3D printing, intellectual property and innovation : insights from law and technology / edited by Rosa Maria Ballardini, Marcus Norrgård, Jouni Partanen.
2017
K3920 .A13 2017 (Map It)
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Title
3D printing, intellectual property and innovation : insights from law and technology / edited by Rosa Maria Ballardini, Marcus Norrgård, Jouni Partanen.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn : Wolters Kluwer, [2017]
Call Number
K3920 .A13 2017
ISBN
9789041183828 (hardback)
9041183825 (hardback)
9041183825 (hardback)
Description
xxviii, 413 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1006798406
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Silver Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Silver Fund
Table of Contents
Editors
v
Contributors
vii
Preface
xxvii
ch. 1
3D Printing History, Principles and Technologies
1
1.01.
Introduction / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
1
1.02.
Early Innovations / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
2
1.03.
Industrialization of 3D Printing / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
4
1.04.
3D Printing Principles and Technologies / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
5
A.
Vat Photopolymerization / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
6
B.
Powder Bed Fusion / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
10
C.
Binder Jetting / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
14
D.
Material Jetting / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
19
E.
Material Extrusion / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
21
F.
Directed Energy Deposition / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
25
G.
Sheet Lamination / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
27
1.05.
Consumer 3D Printing / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
30
1.06.
Conclusions / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
31
ch. 2
Current and Future Business Models for 3D Printing Applications / Jukka Tuomi Sergei Chekurov Jouni Partanen
33
2.01.
Introduction / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
33
2.02.
From Economies of Scale to Economies of One / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
36
2.03.
Unfolding the 3D Printing Ecosystem / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
37
A.
3D Printing and Technology Applications / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
38
B.
Industrial Drivers and Enablers of the Uptake of 3D Printing / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
39
C.
Consumer 3D Printing: Innovation and Entrepreneurship / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
41
D.
3D Printing as a Business Ecosystem / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
44
2.04.
Business Models: How Is 3D Printing Monetized Today? / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
47
A.
Machines, Materials and System Suppliers / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
47
B.
In-House Manufacturing Capacity / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
50
C.
Contract Manufacturing Model: Service Bureaus / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
52
D.
3D Printing as an Online Service: Digitalization of Manufacturing Services / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
53
E.
Consumer 3D Printing and Retail / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
54
2.05.
Emerging Business Models: What Is Coming Next? / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
55
A.
Evolving Business Models / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
55
B.
Digitalization of Manufacturing Operations: The Role of 3D Printing / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
56
C.
Technological Challenges Ahead: Industrializing 3D Printing / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
58
D.
Is the 3D Printing Industry Short of Money? / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
59
2.06.
Conclusions / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
60
ch. 3
Intellectual Property Rights in the Era of 3D Printing / Inigo Flores Itaurte, Siavash H. Khajavi Mika Salmi
63
3.01.
Introduction / Marcus Norrgard Rosa Maria Ballardini, Miia-Mari Kasi
63
3.02.
Why 3DP Might Disrupt IP / Marcus Norrgard Rosa Maria Ballardini, Miia-Mari Kasi
64
3.03.
Copyright Law / Marcus Norrgard Rosa Maria Ballardini, Miia-Mari Kasi
65
3.04.
Patent Law / Marcus Norrgard Rosa Maria Ballardini, Miia-Mari Kasi
68
3.05.
Trademark Law / Marcus Norrgard Rosa Maria Ballardini, Miia-Mari Kasi
70
3.06.
Design Law / Marcus Norrgard Rosa Maria Ballardini, Miia-Mari Kasi
74
3.07.
Conclusions / Marcus Norrgard Rosa Maria Ballardini, Miia-Mari Kasi
77
ch. 4
3D Printing and Intellectual Property Regulation: A Law and Economics Perspective / Marcus Norrgard Rosa Maria Ballardini, Miia-Mari Kasi
79
4.01.
Regulation, Innovation and 3D Printing / Max Oker-Blom
79
4.02.
Development of the 3DP Market / Max Oker-Blom
80
4.03.
Economics and Intellectual Property Regulation / Max Oker-Blom
82
4.04.
Two Dichotomies / Max Oker-Blom
84
4.05.
New Technology, Regulation and Business Models / Max Oker-Blom
84
4.06.
Conclusion and Question Marks / Max Oker-Blom
86
ch. 5
Rethinking Additive Manufacturing and Intellectual Property Protection / Max Oker-Blom
89
5.01.
Introduction / William Cass
89
5.02.
Background: The Growth of Additive Manufacturing / William Cass
90
5.03.
Intellectual Property Protection / William Cass
92
A.
Intellectual Property Agreement / William Cass
93
B.
Trade Secret Protection / William Cass
94
C.
Utility Patent / William Cass
95
D.
Design Patent / William Cass
98
E.
Trade Dress Rights / William Cass
102
F.
Copyright / William Cass
104
5.04.
Patent-Ineligible Subject Matter / William Cass
108
5.05.
Improving the System / William Cass
111
5.06.
Conclusion / William Cass
116
ch. 6
Patenting Bioprinting-Technologies in the US and Europe: The Fifth Element in the Third Dimension / William Cass
117
6.01.
Introduction / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
117
6.02.
Bioprinting: A Brief Scientific Preface / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
119
6.03.
Basic Overview of the Current Patent Landscape in Bioprinting / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
123
A.
Main Patent Actors, Stakeholders and Activities / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
124
B.
Most Relevant Fields of Technologies and Typical Patent Claim Categories / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
125
C.
What Lies Ahead in the Patenting Landscape / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
127
6.04.
Basic US and European Patentability Criteria and Bioprinting / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
128
A.
Product Claims / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
129
1.
US / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
130
2.
Europe / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
132
B.
Method Claims / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
135
1.
US / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
135
2.
Europe / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
137
6.05.
Bioprinting and Morality Exclusions in Patent Law / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
138
A.
Morality Considerations under US Law / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
139
B.
Morality Considerations under European Law / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
140
6.06.
Conclusions / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
146
ch. 7
Law and Technology of 3D Printing and Medical Devices / Timo Minssen Marc Mimler
149
7.01.
Background / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
149
7.02.
Defining Data Sets and CAD Files Through Actual Patents / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
153
A.
Dental Aligners (Align Technology-Invisalign): When Technology Meets Patent Law / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
154
B.
3D Medical Pills (Spritam, Epilepsy) / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
156
7.03.
Personalized Medical Devices: Personalized Implants / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
157
7.04.
Case to Include CAD Files Within the Scope of Protection for 3D Printed Medical Devices / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
159
A.
Pondering on the Essential Elements of a 3DP Medical Invention / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
159
7.05.
Scope of Patent Protection / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
160
A.
Legal Perspective: Doctrine of Equivalents / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
162
7.06.
Finding the Ideal Width: Technical and Economic Perspective / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
164
7.07.
Patenting of Digital Models, the Pitfall of Medical Innovation? Concluding Remarks / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
167
ch. 8
Private and Non-commercial Use Defence Revisited: The Case of 3D Printing Technologies / Dhanay Cadillo Chandler, Mika Salmi
169
8.01.
Introduction / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
169
8.02.
Exceptions to Patent Rights in Europe / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
171
A.
Private and Non-commercial Use Exception: Rationale and Policy Purposes / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
173
B.
Private and Non-commercial Use Exception in Europe / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
175
8.03.
Applying the Private and Non-commercial Use Exception to Consumer 3D Printing / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
179
A.
Consumer 3D Printing and Patent Infringement / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
179
B.
Three Test Cases / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
181
1.
Home 3D Printing / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
182
2.
Printing at a 3D Service Bureau or Other Public Spaces / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
183
3.
Sharing CAD Files / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
184
8.04.
Concluding Remarks / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
187
ch. 9
Essential Patents and Technical Standards in Additive Manufacturing / Rosa Maria Ballardini, Nari Lee
189
9.01.
Introduction / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
189
9.02.
Concerns on Standards and SEPs: Some General Remarks / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
191
A.
Inclusion of Patent Claims in Standards: Risk of Patent Holdup and Patent Ambush / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
191
B.
Obstacles for Entering into a Licensing Agreement / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
192
9.03.
Concerns on Standards and SPEs: Perspectives from the Field of AM / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
194
A.
AM Patent Landscape: Who Are the Business Owners in Terms of IP? / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
194
B.
Ongoing Standardization Initiatives: Benefits of Standardization in AM / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
204
C.
Some Remarks / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
206
9.04.
Function of SSO IPR Policies in Some AM SSOs in Alleviating Access to Patent Problems in AM Technology / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
206
A.
IPR Policies in Some Key AM SSOs / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
207
1.
Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
207
2.
Patent Policy of ASTM / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
208
B.
Deficiency of SSO IP Policies in Implementing AM Standards / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
209
9.05.
Competition Law Intervention and Denying of Injunctive Relief in Promoting Access to AM Standards / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
210
A.
Competition Law Intervention / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
210
B.
Denying Injunctive Reliefs in the Events of Patent Infringement / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
211
C.
Are These Legal Measures Sufficient? / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
212
9.06.
Conclusions / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
213
Annexes / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
215
ch. 10
Copyright Implications of 3D Scanning / Liguo Zhang Inigo Flores Ituarte, Rosa Maria Ballardini
219
10.01.
Introduction / Michael Weinberg
219
10.02.
Heart of the Chapter / Michael Weinberg
221
A.
Hard Work and Skill Are Not Enough / Michael Weinberg
221
B.
Detour into the History of Photography and Copyright / Michael Weinberg
222
1.
Conditional Recognition / Michael Weinberg
224
2.
Ongoing Debate / Michael Weinberg
225
C.
Searching for Originality in Scans / Michael Weinberg
226
1.
Is There Originality? Representational Versus Expressive Scans / Michael Weinberg
227
a.
Representational Scans / Michael Weinberg
228
b.
Expressive Scans / Michael Weinberg
231
D.
Broad Scan Copyright Would Impose Societal Costs / Michael Weinberg
233
10.03.
Additional Considerations / Michael Weinberg
234
A.
Object Being Scanned May Still Be Protected by Copyright / Michael Weinberg
234
B.
Scans That Capture Scenes / Michael Weinberg
235
C.
Scanning Is Just Data / Michael Weinberg
236
D.
Absence of Copyright Does Not Mean the Absence of Control / Michael Weinberg
236
10.04.
Conclusion / Michael Weinberg
237
ch. 11
Regulating Terms and Conditions of Copyright Licences on the User-Generated Content 3D Printing Platform / Michael Weinberg
239
11.01.
Introduction / Kan He
239
11.02.
User Generated Content (UGC) 3D Printing Platform / Kan He
240
A.
Consumer 3D Printing Online Platforms / Kan He
240
B.
'User Generated Content' / Kan He
241
1.
'User' / Kan He
241
2.
'Generated' / Kan He
242
3.
'Content' / Kan He
242
11.03.
Terms and Conditions of Copyright Licences on the Platform / Kan He
244
A.
Structure of Copyright Licences on 3D Printing Platforms / Kan He
245
B.
Terms and Conditions of Copyright Licences used by UGC Platforms / Kan He
245
1.
Terms of Licensing Copyright by Platform Operators / Kan He
246
2.
Licensing of Copyright by Users / Kan He
247
3.
Problems in Terms and Conditions / Kan He
248
11.04.
Regulating Terms and Conditions in 3DP UGC Platforms / Kan He
251
A.
EU Copyright Law in the Acquis Communautaire / Kan He
251
B.
Options to Improve / Kan He
252
1.
EU Copyright Contract Law Harmonization / Kan He
252
2.
EU Contract Law Harmonization in the Digital Agenda / Kan He
253
3.
Private Action / Kan He
254
11.05.
Conclusions / Kan He
255
ch. 12
Art of CAD: Copyrightability of Digital Design Files / Kan He
257
12.01.
Introduction / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
257
12.02.
CAD File and 3D Printing Technology / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
259
A.
Digital Design File / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
259
B.
Creating a CAD from Scratch / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
259
C.
Creating a CAD by Scanning / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
260
12.03.
Copyright Status of a CAD File / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
261
A.
Originality / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
263
B.
Situation 1: Using CAD to Create Something New / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
264
C.
Situation 2: Using CAD to Recreate Something Old / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
269
D.
CAD File as a Database / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
272
12.04.
Conclusions / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
273
ch. 13
EU Design Law and 3D Printing: Finding the Right Balance in a New E-Ecosystem / Mikko Antikainen Daniel Jongsma
275
13.01.
Introduction: 3D Printing Technology and Design Rights / Jens Schovsbo Ana Nordberg
275
13.02.
3D Technology and the Surrounding E-Ecosystem / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
278
13.03.
EU Design Law / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
283
A.
Object of Protection / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
283
B.
Exclusivity / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
284
1.
'Using' of a Design / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
284
2.
Scope of Protection / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
285
3.
CAD Files / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
287
C.
Limitations and Exceptions / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
288
1.
Private and Non-commercial Uses / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
289
2.
Other Limitations: Competition Law and Fundamental Rights / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
290
D.
Spare Parts / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
292
13.04.
Design Infringement and 3D Printing / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
293
A.
Direct Infringement / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
293
1.
Use of CAD Files to 3D Print Objects Embodying a Protected Design / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
294
2.
Creation of CAD Files for 3D Printing / Jens Schovsbo Ana Nordberg
296
3.
Customization of a CAD File and 3D Printing Objects / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
296
B.
Indirect Infringement / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
298
1.
Manufacturers of 3D Printing Equipment, Online CAD Patterns Sharing Platforms and 3D Printing Service Providers / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
299
2.
CAD Patterns Creators and Uploaders / Ana Nordberg Jens Schovsbo
300
13.05.
Possible Ways Forward and Concluding Remarks / Jens Schovsbo Ana Nordberg
301
ch. 14
Non-traditional Trademark Infringement in the 3D Printing Context / Jens Schovsbo Ana Nordberg
303
14.01.
Introduction / Taina Pihlajarinne
303
14.02.
Does Flexibility in Trademark Law Solve the Problems in the Era of 3D Printing? / Taina Pihlajarinne
305
14.03.
Are the Criteria of Trademark Infringement at Stake? / Taina Pihlajarinne
308
A.
Act of Printing / Taina Pihlajarinne
308
1.
Assessment of Confusion and Use That Is Detrimental to the Origin Function of Trademark / Taina Pihlajarinne
308
2.
Use That Is Detrimental to the Investment Function of Trademarks / Taina Pihlajarinne
311
3.
3D Printing as Non-commercial Use / Taina Pihlajarinne
312
B.
Acts of Production and Sharing a Design File / Taina Pihlajarinne
313
1.
Is There Relevant Trademark Use? / Taina Pihlajarinne
313
2.
Extension of Commercial Use? / Taina Pihlajarinne
314
14.04.
Concluding Remarks / Taina Pihlajarinne
315
ch. 15
ISP Liability in the 3D Printing Environment / Taina Pihlajarinne
317
15.01.
Introduction / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
317
A.
Internet Service Providers and Intermediary Liability Online / Marcus Norrgard Petteri Gunther
317
B.
Concept of 3D Printing / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
319
15.02.
3D Printing and the Law / Marcus Norrgard Petteri Gunther
320
A.
Protected Subject Matter / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
320
B.
Design Determined by Its Function / Marcus Norrgard Petteri Gunther
321
15.03.
Intermediary Liability in the Online Environment / Marcus Norrgard Petteri Gunther
322
A.
Blocking Access to Infringing Material on the Internet / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
322
B.
Acting as a Neutral Party / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
325
C.
European Case Law on Intermediary Liability / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
327
15.04.
Different Aspects of Intermediary Liability / Marcus Norrgard Petteri Gunther
329
A.
Commission and Intermediary Liability Issues / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
329
B.
Copyright Management Tools / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
331
C.
3D Printing and Issues Beyond Copyright / Marcus Norrgard Petteri Gunther
332
D.
Role of Intermediaries: A Multi-faceted Issue / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
334
E.
Efficiency Considerations / Marcus Norrgard Petteri Gunther
337
15.05.
Conclusions / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
340
ch. 16
Implementing Digital Rights Management Tools for 3D Printing: Implications from the IPRs Perspective / Petteri Gunther Marcus Norrgard
343
16.01.
Rise of DRM Systems for 3D Printing / Viveca Still
343
16.02.
Understanding DRM Based on Theories of Data Security / Viveca Still
346
16.03.
Legal Protection of DRM in the Context of 3D Printing / Viveca Still
348
A.
Relevance of Copyright Protection / Viveca Still
348
B.
Legal Protection of DRM: A Comparison / Viveca Still
350
C.
US Rulemaking on 3D Printing / Viveca Still
352
D.
Conclusive Remarks on the Differences in Legal Protection of DRM from a European Perspective / Viveca Still
353
16.04.
Lessons Learned From the Discussions on DRM for Copyright / Viveca Still
354
16.05.
How to Deal with 'User' Rights? / Viveca Still
355
A.
Balance Between DRM and User Rights in Copyright / Viveca Still
355
B.
What Future User Rights Are Needed for 3D Printing? / Viveca Still
358
16.06.
Possible Effects of the New Rules on Third Party Liability on the Access to 3D Designs / Viveca Still
360
16.07.
Conclusions / Viveca Still
361
Bibliography / Viveca Still
363
Table of Cases / Viveca Still
391
Table of Legislation / Viveca Still
399
Index / Viveca Still
405