Cross-border transfers of undertakings : a European perspective / Kirsten Henckel.
2017
KJE2085 .H46 2017 (Map It)
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Items
Details
Author
Title
Cross-border transfers of undertakings : a European perspective / Kirsten Henckel.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International B.V., [2017]
Copyright
©2017
Call Number
KJE2085 .H46 2017
ISBN
9789041192271 (hbk. ; alk. paper)
9041192271
9789041192615 (e-book)
9789041192943 (web-PDF)
9041192271
9789041192615 (e-book)
9789041192943 (web-PDF)
Description
xiii, 375 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1005113046
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 335-363) and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
xi
ch. 1
Introduction
1
1.
Research Questions
3
2.
Research Method
5
2.1.
Comparative Approach
5
2.2.
`Black Letter Approach'
7
2.3.
Legal Historical Approach
7
2.4.
Empirical Approach
8
2.5.
Eclectic Approach
9
3.
Research Object
9
4.
Target Countries and Motives for Transferring Business Abroad
13
5.
Acquired Rights Directive and Cross-Border Transfers
14
6.
Existing Academic Knowledge and Perspectives
17
7.
Outline
19
ch. 2
Cross-Border Issues: Substantive Effects
21
1.
Introduction
21
2.
Definition
22
2.1.
Transfer Without Relocation
24
2.2.
Intra-European Transfer
24
2.3.
Outbound Transfer
26
2.4.
Inbound Transfer
29
2.5.
Concluding Remarks
30
3.
Cross-Border Application of Acquired Rights Provisions
30
3.1.
Territorial Scope of Article 1(2) Acquired Rights Directive
32
3.2.
Member State Implementation
38
3.2.1.
Group 1 - No Express Territorial Application
41
3.2.2.
Group 2 - Limitation to National Territory
43
3.2.3.
Group 3 - No Limitation to National Territory
46
3.3.
Concluding Remarks
47
4.
Additional Definitions
48
5.
Retention of Identity
50
5.1.
Type of Undertaking or Business
51
5.2.
Transfer of Tangible Assets
53
5.3.
Value of Intangible Assets
54
5.4.
Transfer of the Majority of Employees
55
5.5.
Transfer of the Client Base
59
5.6.
Degree of Similarities Between Activities Before and After the Transfer
60
5.7.
Period of Suspension of Activities
60
5.8.
Concluding Remarks
61
6.
Employee Mobility
62
6.1.
Obligation to Work
63
6.2.
Increase in Travel Time
67
6.3.
Substantial Change in Working Conditions
68
7.
Collective Effects
71
7.1.
Conflict of Laws
73
7.1.1.
Application of Collective Bargaining Agreements
73
7.1.2.
Conflicting Collective Bargaining Agreements
79
7.2.
Observance of Terms and Conditions Agreed in Collective Agreements
81
7.2.1.
Osterreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund
81
7.2.2.
Definition of Collective Agreement
85
7.3.
Concluding Remarks
87
8.
Pension Rights
88
9.
Insolvency
90
10.
Conclusion
93
ch. 3
Jurisdiction
95
1.
Introduction
95
2.
Acquired Rights Directive
96
3.
Jurisdictional Classification
99
4.
Claims Arising from a Transfer of Undertaking
105
4.1.
Transfer of Rights and Obligations
105
4.2.
Collective Agreements
107
4.3.
Protection Against Dismissal
108
4.4.
Substantial Change in Working Conditions
109
4.5.
Preservation of Status and Function Employee Representatives
110
4.6.
Information and Consultation
111
4.7.
Concluding Remarks
112
5.
Member State Jurisdiction
112
5.1.
Brussels I Regulation (Recast)
113
5.2.
Civil and Commercial Matters
114
5.3.
General Rule
121
5.4.
Disputes Arising Out of the Operations of a Branch, Agency or Other Establishment
124
5.5.
Individual Employment Contract
126
5.5.1.
Claims Initiated by the Employee
127
5.5.1.1.
Recent Developments
131
5.5.1.2.
Classification of Transfer Related Claims
132
5.5.1.2.1.
Concept `Individual Contract of Employment'
132
5.5.1.2.2.
Concept of Employee
133
5.5.1.2.3.
Person of the Plaintiff
134
5.5.1.2.4.
Claims Relating to a Cross-Border Transfer of Undertaking
135
5.5.2.
Claims Initiated by the Transferor or Transferee
137
5.5.3.
Jurisdiction Clauses
138
5.5.4.
Tacit Prorogation of Jurisdiction
139
5.5.5.
Arbitration Clauses
140
5.6.
Multiple Defendants
142
5.7.
Concluding Remarks
143
6.
Preferred Jurisdictional Path
144
6.1.
Effectiveness of Existing Legal Instruments
145
6.1.1.
Individual Employment Claims
146
6.1.2.
Non-individual Employment Claims
147
6.1.3.
Outbound Transfer
148
6.1.4.
Conclusion
149
6.2.
Proposed Changes to the Acquired Rights Directive
149
ch. 4
Conflict of Laws
151
1.
Introduction
151
2.
History
153
2.1.
Proposals of 1974 and 1975
154
2.2.
Directives 77/187/EEC, 98/50/EEC and 2001/23/EC
157
2.3.
Recent Developments
159
2.3.1.
CMS Report
159
2.3.2.
Legislative Efforts
164
3.
Classification
165
3.1.
Separate Conflict of Laws Category
167
3.1.1.
Connection to the Transfer Agreement
167
3.1.2.
Connection to the Location of the Undertaking
169
3.1.3.
Connection to the Individual Employment Contract
172
3.2.
Division According to the Rights in Dispute
174
3.3.
Concluding Remarks
175
4.
Rome I Regulation
176
4.1.
Scope
177
4.2.
Articles 3 and 4 Rome I Regulation -- General Rules
179
4.3.
Article 8 Rome I Regulation -- Individual Employment Contract
180
4.3.1.
Preferential Law Approach
181
4.3.2.
Habitual Place of Employment
185
4.3.3.
Engaging Place of Business
189
4.3.4.
Escape Clause of Article 8(4)
191
4.3.5.
Application to a Transfer of Undertaking
195
5.
Conflit Mobile
200
5.1.
Substitution
202
5.2.
Intentional Circumvention of Acquired Rights Provisions
203
5.3.
Cumulative Approach
204
5.4.
Postponed Change in Applicable Law
206
6.
Overriding Mandatory Provisions
208
6.1.
Definition
209
6.2.
Overriding Effect of National Acquired Rights Provisions
213
6.2.1.
Critique
215
6.2.2.
Article 1(2) Acquired Rights Directive
217
6.2.2.1.
Methodology
218
6.2.2.2.
Overriding Mandatory Provisions in European Directives
220
6.2.2.3.
Ingmar v. Eaton
222
6.2.2.4.
Unamar
226
6.2.2.5.
Effects on the Acquired Rights Directive
228
6.2.2.6.
Translation of Article 1(2) ARD into National Law
235
6.2.2.7.
Article 23 Rome I Regulation
241
6.2.2.8.
Article 4(3) TEU
243
6.3.
Concluding Remarks
246
7.
Alternate Theories and Solutions
249
7.1.
Change in Scope
249
7.2.
Bundelungsmodell
251
8.
Preferred Choice of Law Method
254
8.1.
Effectiveness of Existing Legal Instruments
254
8.2.
Separate Conflict of Laws Category
255
8.3.
Choice of Law
256
8.4.
Connecting Factor
257
8.5.
Temporal Fixation
259
8.6.
Overriding Effect of Provisions Exceeding Minimum Protection
261
8.7.
Proposed Conflict of Laws Provision
262
ch. 5
Seafaring Workers
265
1.
Introduction
265
2.
Inclusion of Seagoing Vessels
268
2.1.
Recent Developments
269
2.1.1.
Eliminating the Exclusion
270
2.1.2.
Proposal for a Directive
273
2.2.
Directive (EU) 2015/1794
275
3.
Cross-Border Transfer of Seagoing Vessels
278
3.1.
Concept of Undertaking and Seagoing Vessels
279
3.2.
Bareboat Charter
281
4.
Conflict of Laws
284
4.1.
Effect of Flagging Out
285
4.2.
Preferred Conflict of Laws Approach
287
ch. 6
Conclusion and Recommendations
291
1.
Cross-Border Transfers of Undertakings
293
2.
Jurisdiction
295
2.1.
Effectiveness of Existing Instruments
296
2.2.
Preferred Jurisdictional Path
298
3.
Conflict of Laws
299
3.1.
Views and Theories
299
3.2.
Effectiveness of Existing Instruments
300
3.3.
Seafaring Workers
302
3.4.
Preferred Conflict of Laws Path
303
3.4.1.
Choice of Law
305
3.4.2.
Temporal Fixation
305
3.4.3.
Overriding Effect of Provisions Exceeding Minimum Protection
307
3.4.4.
Preferred Connecting Factor for Seagoing Vessels
307
4.
Recommendations
308
4.1.
Jurisdiction
308
4.2.
Conflict of Laws
309
4.3.
Seagoing Vessels
310
4.4.
Final Recommendations
311
Epilogue
313
1.
Introduction
313
2.
Impact of Brexit
314
2.1.
Modes of Exit
315
2.1.1.
Norwegian Model
315
2.1.2.
Swiss Model
316
2.1.3.
Hard Brexit
316
2.2.
TUPE Regulations 2006
317
2.3.
Jurisdiction (Recognition and Enforcement)
319
2.4.
Conflict of Laws
321
3.
Conclusion
322
Appendix I
Acquired Rights Directive
325
Bibliography
335
Table of Cases
365
Index
373