War, aggression and self-defence / Yoram Dinstein, Tel-Aviv University.
2017
KZ6374 .D56 2017 (Map It)
On loan from Cellar, due 16. May 2025
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Details
Author
Title
War, aggression and self-defence / Yoram Dinstein, Tel-Aviv University.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, [2017]
Call Number
KZ6374 .D56 2017
Edition
Sixth edition.
ISBN
9781107191143 hardcover
1107191149 hardcover
9781316641668 paperback
131664166X paperback
9781108129015
1107191149 hardcover
9781316641668 paperback
131664166X paperback
9781108129015
Description
xxxiv, 405 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)980346819
Summary
"[This book is a] guide to international legal issues of war and peace, the crime of aggression, self-defence and its trigger, armed attack, and the different modalities of self-defence, as well as enforcement measures taken under the aegis of a binding decision of the Security Council. This new and fully updated 6th edition focuses on the key issues at the forefront of the contemporary international legal debate, as well as analysing the new armed conflicts in Syria, Ukraine and Georgia, re-examining the Kampala amendments on the crime of aggression and considering the phenomenon of 'robust' mandates of a peacekeeping force."-- Back cover.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Introduction to the Sixth Edition
xiii
Table of Cases
xvi
Table of Treaties
xix
Table of Security Council Resolutions
xxv
Table of General Assembly Resolutions
xxviii
List of Abbreviations
xxix
pt. I
Legal Nature of War
1
1.
Armed Conflict, War and Neutrality
3
I.
Armed Conflict and War
3
II.
Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bella
5
III.
Definition of War
5
A.
Numerous Meanings of War
5
B.
Analysis of Oppenheim's Definition of War
7
(a).
Inter-State and Intra-State Armed Conflicts
7
(b).
War in the Material and in the Purely Technical Sense
11
(c).
Total Wars, Limited Wars and Incidents `Short of War'
13
(d).
War as an Asymmetrical Phenomenon
16
C.
Proposed Definition of War
17
IV.
Status Mixtus
17
A.
Peacetime Status Mixtus
18
B.
Wartime Status Mixtus
19
V.
Region of War
21
A.
Territories of Belligerent Parties
21
(a).
General Rule
21
(b).
Exception: Neutralized Zones
21
B.
High Seas and the Exclusive Economic Zone
24
C.
Outer Space
25
VI.
Neutrality
26
A.
Basic Principles
26
B.
Some Concrete Rules
27
(a).
Passage of Belligerent Military Units and War Materials
28
(b).
Enrolment in Belligerent Armed Forces
29
(c).
Military Supplies to Belligerent Parties
29
2.
Course of War
32
I.
Beginning of War
32
A.
War in the Purely Technical Sense
32
B.
War in the Material Sense
35
II.
Termination of War
36
A.
Treaties of Peace
36
(a).
Significance of a Treaty of Peace
36
(b).
Peace Preliminaries
41
(c).
Legal Validity of a Treaty of Peace
41
B.
Armistice Agreements
44
(a).
Transformation in the Meaning of Armistice
44
(b).
Analysis of the Israeli Armistice Agreements
47
(c).
Disparity and Similarity between an Armistice and a Treaty of Peace
49
C.
Other Modes of Terminating War
51
(a).
Implied Mutual Consent
51
(b).
Debellatio
52
(c).
Unilateral Declaration
53
III.
Suspension of Hostilities
54
A.
Different Types of Suspension of Hostilities
54
(a).
Local Cease-Fire Agreements
55
(b).
General Cease-Fire Agreements
56
(c).
Cease-Fire Ordained by the Security Council
57
B.
Nature of Cease-Fire
59
C.
Denunciation and Breach of Cease-Fire
61
(a).
Fragility of Cease-Fire
61
(b).
`Material Breach' of Cease-Fire Agreements
63
pt. II
Illegality of War
65
3.
Historical Perspective of the Legal Status of War
67
I.
`Just War' Doctrine in the Past
67
A.
Roman Origins
67
B.
Christian Theology
68
C.
`Fathers' of International Law
69
II.
Recent Concepts of `Just War'
71
A.
Kelsen's Theory
71
B.
`Wars of National Liberation'
72
C.
`Humanitarian Intervention'
75
III.
Extra-Legality of War
77
IV.
Legality of War
80
V.
Exceptions to the General Liberty to Go to War
81
A.
Special Arrangements
81
B.
Hague Conventions
83
C.
Covenant of the League of Nations
84
4.
Contemporary Prohibition of the Use of Inter-State Force
87
I.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
87
II.
Charter of the United Nations
89
A.
Prohibition of the Use or Threat of Inter-State Force
89
(a).
Use of Force
89
(b).
Threat of Force
91
B.
Non-Restrictive Scope of the Prohibition
93
C.
Attempts to Limit the Range of the Prohibition
95
III.
Customary International Law
98
A.
Interaction between Custom and Treaty
98
B.
Charter of the United Nations and Customary International Law on the Use of Inter-State Force
100
(a).
Article 2(4)
100
(b).
Article 2(6)
102
C.
Are the Norms of the Charter and Customary International Law on the Use of Inter-State Force Identical?
104
IV.
Treaties Other than the Pact and the Charter
105
A.
General Treaties
105
B.
Regional Treaties
107
C.
Bilateral Treaties
108
V.
Prohibition of the Use of the Inter-State Force as Jus Cogens
109
A.
Significance of Jus Cogens
109
(a).
Clash between a Treaty and Peremptory Norms
109
(b).
Peremptory Nature of the Prohibition of the Use of Inter-State Force
109
(c).
Consequences of the Peremptory Nature of the Prohibition
111
B.
How Can Jus Cogens be Modified?
113
VI.
State Responsibility
116
A.
Application of General Rules of State Responsibility
116
(a).
Responsibility and Reparation
116
(b).
War Claims for Compensation
117
B.
State Responsibility for International Crimes
120
(a).
Criminal Responsibility of States
120
(b).
Erga Omnes Obligations
122
(c).
Punitive Damages
124
VII.
Consent
125
A.
Ad Hoc Consent
125
(a).
Consent to Foreign Military Assistance against Local Insurgents
125
(b).
Consent to Other Foreign Uses of Force in the Local Territory
127
(c).
Limits of Consent and its Withdrawal
127
B.
Consent by Treaty
129
5.
Crime of Aggression
131
I.
Meaning of Aggression
131
II.
Aggression as a Crime
132
A.
Nuremberg Legacy
132
(a).
Background
132
(b).
London Charter
133
(c).
Nuremberg Judgment
134
B.
Post-Nuremberg Developments
136
C.
Rome Statute and the Kampala Amendments
138
(a).
Rome Statute
138
(b).
Kampala Amendments
139
III.
Definition of the Crime of Aggression
142
A.
Aggression vs. War of Aggression as a Crime
142
B.
Criminal Impact of the General Assembly Definition of Aggression
145
IV.
Individual Accountability for the Crime of Aggression
149
A.
Actus Reus
149
(a).
Ratione Materiae
149
(b).
Ratione Personae
151
(c).
Ratione Temporis
153
B.
Mens Rea
155
(a).
Mistake of Fact
156
(b).
Mistake of Law
157
(c).
Duress
158
(d).
Insanity
158
C.
Inadmissible Defence Pleas
159
(a).
Obedience to Domestic Law
159
(b).
Obedience to Superior Orders
160
(c).
Acts of State
162
D.
Penal Proceedings
163
E.
Immunities from Jurisdiction
165
(a).
Foreign Domestic Courts
165
(i).
Diplomatic and Consular Agents
165
(ii).
Heads of States
166
(iii).
Certain High-Ranking Office Holders
168
(iv).
Limits of Jurisdictional Immunities
169
(b).
International Criminal Proceedings
170
6.
Controversial Consequences of the Change in the Legal Status of War
173
I.
War in the Technical Sense
174
II.
Inconclusive `Police Action'
175
III.
Equal Application of the Jus in Bello
177
A.
Self-Defence
177
(a).
Theory
177
(b).
Practice
180
(c).
Some Confusing Judicial Dicta
182
B.
Collective Security
184
IV.
Impartial Neutrality
186
A.
Survival of Neutrality
186
B.
Non-Member States of the United Nations
187
C.
Qualified Neutrality
188
V.
Territorial Changes
190
A.
Non-Annexation
191
B.
Self-Determination
192
C.
Jus Cogens
192
D.
Non-Recognition
193
pt. III
Exceptions to the Prohibition of the Use of Inter-State Force
195
7.
Concept of Self-Defence
197
I.
Right of Self-Defence
197
A.
Article 51 of the Charter
197
B.
Customary International Law
198
C.
Right vs. Duty
200
II.
Setting of Self-Defence
202
A.
Self-Help
202
B.
Inter-State Use of Force
202
C.
Survival of the State?
203
D.
`Legitimate Defence'?
204
III.
Response to an Armed Attack
205
A.
Armed Attack as a Condition to Self-Defence
205
B.
Gap between Articles 2(4) and 51
205
C.
When Does an Armed Attack Occur?
208
D.
Scale and Effects of an Armed Attack
209
E.
Series of Acts
211
F.
Locale of an Armed Attack
213
(a).
Unauthorized Crossing of a Frontier
213
(b).
Armed Attacks Commencing Subsequent to the Crossing of a Frontier
215
(c).
Armed Attacks within the Territory of the Aggressor State
216
(d).
Armed Attacks within the Territory of a Third State
216
(e).
Armed Attacks outside the Territories of All States
218
G.
Targets of an Armed Attack
218
(a).
Wide Range of Possible Targets
218
(b).
Attacks against Nationals Abroad
219
H.
Choice of Weapons
221
IV.
Armed Attack and Preemptive Self-Defence
222
A.
Anticipatory Use of Force
222
B.
Customary Right?
223
C.
Insufficiency of Exceptional Threats
226
V.
Beginning of an Armed Attack and Interceptive Self-Defence
229
A.
Need to Look beyond the `First Shot'
229
B.
Interceptive Self-Defence
231
C.
`Imminence'
233
VI.
De Facto Organs of a State
235
A.
Employment of Auxiliaries by a State
236
B.
Criterion of Effective Control
238
VII.
Self-Defence in Response to an Armed Attack by Non-State Actors
241
A.
Language of Article 51
241
B.
State Complicity in Armed Attacks by Non-State Actors
242
C.
Armed Attacks by Non-State Actors without Any Complicity by a Foreign State
244
D.
Response to Armed Attacks Not Attributed to States
245
VIII.
Conditions Precedent to the Exercise of Self-Defence
249
A.
Necessity
249
B.
Proportionality
251
C.
Immediacy
252
IX.
Role of the Security Council
253
A.
Two Phases Rule
253
B.
Options before the Security Council
255
C.
Failure to Report to the Security Council
258
8.
Modalities of Individual Self-Defence
261
I.
Self-Defence in Response to an Armed Attack by a State
261
A.
Measures `Short of War'
261
(a).
On-the-Spot Reaction
261
(b).
Defensive Armed Reprisals
264
(i).
Meaning of Defensive Armed Reprisals
264
(ii).
Interplay between Defensive Armed Reprisals and Belligerent Reprisals
265
(iii).
Conditions of Necessity, Proportionality and Immediacy
267
(iv).
Legality of Defensive Armed Reprisals
269
(v).
Combined Response to a Series of Pin-Prick Assaults
275
(c).
Protection of Nationals Abroad
275
B.
War
279
(a).
Necessity
281
(b).
Proportionality
282
(c).
Immediacy
287
II.
Self-Defence in Response to an Armed Attack from a State
289
A.
Extra-Territorial Law Enforcement
289
B.
Practice of States
294
C.
Webster's Formula
296
D.
Conditions of Necessity, Proportionality and Immediacy
297
(a).
Necessity
297
(b).
Proportionality
298
(c).
Immediacy
299
E.
No Inter-State Clash of Arms
300
9.
Collective Self-Defence
301
I.
Meaning of Collective Self-Defence
301
A.
Four Categories of Collective Self-Defence
301
(a).
Individual Self-Defence Individually Exercised
301
(b).
Individual Self-Defence Collectively Exercised
301
(c).
Collective Self-Defence Individually Exercised
303
(d).
Collective Self-Defence Collectively Exercised
303
B.
Collective Self-Defence as the Defence of Self
303
C.
Is There a Need for a Treaty?
305
D.
Customary International Law
305
II.
Regional Arrangements under the Charter of the United Nations
306
III.
Collective Self-Defence Treaties
306
A.
Mutual Assistance Treaties
307
B.
Military Alliances
309
C.
Treaties of Guarantee
312
IV.
Legal Limitations of Collective Self-Defence
316
A.
Primacy of the Charter of the United Nations
316
B.
Requirement of an Armed Attack against a State
317
(a).
Indispensability of an Armed Attack
317
(b).
Statehood of the Victim
317
(c).
Is a Request for Assistance Necessary?
318
C.
Other Conditions for the Exercise of Collective Self-Defence
320
V.
Modalities of Collective Self-Defence
321
VI.
Gulf War and Collective Self-Defence
323
10.
Collective Security
328
I.
Meaning of Collective Security
328
A.
Definition
328
B.
Covenant of the League of Nations
328
C.
Charter of the United Nations
329
D.
Broad Powers of the Security Council
333
(a).
General Discretion of the Security Council
333
(b).
Threat to the Peace
335
(i).
Elasticity of the Concept
335
(ii).
Threat to the Peace, International Terrorism and Self-Defence
337
(iii).
Threat to the Peace in Domestic Situations
338
II.
Decision-Making Process
340
A.
Duties Incumbent on United Nations Member States
340
B.
Responsibility of the Security Council
341
III.
Overview of the Security Council's Record
342
A.
`Cold War' Era
342
B.
Gulf War
344
(a).
Invasion and Liberation of Kuwait (1990--1)
345
(b).
Cease-Fire Period (1991--2003)
346
(c).
Occupation of Iraq (2003)
347
C.
Post-'Cold War' Era (Other than the Gulf War)
351
IV.
Article 42 and Alternative Mechanisms
353
A.
Absence of Special Agreements under Article 43
353
B.
Peacekeeping Forces
355
C.
Enforcement Action beyond the Purview of Article 42
358
(a).
Use of Force by Authorization of the Security Council
358
(b).
Role of NATO
362
V.
Is There an Alternative to the Security Council?
365
A.
General Assembly
365
B.
International Court of Justice
368
(a).
Concurrent or Consecutive Competence of the Council and the Court
368
(b).
Can the Court Invalidate Binding Decisions Adopted by the Council?
372
(c).
Binding Decisions of the Council and Jus Cogens
375
Conclusion
379
Index of Persons
382
Index of Subjects
390