Employment at will : a state-by-state survey / editor-in-Chief, David Johnson ; regional editors, Joseph Y. Ahmad [and 9 others].
2017
KF3471 .E48 2017 (Map It)
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Title
Employment at will : a state-by-state survey / editor-in-Chief, David Johnson ; regional editors, Joseph Y. Ahmad [and 9 others].
Published
Arlington, VA : Bloomberg BNA, [2017]
Call Number
KF3471 .E48 2017
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9781682672266 (alk. paper)
1682672263
1682672263
Description
lxxxiii, 1,713 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)968345715
Summary
"[This book is an] analysis of the employment at will doctrine, as well as the unique exceptions that various states have applied. This treatise uses a uniform topic structure to provide a comparative view across states, as well as to allow for research on an individual state. This format is extremely helpful for lawyers with a multi-jurisdictional practice, and for those seeking persuasive authority to expand or limit the law in their own state. Each state chapter addresses: the creation of enforceable employment agreements through employee handbooks, written personnel policies, and oral assurances; common law claims for wrongful discharge; the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; the public policy exception to the doctrine of employment at will; the burden of proof necessary to sustain a claim of wrongful discharge; what constitutes ''just cause'' for purposes of termination; the effect of disclaimers on the employment at will relationship; potential damages in a wrongful discharge claim; related tort claims arising out of the employment relationship, including fraud, intentional interference with a contract, defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligence, and invasion of privacy; and state statutes prohibiting termination based on classifications."-- Provided by publisher.
Note
"Employment Rights and Responsibilities Committee, Section of Labor and Employment Law, American Bar Association."
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Other Editions
Revision of: Holloway, William J., 1935- Employment termination : rights and remedies. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C. : Bureau of National Affairs, ©1993 0871797305 (DLC) 91047502
Available in Other Form
Online version: Employment at will. Second edition. Arlington, VA : Bloomberg BNA, [2017] 9781682672259 (DLC) 2017045500
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Added Corporate Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Board Of Editors Foreword
xi
Preface
xiii
Uniform List Of Topics
lxvii
List Of State Abbreviations
lxix
Finding List By Topic By State
lxxi
Alabama
1
I.
Overview
2
II.
Employment Contract
3
A.
Handbooks
3
B.
Oral Assurances
6
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
8
IV.
Public Policy Exception
9
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
9
A.
Burdens of Proof
9
B.
Just Cause
10
C.
Disclaimers
11
D.
Damages
12
VI.
Related Torts
12
A.
Fraud
12
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
14
C.
Defamation
15
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
15
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
16
E.
Negligence
18
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
18
2.
Negligent Hiring
18
3.
Negligent Training
20
4.
Negligent Retention
20
5.
Negligent Supervision
20
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
20
F.
Miscellaneous
20
1.
Invasion of Privacy
20
2.
False Imprisonment
21
VII.
Statutes
22
Alaska
25
I.
Overview
26
II.
Employment Contract
27
A.
Handbooks
27
1.
Nondiscredit Clauses
28
B.
Oral Assurances
29
C.
Other Modifications to Employment Relationship
30
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
30
IV.
Public Policy Exception
33
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
34
A.
Burdens of Proof
34
B.
Just Cause
35
C.
Disclaimers
35
D.
Damages
35
VI.
Related Torts
36
A.
Fraud
36
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
36
C.
Defamation
37
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
38
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
38
E.
Negligence
39
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
39
2.
Negligent Hiring
39
3.
Negligent Training
40
4.
Negligent Retention
40
5.
Negligent Supervision
40
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
40
7.
Miscellaneous
41
a.
Negligent Discharge
41
F.
Miscellaneous
41
1.
False Imprisonment
41
VII.
Statutes
41
VIII.
Other Theories of Liability
42
A.
Constructive Discharge
42
Arizona
45
I.
Overview
46
II.
Employment Contract
47
A.
Handbooks
48
B.
Oral Assurances
49
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
50
IV.
Public Policy Exception
51
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
52
A.
Burdens of Proof
52
B.
Just Cause
53
C.
Disclaimers
54
D.
Damages
57
VI.
Related Torts
58
A.
Fraud
58
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
59
C.
Defamation
60
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
60
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
61
E.
Negligence
62
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
62
2.
Negligent Hiring
63
3.
Negligent Training
65
4.
Negligent Retention
65
5.
Negligent Supervision
65
F.
Miscellaneous
65
1.
Intrusion Upon Seclusion
65
2.
False Light Invasion of Privacy
66
3.
False Imprisonment
66
VII.
Statutes
66
Arkansas
71
I.
Overview
72
II.
Employment Contract
73
A.
Handbooks
73
B.
Oral Assurances
75
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
76
IV.
Public Policy Exception
77
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
79
A.
Burdens of Proof
79
B.
Just Cause
79
C.
Disclaimers
80
D.
Damages
81
VI.
Related Torts
83
A.
Fraud
83
B.
Intentional Interference with a Contract
84
C.
Defamation
86
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
89
E.
Negligence
90
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
90
2.
Negligent Hiring
90
3.
Negligent Training
91
4.
Negligent Retention
92
5.
Negligent Supervision
92
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
92
F.
Miscellaneous
92
1.
Invasion of Privacy
92
VII.
Statutes
93
California
95
I.
Overview
96
II.
Employment Contract
97
A.
Handbooks
98
B.
Oral Assurances
98
C.
Miscellaneous
99
1.
Implied-in-Fact Contracts
99
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
100
IV.
Public Policy Exception
101
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
102
A.
Burdens of Proof
102
B.
Just Cause
103
C.
Disclaimers
103
D.
Damages
104
VI.
Related Torts
106
A.
Fraud
106
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
107
C.
Defamation
107
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
109
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
109
E.
Negligence
111
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
111
2.
Negligent Hiring
112
3.
Negligent Training
113
4.
Negligent Retention
113
5.
Negligent Supervision
113
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
113
F.
Miscellaneous
114
1.
False Imprisonment
114
VII.
Statutes
114
VIII.
Additional Topics
117
A.
Constructive Discharge
117
Colorado
119
I.
Overview
120
II.
Employment Contract
120
A.
Handbooks
120
B.
Oral Assurances
123
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
123
IV.
Public Policy Exception
124
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
125
A.
Burdens of Proof
125
B.
Just Cause
125
C.
Disclaimers
126
D.
Damages
127
VI.
Related Torts
127
A.
Fraud
128
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
129
C.
Defamation
131
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
132
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
132
E.
Negligence
134
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
134
2.
Negligent Hiring
135
3.
Negligent Training
136
4.
Negligent Retention
136
5.
Negligent Supervision
136
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
137
7.
Other Negligence Torts
138
a.
Negligent Investigation
138
b.
Negligent Termination of Employment
138
F.
Miscellaneous
138
1.
Invasion of Privacy
138
2.
False Imprisonment
140
3.
Victims of Domestic Violence
142
VII.
Statutes
143
Connecticut
147
I.
Overview
148
II.
Employment Contract
148
A.
Handbooks
150
B.
Oral Assurances
151
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
154
IV.
Public Policy Exception
155
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
161
A.
Burdens of Proof
161
B.
Just Cause
162
C.
Disclaimers
163
D.
Damages
164
VI.
Related Torts
165
A.
Fraud
165
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
166
C.
Defamation
168
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
169
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
170
E.
Negligence
173
1.
Reserved
2.
Negligent Hiring
174
3.
Negligent Training
174
4.
Negligent Retention
175
5.
Negligent Supervision
175
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
176
F.
Miscellaneous
178
1.
False Imprisonment
179
VII.
Statutes
179
Delaware
183
I.
Overview
184
II.
Employment Contract
186
A.
Handbooks
189
B.
Oral Assurances
190
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
191
A.
Violation of Public Policy
194
B.
Employer Misrepresentation
195
C.
Employer Abuse of Superior Bargaining Power
196
D.
Employer Falsified or Manipulated Employment Records to Create Fictitious Grounds for Termination
197
IV.
Public Policy Exception
197
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
198
A.
Burdens of Proof
198
B.
Just Cause
198
C.
Disclaimers
199
D.
Damages
200
VI.
Related Torts
200
A.
Fraud
202
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
202
C.
Defamation
203
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
204
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
204
E.
Negligence
204
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
204
2.
Negligent Hiring
205
3.
Negligent Training
205
4.
Negligent Retention
205
5.
Negligent Supervision
206
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
206
F.
Miscellaneous
207
1.
False Imprisonment
207
VII.
Statutes
209
District Of Columbia
213
I.
Overview
214
II.
Employment Contract
214
A.
Handbooks
214
B.
Oral Assurances
216
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
217
IV.
Public Policy Exception
218
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
222
A.
Burdens of Proof
222
B.
Just Cause
222
C.
Disclaimers
224
D.
Damages
225
VI.
Related Torts
226
A.
Fraud
226
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
227
C.
Defamation
228
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
233
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (TIED)
234
E.
Negligence
237
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
239
2.
Negligent Hiring
240
3.
Negligent Training
242
4.
Negligent Retention
242
5.
Negligent Supervision
243
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
243
F.
Miscellaneous
244
1.
False Imprisonment
244
VII.
Statutes
245
Florida
249
I.
Overview
250
II.
Employment Contract
251
A.
Handbooks
251
B.
Oral Assurances
253
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
255
IV.
Public Policy Exception
255
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
256
A.
Burdens of Proof
256
B.
Just Cause
256
C.
Disclaimers
257
D.
Damages
257
VI.
Related Torts
258
A.
Fraud
259
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
261
C.
Defamation
262
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
265
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
265
E.
Negligence
267
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
267
2.
Negligent Hiring
267
3.
Negligent Training
269
4/5.
Negligent Retention/Supervision
269
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
270
F.
Miscellaneous
272
1.
False Imprisonment
272
VII.
Statutes
272
VIII.
Additional Topics
276
A.
Promissory Estoppel
277
B.
Quantum Meruit
278
C.
Breach of Contract Claims to Recover Employment Terms and Benefits
280
Georgia
281
I.
Overview
282
II.
Employment Contract
283
A.
Handbooks
288
B.
Oral Assurances
291
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
292
IV.
Public Policy Exception
295
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
297
A.
Burdens of Proof
297
B.
Just Cause
299
C.
Disclaimers
300
D.
Damages
301
VI.
Related Torts
305
A.
Fraud
305
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
307
C.
Defamation
315
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
323
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
324
E.
Negligence
333
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
333
2.
Negligent Hiring
334
3.
Negligent Training
337
4.
Negligent Retention
338
5.
Negligent Supervision
339
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
339
7.
Invasion of Privacy
340
8.
Duty to Maintain a Safe Workplace
343
F.
Miscellaneous
345
1.
False Imprisonment
345
VII.
Statutes
346
Hawaii
351
I.
Overview
352
II.
Employment Contract
353
A/B.
Written Contracts; Oral Contracts/Assurances
353
C.
Implied-in-Fact Contracts
356
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
359
IV.
Public Policy Exception
359
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
362
A.
Burdens of Proof
362
B.
Just Cause
362
C.
Disclaimers
363
D.
Damages
364
VI.
Related Torts
366
A.
Fraud
366
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
367
C.
Defamation
370
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
374
E.
Negligence
376
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
376
2.
Negligent Hiring
377
3.
Negligent Training
379
4.
Negligent Retention
379
5.
Negligent Supervision
379
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
380
F.
Miscellaneous
380
1.
False Imprisonment
380
VII.
Statutes
381
A.
Employment Discrimination
383
B.
Whistleblowers' Protection Act
388
VIII.
Additional Topics
390
A.
Promissory Estoppel
390
Idaho
393
I.
Overview
394
II.
Employment Contract
395
A.
Handbooks
395
B.
Oral Assurances
397
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
398
IV.
Public Policy Exception
400
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
403
A.
Burdens of Proof
403
B.
Just Cause
404
C.
Disclaimers
405
D.
Damages
405
VI.
Related Torts
406
A.
Fraud
407
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
407
C.
Defamation
409
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
409
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
410
E.
Negligence
411
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
411
2.
Negligent Hiring
411
3.
Negligent Training
411
4.
Negligent Retention
411
5.
Negligent Supervision
412
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
412
7.
Negligent Entrustment
413
F.
Miscellaneous
413
1.
Breach of Fiduciary Duty
413
2.
False Imprisonment
414
VII.
Statutes
414
A.
Idaho Human Rights Act
414
Illinois
417
I.
Overview
418
II.
Employment Contract
418
A.
Handbooks
419
B.
Oral Assurances
422
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
423
IV.
Public Policy Exception
424
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
426
A.
Burdens of Proof
426
B.
Just Cause
428
C.
Disclaimers
429
D.
Damages
431
VI.
Related Torts
432
A.
Fraud
432
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
433
C.
Defamation
434
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
437
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
438
E.
Negligence
439
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
439
2.
Negligent Hiring
439
3.
Negligent Training
440
4.
Negligent Retention
441
5.
Negligent Supervision
441
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
442
F.
Miscellaneous
443
1.
Invasion of Privacy
443
2.
Retaliatory Discharge
445
a.
In General
445
b.
Workers' Compensation
446
3.
False Imprisonment
448
VII.
Statutes
449
VIII.
Additional Topics
455
A.
Promissory Estoppel
455
Indiana
459
I.
Overview
460
II.
Employment Contract
461
A.
Handbooks
461
B.
Oral Assurances
461
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
464
IV.
Public Policy Exception
464
A.
Exercising Workers' Compensation Rights
464
B.
Refusing to Commit an Illegal Act
466
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
469
A.
Burdens of Proof
469
B.
Just Cause
470
C.
Disclaimers
471
D.
Damages
472
VI.
Related Torts
473
A.
Fraud
474
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
476
C.
Defamation
477
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
480
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
480
E.
Negligence
481
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
481
2.
Negligent Hiring
482
3.
Negligent Training
484
4.
Negligent Retention
484
5.
Negligent Supervision
485
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
485
F.
Miscellaneous
486
1.
False Imprisonment
486
VII.
Statutes
487
VIII.
Additional Topics
489
A.
Promissory Estoppel
489
Iowa
493
I.
Overview
494
II.
Employment Contract
495
A.
Handbooks
495
B.
Oral Assurances
496
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
497
IV.
Public Policy Exception
498
A.
General Overview
498
B.
Elements of Public Policy Exception
498
C.
Public Policy Exception Applied
500
D.
Public Policy Exception and Contractual Employees
502
E.
Public Policy Exception and Constructive Discharge
502
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
504
A.
Burdens of Proof
504
B.
Just Cause
504
C.
Disclaimers
505
D.
Damages
507
VI.
Related Torts
508
A.
Fraud
509
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
510
C.
Defamation
511
0.1.
General Defamation
511
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
512
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
514
E.
Negligence
516
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
516
2.
Negligent Hiring
516
3.
Negligent Training
518
4.
Negligent Retention
518
5.
Negligent Supervision
519
5.1.
Negligent Discharge/Negligent Investigation
520
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
520
F.
Miscellaneous
522
1.
False Imprisonment
522
VII.
Statutes
523
Kansas
527
I.
Overview
528
II.
Employment Contract
528
A.
Handbooks
529
B.
Oral Assurances
529
C.
Implied-in-Fact Contracts
529
D.
Disclaimers
531
E.
Just Cause
532
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
532
IV.
Public Policy Exception
532
A.
Overview
532
V.
Burdens of Proof and Damages
534
A.
Burdens of Proof
534
D.
Damages
534
VI.
Related Torts
535
A.
Fraud
535
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
535
C.
Defamation
536
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
536
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
537
E.
Negligence
538
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
538
2.
Negligent Hiring
538
3.
Negligent Training
539
4.
Negligent Retention
539
5.
Negligent Supervision
539
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
540
F.
Miscellaneous
540
1.
False Imprisonment
540
VII.
Statutes
540
Kentucky
543
I.
Overview
544
II.
Employment Contract
544
A.
Handbooks
545
B.
Oral Assurances
547
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
548
IV.
Public Policy Exception
549
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
552
A.
Burdens of Proof
552
B.
Just Cause
553
C.
Disclaimers
553
D.
Damages
554
VI.
Related Torts
555
A.
Fraud
555
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
556
C.
Defamation
556
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
557
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
557
E.
Negligence
559
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
559
2.
Negligent Hiring
559
3.
Negligent Training
559
4.
Negligent Retention
560
5.
Negligent Supervision
560
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
561
7.
Nonpreemption of Vicarious Liability
561
F.
Miscellaneous
561
1.
False Imprisonment
561
VII.
Statutes
562
VIII.
Miscellaneous
564
A.
Retaliatory Treatment Not Resulting in Termination
564
Louisiana
567
I.
Overview
568
II.
Employment Contract
569
A.
Handbooks
571
B.
Oral Assurances
572
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
574
IV.
Public Policy Exception
575
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
576
A.
Burdens of Proof
576
B.
Just Cause
578
C.
Disclaimers
579
D.
Damages
579
VI.
Related Torts
579
A.
Fraud
579
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
581
1.
Intentional Interference with Relations
585
C.
Defamation
587
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
590
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
591
E.
Negligence
595
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
595
2.
Negligent Hiring
597
3.
Negligent Training
600
4.
Negligent Retention
600
5.
Negligent Supervision
600
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
600
F.
Miscellaneous
600
1.
False Imprisonment
600
VII.
Statutes
601
Maine
607
I.
Overview
608
II.
Employment Contract
609
A.
Handbooks
609
B.
Oral Assurances
610
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
612
IV.
Public Policy Exception
613
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
613
A.
Burdens of Proof
613
B.
Just Cause
613
C.
Disclaimers
614
D.
Damages
614
VI.
Related Torts
615
A.
Fraud
615
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
617
C.
Defamation
621
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
622
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
623
E.
Negligence
625
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
625
2.
Negligent Hiring
626
3.
Negligent Training
626
4.
Negligent Retention
626
5.
Negligent Supervision
626
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
627
F.
Miscellaneous
629
1.
False Imprisonment
629
VII.
Statutes
629
Maryland
635
I.
Overview
636
II.
Employment Contract
637
A.
Handbooks
638
B.
Oral Assurances
641
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
642
IV.
Public Policy Exception
643
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
647
A.
Burdens of Proof
647
B.
Just Cause
648
C.
Disclaimers
649
D.
Damages
650
VI.
Related Torts
653
A.
Fraud
653
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
655
C.
Defamation
657
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
660
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
660
E.
Negligence
664
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
664
2.
Negligent Hiring
665
3.
Negligent Training
668
4.
Negligent Retention
668
5.
Negligent Supervision
668
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
668
F.
Miscellaneous
668
1.
False Imprisonment
668
2.
Promissory Estoppel
669
VII.
Statutes
670
Massachusetts
675
I.
Overview
676
II.
Employment Contract
676
A.
Handbooks
676
B.
Oral Assurances
678
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
680
IV.
Public Policy Exception
681
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
685
A.
Burdens of Proof
685
B.
Just Cause
686
C.
Disclaimers
687
D.
Damages
687
VI.
Related Torts
688
A.
Fraud
689
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
690
C.
Defamation
691
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
693
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
693
E.
Negligence
694
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
694
2.
Negligent Hiring
695
3.
Negligent Training
696
4.
Negligent Retention
697
5.
Negligent Supervision
697
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
697
F.
Miscellaneous
698
1.
False Imprisonment
698
2.
Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process
699
VII.
Statutes
699
Michigan
703
I.
Overview
704
II.
Employment Contract
705
A.
Handbooks
707
B.
Oral Assurances
710
C.
Legitimate Expectations Theory
710
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
711
IV.
Public Policy Exception
712
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
717
A.
Burdens of Proof
717
B.
Just Cause
718
C.
Disclaimers
719
D.
Damages
720
VI.
Related Torts
720
A.
Fraud
720
AA.
Innocent Misrepresentation
722
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
723
C.
Defamation
724
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
726
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
727
E.
Negligence
729
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
730
2.
Negligent Hiring
730
3.
Negligent Training
732
4.
Negligent Retention
733
5.
Negligent Supervision
733
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
733
F.
Miscellaneous
733
1.
False Imprisonment
733
VII.
Statutes
734
Minnesota
739
I.
Overview
740
II.
Employment Contract
741
A.
Handbooks
741
B.
Oral Assurances
743
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
744
IV.
Public Policy Exception
745
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
746
A.
Burdens of Proof
746
B.
Just Cause
747
C.
Disclaimers
747
D.
Damages
748
VI.
Related Torts
748
A.
Fraud
748
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
750
C.
Defamation
750
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
752
2.
Defamation of Employees
753
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
753
E.
Negligence
754
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
754
2.
Negligent Hiring
755
3.
Negligent Training
756
4.
Negligent Retention
756
5.
Negligent Supervision
757
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
757
F.
Miscellaneous
758
1.
False Imprisonment
758
VII.
Statutes
759
Mississippi
765
I.
Overview
766
II.
Employment Contract
767
A.
Handbooks
767
B.
Oral Assurances
767
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
768
IV.
Public Policy Exception
769
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
771
A.
Burdens of Proof
771
B.
Just Cause
771
C.
Disclaimers
772
D.
Damages
772
VI.
Related Torts
772
A.
Fraud
772
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
774
C.
Defamation
775
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
777
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
777
E.
Negligence
778
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
778
2.
Negligent Hiring
779
3.
Negligent Training
779
4.
Negligent Retention
780
5.
Negligent Supervision
780
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
780
F.
Miscellaneous
780
1.
False Imprisonment
780
VII.
Statutes
781
Missouri
783
I.
Overview
785
II.
Employment Contract
786
A.
Handbooks
786
B.
Oral Assurances
789
C.
Promissory Estoppel
789
D.
Detrimental Reliance
791
E.
Arbitration Agreements
792
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
793
IV.
Public Policy Exception
794
A.
Common Law Claims for Wrongful Discharge Before Adoption of Whistleblower's Protection Act
795
1.
Refusing to Commit an Illegal Act
796
2.
Reporting Violations of Law or Public Policy
796
3.
Acting in a Manner That Public Policy Would Encourage
797
4.
Retaliation for Exercise of Workers' Compensation Rights
797
B.
Whistleblower's Protection Act
797
1.
Employer Under the WPA
798
2.
Protected Person Under the WPA
798
3.
Burden for Recovery Under the WPA
799
4.
Damages Under the WPA
799
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
800
A.
Burdens of Proof
800
B.
Just Cause
800
C.
Disclaimers
801
D.
Damages
801
VI.
Related Torts
801
A.
Fraud
802
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
803
C.
Defamation
805
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
806
2.
Intra-Corporate Immunity Doctrine
806
3.
Publication
807
4.
Defenses
807
a.
Truth
807
b.
Privileged Communications
807
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
809
E.
Negligence
810
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
810
2.
Negligent Hiring
811
3.
Negligent Training
814
4.
Negligent Retention
814
5.
Negligent Supervision
815
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
815
7.
Negligence Against a Coworker
815
F.
Miscellaneous
816
1.
Workers' Compensation as an Affirmative Defense
816
2.
Invasion of Privacy
817
3.
Assault and Battery
817
4.
False Imprisonment
820
5.
False Light
820
VII.
Statutes
820
A.
Missouri Human Rights Act (MHRA)
820
1.
Types of Conduct Prohibited
822
2.
Administrative Requirements
827
3.
Burden of Proof
831
4.
Remedies Available
834
a.
Jury Trials
834
b.
Damages
834
i.
Punitive Damages
835
5.
Attorneys' Fees
836
B.
Retaliatory Discharge for Exercise of Workers' Compensation Rights
837
C.
Employment for a Definite Time
838
D.
Health Care
838
E.
Abortion
839
F.
Voting
839
G.
Jury/Witness Duty
840
H.
Alcohol and Tobacco Use
840
I.
Military Leave
841
J.
HIV Status
841
K.
Missouri Equal Pay Act
842
L.
Genetic Information
843
M.
Religious Discrimination
844
N.
Guns at Work
844
O.
Unemployment Compensation
845
P.
Missouri Service Letter Statute
845
Montana
847
I.
Overview
848
II.
Employment Contract
850
A.
Handbooks
850
B.
Oral Assurances
851
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
853
IV.
Public Policy Exception
853
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
854
A.
Burdens of Proof
854
B.
Just Cause
855
C.
Disclaimers
858
D.
Damages
860
VI.
Related Torts
861
A.
Fraud
863
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
864
C.
Defamation
864
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
865
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
865
E.
Negligence
866
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
866
2.
Negligent Hiring
866
3.
Negligent Training
866
4.
Negligent Retention
866
5.
Negligent Supervision
866
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
867
F.
Miscellaneous
867
1.
False Imprisonment
867
VII.
Statutes
868
VIII.
Additional Topics
869
A.
Probationary Period
869
B.
Failure to Exhaust Internal Procedures
870
C.
Misconduct
870
D.
Written Statement on Reason for Discharge
870
E.
Constructive Discharge
871
F.
Statute of Limitations
871
Nebraska
873
I.
Overview
874
II.
Employment Contract
875
A.
Handbooks
875
B.
Oral Assurances
877
C.
Promissory Estoppel
877
D.
Express Contract
879
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
879
IV.
Public Policy Exception
880
A.
Public Policy Exceptions Recognized by the Courts
880
B.
Public Policy Exceptions Not Recognized by the Courts
882
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
883
A.
Burdens of Proof
883
B.
Just Cause
884
C.
Disclaimers
884
D.
Damages
884
VI.
Related Torts
885
A.
Fraud
885
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
885
C.
Defamation
886
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
887
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
887
E.
Negligence
887
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
887
2.
Negligent Hiring
888
3.
Negligent Training
888
4.
Negligent Retention
888
5.
Negligent Supervision
888
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
889
F.
Miscellaneous
889
1.
False Imprisonment
889
VII.
Statutes
889
A.
Nebraska's Fair Employment Practices Act and the Nebraska Age Discrimination in Employment Act
889
B.
Nebraska Whistleblower Act
891
C.
Improper Employer Use of Polygraph Tests
892
D.
Nebraska Workplace Privacy Act
893
VIII.
Additional Topics
894
A.
Constructive Discharge
894
B.
Modification of Compensation
894
Nevada
895
I.
Overview
896
II.
Employment Contract
897
A.
Handbooks
897
B.
Oral Assurances
898
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
899
IV.
Public Policy Exception
899
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
902
A.
Burdens of Proof
902
B.
Just Cause
902
C.
Disclaimers
903
D.
Damages
904
VI.
Related Torts
904
A.
Fraud
904
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
905
C.
Defamation
905
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
905
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
906
E.
Negligence
906
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
906
2.
Negligent Hiring
907
3.
Negligent Training
907
4.
Negligent Retention
907
5.
Negligent Supervision
907
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
907
F.
Miscellaneous
907
1.
Bad Faith Discharge
907
2.
False Imprisonment
908
VII.
Statutes
909
New Hampshire
913
I.
Overview
914
II.
Employment Contract
914
A.
Handbooks
914
B.
Oral Assurances
915
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
915
IV.
Public Policy Exception
916
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
922
A.
Burdens of Proof
922
B.
Just Cause
922
C.
Disclaimers
922
D.
Damages
923
VI.
Related Torts
924
A.
Fraud
925
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
925
C.
Defamation
926
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
927
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
927
E.
Negligence
929
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
929
2.
Negligent Hiring
929
3.
Negligent Training
930
4.
Negligent Retention
930
5.
Negligent Supervision
930
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
930
7.
Negligent Interference with Contract
931
F.
Miscellaneous
931
1.
False Imprisonment
931
VII.
Statutes
931
VIII.
Additional Topics
933
A.
Statutes of Limitations
933
B.
Statute of Frauds
933
C.
After-Acquired Evidence
933
New Jersey
935
I.
Overview
936
II.
Employment Contract
936
A.
Handbooks
936
B.
Oral Assurances
939
C.
Employment Applications
943
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
945
IV.
Public Policy Exception
947
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
952
A.
Burdens of Proof
952
B.
Just Cause
954
C.
Disclaimers
955
D.
Damages
958
VI.
Related Torts
959
A.
Fraud
960
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
960
C.
Defamation
962
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
963
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
964
E.
Negligence
966
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
966
2.
Negligent Hiring
967
3.
Negligent Training
968
4.
Negligent Retention
968
5.
Negligent Supervision
968
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
968
F.
Miscellaneous
969
1.
False Imprisonment
969
2.
Discovery Issues
970
VII.
Statutes
971
New Mexico
975
I.
Overview
976
II.
Employment Contract
976
A.
Handbooks
977
B.
Oral Assurances
980
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
982
IV.
Public Policy Exception
983
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
985
A.
Burdens of Proof
985
B.
Just Cause
986
C.
Disclaimers
986
D.
Damages
987
VI.
Related Torts
988
A.
Fraud
989
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
989
C.
Defamation
991
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
992
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
992
E.
Negligence
994
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
994
2.
Negligent Hiring
995
3.
Negligent Training
996
4.
Negligent Retention
996
5.
Negligent Supervision
996
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
996
F.
Miscellaneous
997
1.
Invasion of Privacy
997
2.
Prima Facie Tort
998
3.
False Imprisonment
999
VII.
Statutes
1000
New York
1005
I.
Overview
1006
II.
Employment Contract
1007
A.
Handbooks
1007
B.
Oral Assurances
1010
C.
Miscellaneous
1011
1.
Express Contract
1011
2.
Implied in Law Contract
1013
3.
Implied in Fact Contract
1015
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1019
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1022
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1022
A.
Burdens of Proof
1022
B.
Just Cause
1023
C.
Disclaimers
1023
D.
Damages
1023
VI.
Related Torts
1023
A.
Fraud
1024
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1025
C.
Defamation
1027
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1028
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1030
E.
Negligence
1031
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1031
2.
Negligent Hiring
1032
3.
Negligent Training
1034
4.
Negligent Retention
1034
5.
Negligent Supervision
1035
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1035
F.
Miscellaneous
1036
1.
False Imprisonment
1036
VII.
Statutes
1038
VIII.
Additional Topics
1045
A.
Promissory Estoppel
1045
North Carolina
1047
I.
Overview
1048
II.
Employment Contract
1048
A.
Handbooks
1051
B.
Oral Contracts
1052
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1053
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1053
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1059
A.
Burdens of Proof
1059
B.
Just Cause
1060
C.
Disclaimers
1060
D.
Damages
1060
VI.
Related Torts
1061
A.
Fraud
1061
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1062
C.
Defamation
1064
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1066
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1067
E.
Negligence
1068
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1068
2.
Negligent Hiring
1069
3.
Negligent Training
1070
4.
Negligent Retention
1070
5.
Negligent Supervision
1070
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1070
F.
Miscellaneous
1072
1.
Breach of Fiduciary Duty
1072
2.
Breach of Duty of Loyalty
1072
3.
False Imprisonment
1073
VII.
Statutes
1073
VIII.
Additional Topics
1076
A.
Promissory Estoppel
1076
North Dakota
1079
I.
Overview
1080
II.
Employment Contract
1081
A.
Handbooks
1081
B.
Oral Assurances
1082
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1082
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1082
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1083
A.
Burdens of Proof
1083
B.
Just Cause
1084
C.
Disclaimers
1084
D.
Damages
1084
VI.
Related Torts
1085
A.
Fraud
1085
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1085
C.
Defamation
1086
0.1.
Libel and Slander
1086
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1088
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1088
E.
Negligence
1088
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1088
2.
Negligent Hiring
1089
3.
Negligent Training
1090
4.
Negligent Retention
1090
5.
Negligent Supervision
1090
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1090
F.
Miscellaneous
1091
1.
False Imprisonment
1091
VII.
Statutes
1091
Ohio
1095
I.
Overview
1096
II.
Employment Contract
1096
A.
Handbooks
1097
B.
Oral Assurances
1101
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1107
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1108
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1117
A.
Burdens of Proof
1117
B.
Just Cause
1118
C.
Disclaimers
1119
D.
Damages
1120
VI.
Related Torts
1120
A.
Fraud
1121
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1121
C.
Defamation
1122
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1124
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1125
E.
Negligence
1129
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1129
2.
Negligent Hiring
1129
3.
Negligent Training
1133
4.
Negligent Retention
1133
5.
Negligent Supervision
1134
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1134
7.
Negligent Identification
1134
F.
Miscellaneous
1135
1.
False Imprisonment
1135
VII.
Statutes
1136
Oklahoma
1139
I.
Overview
1139
II.
Employment Contract
1140
A.
Handbooks
1141
B.
Oral Assurances
1142
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1142
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1143
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1146
A.
Burdens of Proof
1146
B.
Just Cause
1146
C.
Disclaimers
1146
D.
Damages
1147
VI.
Related Torts
1148
A.
Fraud
1148
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1149
C.
Defamation
1151
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1152
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1152
E.
Negligence
1154
F.
Miscellaneous
1155
1.
False Imprisonment
1155
VII.
Statutes
1155
Oregon
1161
I.
Overview
1162
II.
Employment Contract
1162
A.
Handbooks
1163
B.
Oral Assurances
1164
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1165
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1166
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1168
A.
Burdens of Proof
1168
B.
Just Cause
1168
C.
Disclaimers
1169
D.
Damages
1169
VI.
Related Torts
1170
A.
Fraud
1170
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1171
C.
Defamation
1172
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1174
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1175
E.
Negligence
1176
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1176
2.
Negligent Hiring
1178
3.
Negligent Training
1178
4.
Negligent Retention
1178
5.
Negligent Supervision
1179
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1179
F.
Miscellaneous
1180
1.
False Imprisonment
1180
VII.
Statutes
1181
Pennsylvannia
1185
I.
Overview
1186
II.
Employment Contract
1186
A.
Handbooks
1186
1.
Termination
1186
2.
Other Terms and Conditions
1188
B.
Implied-In-Fact Contract and Oral Assurances
1190
C.
Wrongful Discharge
1192
D.
Noncompete Agreements
1193
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1194
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1195
A.
Exception
1195
B.
Specific Intent to Harm Theory
1199
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1200
A.
Burdens of Proof
1200
B.
Just Cause
1200
C.
Disclaimers
1200
D.
Damages
1201
VI.
Related Torts
1202
A.
Fraud
1202
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1203
C.
Defamation
1203
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1205
E.
Negligence
1207
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1207
2.
Negligent Hiring
1207
3.
Negligent Training
1207
4.
Negligent Retention
1208
5.
Negligent Supervision
1208
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1208
VII.
Statutes
1209
Puerto Rico
1213
I.
Overview
1214
II.
Employment Contract
1219
A.
Handbooks
1222
B.
Oral Assurances
1224
C.
Probationary Employment Contracts
1226
D.
Temporary Employment Contracts
1229
E.
Term and Project Employment Contracts
1233
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1234
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1237
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1239
A.
Burdens of Proof
1239
AA.
Constructive Discharge
1254
B.
Just Cause
1261
C.
Disclaimers
1263
D.
Damages
1264
1.
Personal Liability
1268
VI.
Related Torts
1270
A.
Fraud
1270
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1272
C.
Defamation
1273
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1279
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1280
DD.
Constitutional Right to Privacy
1282
DDD.
False Imprisonment
1283
VII.
Statutes
1285
A.
Wrongful Discharge Law
1285
1.
Statutory "Just Cause" Definition
1300
2.
Case Law Elaboration of the "Just Cause" Concept
1305
3.
Specific Causes
1310
a.
That the employee engages in a pattern of improper or disorderly conduct
1311
b.
That the employee engages in a pattern of deficient, inefficient, unsatisfactory, poor, late or negligent performance
1318
c.
Repeated violation by the employee of the reasonable rules and regulations established for the operation of the establishment
1322
d.
Total, temporary or partial closing of the operations of the establishment
1330
i.
Seniority
1332
e.
Technological or reorganization changes
1341
f.
Reductions in employment made necessary by a reduction in the anticipated or prevailing factors or in order to increase the establishment's competitiveness or productivity
1345
4.
Waivers
1348
5.
Arbitration
1351
6.
Forum Selection
1353
7.
Sale of Business
1354
8.
Bankruptcy
1366
B.
Other Employment Protection Laws
1375
Rhode Island
1381
I.
Overview
1382
II.
Employment Contract
1383
A.
Handbooks
1383
B.
Oral Assurances
1386
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1388
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1389
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1389
A.
Burdens of Proof
1389
B.
Just Cause
1389
C.
Disclaimers
1390
VI.
Related Torts
1391
A.
Fraud
1392
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1392
C.
Defamation
1394
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1395
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1395
E.
Negligence
1396
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1396
2.
Negligent Hiring
1397
3.
Negligent Training
1400
4.
Negligent Retention
1400
5.
Negligent Supervision
1400
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1400
7.
Miscellaneous
1401
a.
Negligent Assignment
1401
F.
Miscellaneous
1401
1.
False Imprisonment
1401
VII.
Statutes
1402
South Carolina
1405
I.
Overview
1406
II.
Employment Contract
1406
A.
Handbooks
1406
B.
Oral Assurances
1408
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1408
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1409
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1412
A.
Burdens of Proof
1412
B.
Just Cause
1412
C.
Disclaimers
1413
D.
Damages
1413
VI.
Related Torts
1413
A.
Fraud
1414
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1414
C.
Defamation
1415
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1419
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1419
E.
Negligence
1420
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1420
2.
Negligent Hiring
1421
3.
Negligent Training
1423
4.
Negligent Retention
1423
5.
Negligent Supervision
1423
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1423
F.
Miscellaneous
1423
1.
False Imprisonment
1423
VII.
Statutes
1424
South Dakota
1427
I.
Overview
1428
II.
Employment Contract
1428
A.
Handbooks
1428
B.
Oral Assurances
1430
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1431
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1432
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1433
A.
Burdens of Proof
1433
B.
Just Cause
1434
C.
Disclaimers
1434
D.
Damages
1435
VI.
Related Torts
1438
A.
Fraud
1438
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1439
C.
Defamation
1441
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1443
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1443
E.
Negligence
1446
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1446
2.
Negligent Hiring
1447
3.
Negligent Training
1448
4.
Negligent Retention
1448
5.
Negligent Supervision
1448
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1449
F.
Miscellaneous
1450
1.
False Imprisonment
1450
VII.
Statutes
1450
Tennessee
1453
I.
Overview
1454
II.
Employment Contract
1454
A.
Handbooks
1454
B.
Oral Assurances
1456
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1457
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1458
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1460
A.
Burdens of Proof
1460
B.
Just Cause
1461
C.
Disclaimers
1462
D.
Damages
1462
VI.
Related Torts
1463
A.
Fraud
1463
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1465
C.
Defamation
1466
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1468
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1468
E.
Negligence
1469
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1469
2.
Negligent Hiring
1470
3.
Negligent Training
1472
4.
Negligent Retention
1472
5.
Negligent Supervision
1472
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1472
F.
Miscellaneous
1473
1.
Invasion of Privacy
1473
2.
False Imprisonment
1475
3.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1476
VII.
Statutes
1477
Texas
1481
I.
Overview
1482
II.
Employment Contract
1483
A.
Handbooks
1483
B.
Oral Assurances
1485
C.
Wrongful Discharge
1488
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1488
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1489
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1490
A.
Burdens of Proof
1490
B.
Just Cause
1492
C.
Disclaimers
1494
D.
Damages
1494
VI.
Related Torts
1495
A.
Fraud
1495
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1496
C.
Defamation
1498
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1500
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1501
E.
Negligence
1503
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1503
2.
Negligent Hiring
1505
3.
Negligent Training
1506
4.
Negligent Retention
1506
5.
Negligent Supervision
1506
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1506
7.
Miscellaneous
1506
a.
Negligent Investigation
1506
F.
Miscellaneous
1507
1.
False Imprisonment
1507
VII.
Statutes
1508
Utah
1511
I.
Overview
1512
II.
Employment Contract
1512
A.
Handbooks
1514
B.
Oral Assurances
1515
C.
Course of Dealing
1516
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1517
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1518
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1521
A.
Burdens of Proof
1521
B.
Just Cause
1522
C.
Disclaimers
1523
D.
Damages
1524
VI.
Related Torts
1526
A.
Fraud
1526
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1527
C.
Defamation
1528
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1530
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1530
E.
Negligence
1532
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1532
2.
Negligent Hiring
1533
3.
Negligent Training
1534
4.
Negligent Retention
1534
5.
Negligent Supervision
1534
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1535
F.
Miscellaneous
1536
1.
Invasion of Privacy
1536
2.
False Imprisonment
1538
VII.
Statutes
1538
Vermont
1541
I.
Overview
1542
II.
Employment Contract
1543
A.
Handbooks
1543
B.
Oral Assurances
1546
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1547
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1548
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1550
A.
Burdens of Proof
1550
B.
Just Cause
1551
C.
Disclaimers
1553
D.
Damages
1554
VI.
Related Torts
1555
A.
Fraud
1555
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1555
1.
Tortious Interference With Performance of Office
1557
C.
Defamation
1557
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1558
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1559
E.
Negligence
1561
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1562
2.
Negligent Hiring
1562
3.
Negligent Training
1562
4.
Negligent Retention
1562
5.
Negligent Supervision
1562
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1563
F.
Miscellaneous
1563
1.
False Imprisonment
1563
VII.
Statutes
1563
A.
Breastfeeding
1564
B.
Limits on Confidentiality in Separation Agreement
1564
C.
Flexible Working Arrangement
1565
D.
Plant Closing/Mass Layoffs
1566
E.
Employment Applications/Criminal History Records
1569
F.
Mandatory Paid Sick Leave
1569
Virginia
1573
I.
Overview
1574
II.
Employment Contract
1577
A.
Handbooks
1578
B.
Oral Assurances
1581
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1582
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1583
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1588
A.
Burdens of Proof
1588
B.
Just Cause
1589
C.
Disclaimers
1590
D.
Damages
1590
VI.
Related Torts
1590
A.
Fraud
1591
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1594
C.
Defamation
1597
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1599
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1600
E.
Negligence
1602
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1602
2.
Negligent Hiring
1603
3.
Negligent Training
1605
4.
Negligent Retention
1606
5.
Negligent Supervision
1606
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1607
F.
Miscellaneous
1607
1.
False Imprisonment
1607
VII.
Statutes
1610
VIII.
Additional Topics
1611
A.
Constructive Discharge
1611
Washington
1613
I.
Overview
1614
II.
Employment Contract
1614
A.
Handbooks
1615
B.
Oral Assurances
1618
C.
Forum-Selection Clauses
1618
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1619
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1619
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1622
A.
Burdens of Proof
1622
B.
Just Cause
1624
C.
Disclaimers
1624
D.
Damages
1624
VI.
Related Torts
1625
A.
Fraud
1625
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1625
C.
Defamation
1626
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1627
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1627
E.
Negligence
1628
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1628
2.
Negligent Hiring
1630
3.
Negligent Training
1630
4.
Negligent Retention
1630
5.
Negligent Supervision
1630
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1630
F.
Miscellaneous
1631
1.
False Imprisonment
1631
2.
Deliberate Injury
1632
VII.
Statutes
1632
VIII.
Additional Topics
1634
A.
Constructive Discharge
1634
B.
Promissory Estoppel
1634
West Virginia
1637
I.
Overview
1638
II.
Employment Contract
1639
A.
Handbooks
1639
B.
Oral Assurances
1640
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1641
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1642
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1646
A.
Burdens of Proof
1646
B.
Just Cause
1646
C.
Disclaimers
1647
VI.
Related Torts
1648
A.
Fraud
1649
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1650
C.
Defamation
1651
Qualified Privilege
1652
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1654
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1654
E.
Negligence
1656
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1656
2.
Negligent Hiring
1657
3.
Negligent Training
1659
4.
Negligent Retention
1659
5.
Negligent Supervision
1659
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1659
F.
Miscellaneous
1660
1.
False Imprisonment
1660
VII.
Statutes
1660
Wisconsin
1663
I.
Overview
1664
II.
Employment Contract
1665
A.
Handbooks
1665
B.
Oral Assurances
1667
C.
Employment at Will as Consideration for Restrictive Covenants
1671
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1672
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1672
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1674
A.
Burdens of Proof
1674
B.
Just Cause
1674
C.
Disclaimers
1675
D.
Damages
1675
VI.
Related Torts
1677
A.
Fraud
1677
1.
Misrepresentation
1677
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1678
C.
Defamation
1678
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1679
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1680
E.
Negligence
1681
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1681
2.
Negligent Hiring
1681
3.
Negligent Training
1681
4.
Negligent Retention
1682
5.
Negligent Supervision
1682
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1682
F.
Miscellaneous
1682
1.
Invasion of Privacy
1682
2.
False Imprisonment
1684
VII.
Statutes
1685
A.
Wisconsin Fair Employment Act
1685
B.
Social Media Protection Act
1688
1.
General
1688
2.
Prohibitions Relating to At-Will Employment
1688
3.
Exceptions
1689
4.
Enforcement and Remedies
1690
Wyoming
1693
I.
Overview
1694
II.
Employment Contract
1694
A.
Handbooks
1697
B.
Oral Assurances
1698
III.
Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1699
IV.
Public Policy Exception
1700
V.
Burdens of Proof, Just Cause, Disclaimers, and Damages
1701
A.
Burdens of Proof
1701
B.
Just Cause
1701
C.
Disclaimers
1702
D.
Damages
1705
VI.
Related Torts
1706
A.
Fraud
1706
B.
Intentional Interference With a Contract
1706
C.
Defamation
1707
1.
Self-Defamation/Compelled Self-Publication
1709
D.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1709
E.
Negligence
1711
1.
Negligent Misrepresentation
1711
2.
Negligent Hiring
1711
3.
Negligent Training
1711
4.
Negligent Retention
1711
5.
Negligent Supervision
1711
6.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
1711
F.
Miscellaneous
1711
1.
False Imprisonment
1711
VII.
Statutes
1712
VIII.
Additional Topics
1713
A.
Promissory Estoppel
1713