, University of Texas Law School; Jack M. Balkin, Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment, Yale Law School; Akhil Reed Amar, Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science, Yale Law School; Reva B. Siegel, Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, Professor of Law, Yale Law School.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer, [2018]
Call Number
KF4550 .B723 2018
Edition
Seventh edition.
Course Lists
Constitutional Law (Pozen) by David Pozen (Fall 2024)
ISBN
9781454887492 hardcover
1454887494 hardcover
9781454898498 loose-Leaf
1454898496 loose-Leaf
1454887494 hardcover
9781454898498 loose-Leaf
1454898496 loose-Leaf
Description
xxxvii, 1,803 pages ; 27 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1019839881
Summary
"[This book considers] constitutional questions in a broad historical context, with...insights from contemporary scholars. This book has been updated to include all new developments in the field, and delivers...chapters on the constitutional treatment of sex equality, race, civil rights, separation of powers, and federalism. Key [features include the following recent cases and materials]: Obergefell v. Hodges (same-sex marriage); Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (abortion regulation); Zivotofsky v. Kerry (presidential power); Fisher v. University of Texas (affirmative action); new ciscussion of cooperative federalism; and Sessions v. Morales–Santana (sex equality)."-- Publisher's website.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Preface
xxix
Acknowledgments
xxxv
Editorial Note
xxxvii
Constitution of the United States
1
Part One Introduction: Background To The Constitution
17
Note: The "Constitution of Conversation" and the "Constitution of Settlement"
23
ch. 1
Bank of the United States: A Case Study
27
I.
Early Background
27
II.
First Bank of the United States
28
A.
Madison's View [James Madison's Speech to the House of Representatives (1791)]
29
B.
Attorney General's Opinion
32
C.
Jefferson's Critique of the Bank
33
D.
Hamilton's Defense
34
Alexander Hamilton, Opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank (1791)
34
Discussion
37
III.
Second Bank
37
IV.
Judicial Examination of Congress's Authority to Create the Bank
39
Note on Reading and Editing Cases
39
McCulloch v. Maryland [The First Question]
39
A.
Reaction to McCulloch
53
B.
Marshall's Methods of Constitutional Interpretation
55
Note: Uncertainties of Meaning
62
1.
Ambiguity
62
2.
Vagueness
63
3.
Nonliteral Usage
64
V.
States' Power to Tax the Bank of the United States
66
McCulloch v. Maryland [The Second Question]
66
Discussion
71
VI.
Ohio Dissents
74
VII.
Demise of the Second Bank
76
Andrew Jackson, Veto Message (July 10, 1832)
76
Discussion
79
Walter Dellinger, Presidential Authority to Decline to Execute Unconstitutional Statutes (November 2, 1994)
81
Discussion
83
ch. 2
Constitution in the Early Republic
85
I.
Constitution During the Washington Administration
85
II.
Early Struggles over State and National Sovereignty: Chisholm v. Georgia and the Eleventh Amendment
86
Chisholm v. Georgia
87
Note: The Eleventh Amendment
90
III.
Alien and Sedition Acts and the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798
91
A.
Alien Act of 1798
92
B.
Sedition Act
93
1.
Meaning of the First Amendment
94
2.
Original Understanding
95
3.
Republican Response
97
Discussion
99
C.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and the Doctrine of Nullification
100
1.
Nullification and Interposition
101
2.
Nullification Crisis and the "Tariff of Abominations"
104
Discussion
107
Note: Judicial Review Before Marbury: The Supreme Court in Its Early Years
108
IV.
Election of 1800
112
V.
Early Political Struggles over the Federal Judiciary
114
A.
Stuart v. Laird and the Elimination of the Intermediate Appellate Judiciary
117
Stuart v. Laird
117
Discussion
119
B.
Marbury and Judicial Review of Legislation
120
Marbury v. Madison
120
Discussion
133
C.
Limitations on Judicial Power
139
1.
Jurisdiction Stripping
139
2.
Standing
141
3.
Political Questions
142
D.
Judicial Review in a Democratic Polity
144
1.
Countermajoritarian Difficulty
144
2.
Justifications for Judicial Review
145
a.
Supervising Inter- and Intra-governmental Relations
145
b.
Preserving Fundamental Values
148
c.
Protecting the Integrity of Democratic Processes
149
3.
Countermajoritarian Difficulty Challenged
150
a.
Countermajoritarian Features of the Political Branches
150
b.
"Majoritarian" Aspects of Judicial Review
152
Note: Judicial "Good Behavior" and Lifetime Tenure
154
VI.
Louisiana Purchase
154
Discussion
156
Note: The "Marshall Court"
158
Note: Limiting the President's Power as Commander-in-Chief
159
Discussion
160
VII.
Protection of Property Rights and the Natural Law Tradition
160
Fletcher v. Peck
160
Discussion
163
Note: Natural Law, Vested Rights, and the Written Constitution: Sources for Judicial Review
166
1.
Natural Law Tradition in America
166
2.
Judicial Protection of Vested Rights
168
Calder v. Bull
169
Discussion
171
3.
Explicit Federal Constitutional Protection of Rights
172
4.
Ninth Amendment
172
Note: Is Constitutional Law a Comedy or a Tragedy?
174
Discussion
176
VIII.
American Indians and the American Political Community
177
Discussion
181
IX.
Women's Citizenship in the Antebellum Era
182
Discussion
186
X.
Regulation of the Interstate Economy
187
Gibbons v. Ogden
187
Discussion
194
Note: Federal Preemption
200
Arizona v. United States
200
Note: Language, Purpose, and Meaning
201
1.
Language and Purpose
201
2.
Discovering the Adopters' Purposes
204
XI.
"General Welfare"
208
A.
Spending Clause and Disaster Relief
208
B.
Internal Improvements
209
James Madison, Veto Message (March 3, 1817)
209
James K. Polk, Veto Message (December 15, 1847)
211
Discussion
215
ch. 3
Are We a Nation? The Jacksonian Era to the Civil War, 1835-1865
217
I.
Interstate and Foreign Commerce and Personal Mobility
222
A.
States' "Police Powers" as a Constraint on the National Commerce Power
223
Mayor of the City of New York v. Miln
223
Discussion
230
B.
Cooley Accommodation
236
Cooley v. Board of Wardens
236
Discussion
238
Note on Congressional Consent
238
C.
Privileges and Immunities of State Citizenship and Personal Mobility Among the States
240
1.
Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV
241
Corfield v. Coryell
241
Discussion
243
2.
Interstate Mobility
243
Crandall v. Nevada
243
Discussion
244
II.
Slavery
245
A.
Interstate Slave Trade
245
Groves v. Slaughter
245
Note: The United States Mail and American Pluralism
248
B.
Fugitive Slaves
251
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
251
Discussion
258
C.
Prelude to Secession
260
Dred Scott v. Sandford
263
Discussion
280
Frederick Douglass, The Constitution of the United States: Is It Pro-Slavery or Anti-Slavery?
288
Discussion
292
D.
Judicial Supremacy and Dred Scott: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
293
Discussion
295
III.
"And the War Came": The President as Commander-in-Chief and the Preservation of the Union
296
A.
Debate over Secession
297
1.
President James Buchanan Opposes Both Secession and War
297
2.
South Carolina Justifies Its Secession
298
Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union (December 24, 1860)
298
3.
Judah Benjamin Defends Secession
300
4.
Jefferson Davis Takes the Helm of the Confederate States of America
301
5.
Lincoln Responds and Acts
301
Discussion
302
Texas v. White
305
Note: The Confederate Constitution
306
Discussion
308
B.
Authority of the President to Repel Attacks on the Union
308
Prize Cases
309
Discussion
311
C.
Lincoln and the Suspension of Habeas Corpus
313
1.
Chief Justice Taney on the Exclusive Authority of Congress
314
Ex parte Merryman
315
2.
President Asserts Executive Authority
316
Discussion
317
D.
Lincoln: The Great Emancipator
318
Note: Former Justice Curtis Dissents
319
Discussion
320
Note: "Reverence for Law"
322
Discussion
323
Note: The Gettysburg Address as Constitutional Interpretation
324
Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863)
325
Discussion
325
E.
Use of Military Tribunals as an Alternative to Trial by Jury
326
Ex parte Milligan
326
Discussion
329
ch. 4
From Reconstruction to the New Deal: 1866-1934
331
I.
Reconstruction Constitution
331
A.
History of the Adoption of the Reconstruction Amendments
331
1.
Thirteenth Amendment
331
2.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
332
3.
Fourteenth Amendment
336
Senator Jacob Howard, Speech Introducing the Fourteenth Amendment (May 23, 1866)
338
Discussion
342
Note: What the Fourteenth Amendment Did Not Say
347
Note: The Unusual Procedural History of the Fourteenth Amendment
348
Discussion
352
4.
Fifteenth Amendment
356
Note: When Did the Civil War End?
357
B.
Fourteenth Amendment Limited
359
Slaughterhouse Cases
360
Discussion
371
United States v. Cruikshank
376
Discussion
377
Bradwell v. Illinois
377
Discussion
379
Note: The "New Departure" and Women's Place in the Constitutional Order
380
Minor v. Happersett
383
Discussion
385
Note: The Fourteenth Amendment, Birthright Citizenship, and American Indians
386
Note: "The Riddle of Hiram Revels"
390
Discussion
391
C.
Early Application of the Fourteenth Amendment to Race Discrimination
391
Strauder v. West Virginia
391
Discussion
396
D.
Creation of the State Action Doctrine
398
Civil Rights Cases
398
Discussion
408
E.
Establishment of the "Separate but Equal" Doctrine
412
Plessy v. Ferguson
413
Discussion
420
Charles Black, The Lawfulness of the Segregation Decisions
426
Note: The Spirit of Plessy and Black Disenfranchisement
427
Giles v. Harris
430
Discussion
431
II.
Creating an "American" Nation
431
A.
American Expansionism, Race, Ethnicity, and the Constitution
431
Downes v. Bidwell
432
Discussion
442
B.
Ethnic Diversity and the Constitution: The Case of Chinese Immigration
444
Chae Chan Ping v. United States
445
Discussion
450
III.
Rise of the Modern Industrial Order and the Protection of Economic Rights
452
A.
Economic Disorder and Emergency Powers
452
In re Debs
453
Discussion
455
B.
Rise of Due Process Protection Against State Economic Regulation
456
C.
Application of the Bill of Rights to the States
460
Discussion
462
D.
Heyday of Police Power Jurisprudence, 1890-1934
463
Lochner v. New York
463
1.
Idea of Police Power Jurisprudence
469
2.
Meanings of "Liberty," "Property," and "Due Process"
470
3.
Scope of the Police Power: Permissible and Impermissible Objectives
472
4.
Burdens of Proof and Questions of Degree
474
5.
Laissez Faire, Lawyers, and Legal Scholarship
475
6.
Survey of the Court's Work
478
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
479
E.
Freedom of Contract and the Problem of "Involuntary Servitude"
481
Discussion
485
IV.
Congressional Regulation of Interstate Commerce and of the National Economy
487
A.
Commerce Power
487
Champion v. Ames [The Lottery Case]
489
Discussion
493
Hammer v. Dagenhart
494
Discussion
498
Note: On "Prisoner's Dilemmas" and Centralized Coordination
499
Note: Binary Oppositions and Congressional Ability to Invoke Its Power Under the Commerce Clause
501
B.
Taxing Power
502
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (The Child Labor Tax Case)
502
C.
Spending Power
504
Discussion
506
D.
Treaty Power
507
Missouri v. Holland
507
E.
Eleventh Amendment and State Sovereign Immunity
511
Hans v. Louisiana
511
Discussion
512
V.
"When a Nation Is at War": World War I and the First Amendment
513
Discussion
516
Note: Further Questions on the Constitution and "Emergency Power" During Time of War
518
VI.
Constitutional Innovation During the Progressive Period
520
A.
Sixteenth Amendment
520
B.
Seventeenth Amendment
521
C.
Eighteenth Amendment
522
D.
Nineteenth Amendment
522
E.
Constitutional Limits on Article V?
525
1.
Time Limits
526
Discussion
528
2.
Are There Substantive Limits to Constitutional Amendment?
528
Part Two Constitutional Adjudication In The Modern World
531
Evolution of the Bill of Rights and Its "Incorporation" Against the States
532
ch. 5
New Deal and the Civil Rights Era
541
I.
Decline of Judicial Intervention Against Economic Regulation
541
A.
1934
541
Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell [The Minnesota Mortgage Moratorium Case]
543
Discussion
550
B.
1935-1937
552
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
553
C.
Modern Doctrine of Economic Due Process
555
United States v. Carolene Products Co.
555
Discussion
558
Williamson v. Lee Optical Co.
562
Discussion
564
D.
Modern Contract Clause Doctrine
569
Discussion
572
E.
Modern Takings Clause Doctrine
573
Jed Rubenfeld, Usings
573
Discussion
580
II.
Creation of the New Deal Settlement and the Relaxation of Judicial Constraints on Congressional Power
591
A.
1935-1936-The Supreme Court Confronts Roosevelt over Federal Power
591
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
592
Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
593
Discussion
597
United States v. Butler
598
Discussion
601
Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Fireside Chat" (March 9, 1937)
603
Discussion
606
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
607
Discussion
608
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address on Constitution Day, Washington, D.C. (September 17, 1937)
608
Discussion
610
B.
Emergence of Modern Commerce Clause Doctrine
610
United States v. Darby
611
Wickard v. Filburn
613
Discussion
614
Note: On Constitutional Revolution
616
C.
Taxing and Spending Power
618
Steward Machine Company v. Davis
619
Discussion
621
III.
National Power in the Civil Rights Era
621
A.
1960s Civil Rights Legislation: Commerce Power or Reconstruction Power?
621
1.
Civil Rights Movement and the Civil Rights Act of 1964
621
Discussion
626
2.
Congressional Power to Pass the Civil Rights Bill
627
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
629
Katzenbach v. McClung
629
Discussion
631
B.
Reconstruction Power in the Civil Rights Era
633
Note: The Voting Rights Act of 1965
634
Lyndon B. Johnson, Special Message to the Congress: The American Promise (March 15, 1965)
635
Discussion
638
South Carolina v. Katzenbach
639
Katzenbach v. Morgan
643
Discussion
649
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
651
Oregon v. Mitchell
654
ch. 6
Federalism, Separation of Powers, and National Security in the Modern Era
659
I.
Judicial Constraints on Congressional Power
659
A.
Rehnquist and Roberts Courts: Finding Limits on Federal Power
659
1.
Commerce Power
660
United States v. Lopez
660
Discussion
674
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [The Health Care Case]
686
Discussion
695
United States v. Comstock
699
Discussion
702
2.
Taxing Power
704
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [The Health Care Case]
704
Discussion
710
3.
Spending Power
712
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [The Health Care Case]
714
Discussion
725
4.
Treaty Power
727
Bond v. United States
727
Discussion
729
5.
Reconstruction Power
731
City of Boerne v. Flores
731
Discussion
742
Akhil Reed Amar, Intratextualism
744
United States v. Morrison
746
Discussion
749
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
752
Discussion
756
Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder
759
Discussion
778
II.
Affirmative Limits on Congressional Regulations of State Governments
783
A.
From the Hughes Court to the Burger Court: Practically No Limits?
783
National League of Cities v. Usery
784
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
785
Discussion
789
B.
Rehnquist Court: Finding Affirmative Limits
791
Gregory v. Ashcroft
793
Discussion
795
New York v. United States
797
Discussion
807
Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, Field Office Federalism
810
Printz v. United States
811
Discussion
823
Note: State Sovereign Immunity
824
Discussion
826
Note: Cooperative (and Uncooperative) Federalism)
830
III.
Interstate Federalism and the National Economy
835
A.
Dormant Commerce Clause
836
1.
Burdensome Laws: The Development of a Balancing Test
837
2.
Facially Discriminatory Laws: The "Per Se Invalidity" Test
838
3.
Market Participant Exception
839
4.
General Theories of Dormant Commerce
840
B.
Interstate Privileges and Immunities
840
IV.
Executive Power of the United States
842
A.
(Non)Prosecution Power
843
United States v. Cox
843
Discussion
854
United States v. Nixon, President of the United States
856
Discussion
862
B.
Appointment Power
867
In re Sealed Case
868
Morrison v. Olson
878
Discussion
892
Edmond v. United States
898
Discussion
901
National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning
903
Discussion
907
C.
Veto Power
912
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
913
Discussion
928
D.
Power of the Sword
936
1.
Emergency Power During Wartime
936
Executive Order: Directing the Secretary of Commerce to Take Possession of and Operate the Plants and Facilities of Certain Steel Companies
937
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
940
Discussion
953
Note: The Power to Wage War
957
2.
Executive Detention
966
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
966
Discussion
981
3.
Military Tribunals
985
4.
Habeas Corpus for the Guantanamo Detainees
987
Boumediene v. Bush
987
Discussion
989
5.
Torture and Presidential Power
992
Discussion
994
6.
Targeted Killings
996
7.
Diplomatic Recognition
998
Zivotofsky v. Kerry
998
Discussion
1006
E.
Presidential Privileges and Immunities
1008
F.
Presidential Selection
1012
Note: Presidential Impeachment
1015
ch. 7
Race and the Equal Protection Clause
1017
I.
Brown v. Board of Education and the Constitutional Struggle over Desegregation
1017
A.
Background to the School Desegregation Case
1017
Note: Brown and the Cold War
1019
B.
School Desegregation Case
1023
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
1023
Bolling v. Sharpe
1027
Discussion
1027
Note: A "Dissent" from Brown
1030
Discussion
1031
Note: Brown and the Original Understanding
1032
Discussion
1034
C.
Brown's Legacy, Fulfilled or Betrayed? Four Decades of School Desegregation
1038
1.
Brown II and "All Deliberate Speed"
1038
Brown v. Board of Education (Brown II)
1038
2.
"Massive Resistance" to School Desegregation
1039
3.
Political Branches Respond: 1964-1968
1041
4.
Supreme Court Reasserts Itself
1042
5.
Swann and Metropolitan Segregation in the South
1043
6.
School Segregation in the North-The Court Confronts the De Jure/De Facto Distinction
1043
7.
Turning Point-Inter-District Relief
1046
8.
Era of Retrenchment
1049
Missouri v. Jenkins (Jenkins II)
1049
Discussion
1052
II.
Antidiscrimination Principle and the "Suspect Classification" Standard
1053
A.
Origins of the Suspect Classification Doctrine
1054
1.
Japanese Internment Case
1054
Korematsu v. United States
1054
Discussion
1058
2.
Court Strikes Down Antimiscegenation Statutes
1060
Loving v. Virginia
1061
Discussion
1066
B.
Reach of the Suspect Classification Doctrine
1073
1.
Racial Segregation in Prisons
1073
Johnson v. California
1073
2.
Family Formation
1074
a.
Child Custody Decisions Following Divorce
1074
b.
Race-Matching Policies in Adoption
1075
3.
Government Collection and Use of Racial Data
1076
Discussion
1078
Note: Four Concepts of "Race": Status-Based, Formal, Historical, and Cultural
1079
C.
When Is a Decision Made "on the Basis of Race?
1081
1.
Early Cases
1081
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1082
Ho Ah Kow v. Nunan
1082
2.
Brown v. Board of Education and Desegregation
1084
3.
Interplay Between the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Acts
1085
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
1085
Discussion
1087
4.
Court Separates the Fourteenth Amendment from the Civil Rights Acts
1089
Washington v. Davis
1090
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
1094
Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
1095
Discussion
1096
Note: Commentaries on the Intent Standard
1101
Discussion
1103
5.
Future of Disparate Impact Legislation
1106
Ricci v. DeStefano
1107
Discussion
1110
D.
Race and the Criminal Justice System
1112
1.
War on Drugs and the Powder Cocaine/Crack Cocaine Distinction
1112
United States v. Clary
1112
Discussion
1115
2.
Administering Death
1116
McCleskey v. Kemp
1116
Discussion
1122
3.
Suspect Descriptions
1123
Brown v. City of Oneonta
1123
Discussion
1124
Note: Racial Profiling and the Equal Protection Clause
1125
E.
"Preferential" Treatment for Racial Minorities
1128
1.
Central Issues
1128
2.
Early Cases
1130
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
1131
3.
Affirmative Action from Bakke to Croson
1135
4.
Affirmative Action in the Rehnquist Court
1137
City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1137
Discussion
1148
Adarand Constructors v. Pena
1152
Note: Originalism and Affirmative Action
1154
5.
Court Reaffirms Bakke
1159
Grutter v. Bollinger
1159
Gratz v. Bollinger
1179
Discussion
1182
6.
Roberts Court Interprets Brown in Light of Affirmative Action
1186
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
1186
Discussion
1213
Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin
1216
Discussion
1224
Note: Racial Redistricting and the Equal Protection Clause
1226
F.
Citizenship and Alienage Under the Equal Protection Clause
1227
1.
Early Interplay of Race and Alienage
1227
2.
Regulation of Aliens by State Governments
1230
Graham v. Richardson
1230
Bernal v. Fainter
1233
Discussion
1239
3.
Regulation of Resident Aliens by the Federal Government
1242
Discussion
1243
ch. 8
Sex Equality
1249
I.
Sex Equality Claims Under the Fourteenth Amendment: Social Movements and Constitutional Change
1249
A.
Fourteenth Amendment's First Century
1249
B.
Movement Roots of Modern Sex Discrimination Law
1252
Frontiero v. Richardson
1257
Discussion
1263
Note: Reasoning from Race in Frontiero and Beyond
1264
Note: The Equal Rights Amendment
1266
Discussion
1268
Note: The Nineteenth Amendment
1273
II.
What Does Intermediate Scrutiny Prohibit?
1275
A.
Intermediate Scrutiny, Sex Stereotyping, and Laws Enforcing Breadwinner/Caregiver Roles
1275
Note: Sex Discrimination and Same-Sex Marriage
1281
Discussion
1284
Note: On Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation
1285
B.
Intermediate Scrutiny and the Race-Gender Analogy
1287
United States v. Virginia [The VMI Case]
1289
Discussion
1303
Note: Constitutional Interpretation, Originalism, and Sex Discrimination
1306
Discussion
1308
Note: Intermediate Scrutiny and Single-Sex Education
1309
Note: Affirmative Action and Intermediate Scrutiny
1314
C.
Intermediate Scrutiny and Claims of Sex Difference: Pregnancy as a Justification for Sex-Differentiated Treatment of Men and Women
1315
Tuan Anh Nguyen v. INS
1317
Discussion
1321
Sessions v. Morales-Santana
1323
Discussion
1325
III.
Distinguishing Sex-Based and Sex-Neutral Policies: Evolving Perspectives on Pregnancy
1326
A.
Criteria for Distinguishing Sex-Based and Sex-Neutral Policies
1326
Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
1327
Discussion
1333
B.
Judicial and Legislative Perspectives on Pregnancy and Sex Equality: Alternative Understandings
1335
1.
Classifications on the Basis of Sex and Pregnancy
1335
Discussion
1336
Note: Differing Approaches to Pregnancy Discrimination Under the Constitution and Federal Civil Rights Law
1338
Note: Abortion and Equal Protection
1339
2.
Congress and the Court: Evolving Understandings of Pregnancy
1341
Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
1343
Discussion
1345
IV.
Gender in the Military: Constitutional Change Outside the Courts
1350
A.
Brief History of Women in the Military: The Creation and Erosion of "Combat Exclusion" Rules
1350
B.
End of the Combat Exclusion?
1353
C.
Rostker and the Constitutionality of Gender-Based Conscription
1355
Discussion
1358
V.
Other Suspect Bases of Classification: Thinking Outside the "Tiers of Scrutiny" Model
1360
City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center
1363
Discussion
1373
Note: Accommodation as a Norm-The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
1375
ch. 9
Liberty, Equality, and Fundamental Rights: The Constitution, the Family, and the Body
1377
I.
Historical Roots of Fundamental Rights Adjudication
1377
A.
Doctrinal Antecedents
1378
B.
Popular and Philosophical Debate About the Criminalization of Sex
1380
II.
Contemporary Fundamental Rights Adjudication
1383
A.
Contraception Case
1383
Griswold v. Connecticut
1383
Discussion
1395
Note: The Reach of Griswold
1403
Eisenstadt v. Baird
1403
Note: Tradition as a Source of Fundamental Rights
1405
Jack M. Balkin, Tradition, Betrayal, and the Politics of Deconstruction
1410
Discussion
1411
III.
Reproductive Rights and Abortion
1414
A.
Decision in Roe v. Wade
1414
Roe v. Wade
1416
Doe v. Bolton
1425
Discussion
1426
Note: Did Roe Cause the Abortion Conflict?
1428
Discussion
1431
B.
Abortion and the Equal Protection Clause
1431
Reva Siegel, Reasoning from the Body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection
1433
Discussion
1436
C.
Decisions After Roe
1440
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
1447
Discussion
1477
D.
Abortion Restrictions After Casey
1482
Gonzales v. Carhart [Carhart II]
1482
Discussion
1486
Note: Absolute and Incremental Restrictions on Abortion
1490
Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1495
Discussion
1506
IV.
Sexuality and Sexual Orientation
1511
A.
Sexual Orientation: Liberty and Equality
1511
1.
Court's First Ruling on Laws Criminalizing Sodomy
1512
Bowers v. Hardwick
1513
Discussion
1519
2.
Bowers Blunted, But Not Reversed
1524
Romer v. Evans
1525
Discussion
1531
3.
Bowers Reversed
1534
Lawrence v. Texas
1535
Discussion
1552
Note: Liberty, Equality, and Lawrence
1555
1.
Liberty and/or Equality?
1556
2.
Liberty versus Equality: A Queer Perspective
1557
3.
Dignity in Lawrence
1558
B.
Sexual Orientation: Equal Protection and Heightened Scrutiny
1559
Letter from the Attorney General to Congress on Litigation Involving the Defense of Marriage Act (February 23, 2011)
1560
Discussion
1563
C.
Same-Sex Marriage
1566
United States v. Windsor
1570
Discussion
1572
Obergefell v. Hodges
1575
Discussion
1595
D.
Backlash and Social Movements
1604
Judicial Backlash Thesis
1605
Skeptics of the Judicial Backlash Thesis
1605
Note: The Right to Die and Other Implied Fundamental Rights
1607
V.
Constitutional Right of Self-Defense
1611
District of Columbia v. Heller
1611
McDonald v. City of Chicago
1635
Discussion
1636
ch. 10
Constitution in the Modern Welfare State
1649
I.
Does the Constitution Affirmatively Guarantee Any Welfare Rights?
1651
A.
Rights of Indigents in the Criminal Justice System
1651
B.
Creation of Fundamental Interests Under the Equal Protection Clause
1653
Harper v. Virginia Bd. of Elections
1653
Discussion
1657
Note: Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment
1657
C.
Minimum Needs Rejected
1661
Dandridge v. Williams
1661
Discussion
1667
D.
Right to Education
1668
1.
"Equal Provision" of Public Education
1668
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
1668
Discussion
1681
2.
Is There a Right to Some Minimal Provision of Educational Resources?
1682
Plyler v. Doe
1682
Discussion
1688
Note: On the Enforceability of "Positive Rights"
1688
Discussion
1690
E.
Does the State Have a "Duty to Rescue"?
1694
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services
1694
Discussion
1698
Note: State Action in the Age of the Welfare State
1701
II.
Procedural Due Process Protection of Entitlements and Other Nontraditional Property and Liberty Interests: The Basic Doctrine
1705
A.
What Procedural Safeguards Are Due?
1705
Goldberg v. Kelly
1705
Discussion
1708
Note: To What Extent Does Goldberg Rest on Legal Formality?
1710
III.
Welfare State and Burdens on Interstate Mobility
1711
A.
Right to Travel as a Fundamental Right
1711
Shapiro v. Thompson
1711
B.
Right to Relocate
1718
C.
Can the State Give More Welfare to Long-Time Residents Than to Newcomers?
1719
Discussion
1720
D.
Congressional Consent
1721
E.
Court Reconsiders (and Reconceptualizes) Shapiro
1722
Saenz v. Roe
1722
Discussion
1725
IV.
Conditioning Spending in the Welfare State - The Problem of Unconstitutional Conditions
1725
A.
Introduction: Rights; Waivers; and Inducements to Change Behavior
1725
Table of Justices
1733
Table of Cases
1755
Index
1767