International climate change law / Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée, Lavanya Rajamani.
2017
K3585.5 .B63 2017 (Map It)
On loan from Cellar, due 16. May 2025
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Author
Title
International climate change law / Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée, Lavanya Rajamani.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2017.
Copyright
©2017
Call Number
K3585.5 .B63 2017
Edition
First edition.
ISBN
9780199664290 (hardback)
0199664293 (hardback)
9780199664306 (paperback)
0199664307 (paperback)
0199664293 (hardback)
9780199664306 (paperback)
0199664307 (paperback)
Description
xxxix, 374 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)990144163
Summary
"This textbook, by three experts in the field, provides a comprehensive overview of international climate change law. Climate change is one of the fundamental challenges facing the world today, and is the cause of significant international concern. In response, states have created an international climate regime. The treaties that comprise the regime (the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement) establish a system of governance to address climate change and its impacts. This book provides a clear analytical guide to the climate regime, as well as other relevant international legal rules. The book begins by locating international climate change law within the broader context of international law and international environmental law. It considers the evolution of the international climate change regime, and the process of law-making that has led to it. It examines the key provisions of the Framework Convention, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. It analyses the principles and obligations that underpin the climate regime, as well as the elaborate institutional and governance architecture that has been created at successive international conferences to develop commitments and promote transparency and compliance. The final two chapters address the polycentric nature of international climate change law, as well as the intersections of international climate change law with other areas of international regulation"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
xv
Table of International Instruments and National Legislation
xix
List of Acronyms
xxxv
1.
Introduction
1
I.
Climate change as an intractable policy challenge
2
II.
Three perspectives on the climate change problem
4
A.
Climate change as an environmental problem
5
B.
Climate change as an economic problem
6
C.
Climate change as an ethical problem
7
III.
Demarcating international climate change law
10
IV.
subject matter of international climate change law
11
A.
Mitigation
12
B.
Adaptation
14
C.
Finance
14
D.
Oversight
16
V.
Recurring themes in the UN climate regime
17
A.
Legal bindingness
17
1.
Treaties
18
2.
Decisions of parties
19
3.
Political agreements
20
B.
Architecture
22
C.
Differentiation
26
VI.
broader context for international climate change law
30
Select Bibliography
34
2.
Climate Change and International Law
35
I.
Introduction
35
II.
sources of international law
36
III.
Key principles of international environmental law
40
A.
no-harm rule and related principles
40
1.
Harm prevention and due diligence
41
2.
Procedural obligations
42
3.
Prevention and precaution
43
B.
Establishing state responsibility for violation of the no-harm rule
44
1.
General considerations
44
2.
Legal action for climate harm-some examples
46
C.
Invoking state responsibility for harm to the global commons
49
D.
Common concern and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
51
E.
Precaution, sustainable development, and the intertemporal reach of international environmental law
53
IV.
Treaty-based approaches to environmental protection
55
A.
Treaty development over time
56
1.
framework-protocol model
57
2.
Institutionalization
57
3.
Ongoing standard-setting processes
59
B.
Treaty design to induce participation
61
C.
Promotion of implementation and compliance
64
1.
Emergence of the implementation and compliance focus
65
2.
Modern multilateral environmental agreements and compliance
65
V.
Conclusion
68
Select Bibliography
70
3.
Treaty-Based Law-Making: Rules, Tools, and Techniques
72
I.
Introduction
72
II.
Treaties and treaty-based law-making
72
A.
What is a treaty?
72
B.
Treaty negotiations
73
1.
pre-negotiation phase: issue, forum, and mandate
73
2.
negotiating process
75
C.
Adoption, signature, ratification, and entry into force of treaties
82
D.
Treaty development
85
1.
New treaties to supplement the framework
86
2.
Amendments
88
3.
Decisions of the parties
90
4.
Political agreements
91
5.
Ambiguity, interpretation, and subsequent practice
92
III.
Conclusion
94
Select Bibliography
95
4.
Evolution of the United Nations Climate Regime
96
I.
Introduction
96
II.
Agenda-setting (1985-1990)
97
III.
Constitutional phase: negotiation and entry into force of the FCCC (1990-1995)
102
IV.
Regulatory phase: negotiation and elaboration of the Kyoto protocol (1995-2005)
105
V.
Second constitutional phase: negotiating the future climate regime (2005-2016)
108
A.
Bali Action Plan
110
B.
Copenhagen Accord
110
C.
Cancun Agreements
112
D.
Durban Platform and Doha Amendment
113
VI.
Conclusion
115
Select Bibliography
117
5.
Framework Convention on Climate Change
118
I.
Introduction
118
II.
Overarching issues
119
A.
Legal bindingness
119
B.
Architecture
120
C.
Scope
120
D.
Differentiation
121
III.
Preamble, objective, and principles (Articles 2 and 3)
123
A.
Preamble
123
B.
Objective (Article 2)
125
C.
Principles (Article 3)
126
1.
Background
126
2.
Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
127
3.
Precaution and cost-effectiveness
128
4.
Sustainable development
129
5.
Supportive and open economic system
129
IV.
Commitments (Articles 4-6 and 12)
130
A.
General commitments (Articles 4.1, 5, 6, and 12.1)
130
B.
Mitigation (Articles 4.1(b)-(d) and 4.2)
131
1.
Targets and timetables
132
2.
Comprehensive approach
133
3.
Joint implementation
134
C.
Adaptation (Articles 4.1(b) and (e), 4.8, and 4.9)
135
D.
Financial support (Articles 4.3 and 4.4)
137
E.
Technology transfer (Article 4.5)
140
F.
Transparency (Articles 4.1(a) and 12)
141
V.
Institutions (Articles 7-11)
141
A.
Conference of the Parties (Article 7)
142
B.
Secretariat (Article 8)
143
C.
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (Article 9)
144
D.
Subsidiary Body for Implementation (Article 10)
145
E.
Financial mechanism (Articles 11 and 21.3)
145
VI.
Implementation and compliance mechanisms (Articles 7.2 and 12-14)
148
A.
Overview
148
B.
Reporting (Article 12)
149
C.
International review (Article 7.2)
151
D.
Multilateral consultative process to resolve questions regarding implementation (Article 13)
153
E.
Dispute settlement (Article 14)
154
VII.
Final clauses (Articles 15-25)
155
A.
Amendments, annexes, and protocols to the convention (Articles 15, 16, and 17)
155
B.
Voting rights, signature, and ratification (Articles 18, 20, and 22)
156
C.
Entry into force (Article 23)
157
D.
Reservations and withdrawal (Articles 24 and 25)
157
VIII.
Conclusion
158
Select Bibliography
158
6.
Kyoto Protocol
160
I.
Introduction
160
II.
Overarching issues
161
A.
Legal bindingness
161
B.
Architecture
163
C.
Scope
163
D.
Differentiation
165
1.
Differentiation between Annex I and non-Annex I parties
166
2.
Differentiation within the category of Annex I parties
167
3.
Voluntary commitments for developing countries
168
III.
Preamble and definitions (Article 1)
169
IV.
Commitments (Articles 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, and 11)
169
A.
General commitments
170
B.
Specific commitments for Annex I and Annex II parties
170
1.
Policies and measures (Article 2)
170
2.
Mitigation targets and timetables (Article 3)
171
a.
Legal character
172
b.
Differentiated targets
172
c.
Collective target
174
d.
Base year
174
e.
Assigned amount units
175
f.
Sinks
175
g.
Multi-year commitment period
176
h.
Banking
177
i.
Joint fulfilment
178
3.
Financial support (Article 11)
179
V.
Mechanisms (Articles 6, 12, and 17)
179
A.
Joint implementation (Article 6)
180
B.
Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12)
182
1.
Additionality
183
2.
Sustainable development
185
3.
Project eligibility
186
4.
Project types
188
a.
Unilateral CDM
188
b.
Programmatic CDM
188
c.
Other project types
188
5.
Equitable geographical distribution of CDM projects
189
6.
Share of proceeds
190
C.
Emissions trading (Article 17)
190
D.
Outlook
192
VI.
Reporting, review, and compliance (Articles 5, 7, 8, and 18)
193
A.
Reporting and review (Articles 5, 7, and 8)
193
B.
Compliance procedures and mechanisms
195
1.
Context and goals
195
2.
Triggers
196
3.
Compliance Committee and its process
197
a.
facilitative branch
197
b.
enforcement branch
198
4.
Outlook
200
VII.
Institutions (Articles 13, 14, and 15)
200
VIII.
Multilateral consultative process (Article 16)
201
IX.
Final clauses (Articles 19-28)
201
X.
second and future commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol
202
XI.
Conclusion
206
Select Bibliography
208
7.
Paris Agreement
209
I.
Introduction
209
II.
Overarching issues
210
A.
Legal bindingness
210
1.
Legal form of the 2015 agreement
210
2.
Legal character of the provisions in the 2015 agreement
213
B.
Architecture
214
C.
Scope
215
D.
Differentiation
219
1.
CBDRRC principle in the Paris Agreement
221
2.
Operationalizing the CBDRRC principle in the Paris Agreement
222
a.
Differentiation in mitigation
223
b.
Differentiation in transparency
224
c.
Differentiation in finance
225
III.
Preamble
226
IV.
Purpose (Articles 2 and 4.1)
228
V.
Mitigation (Article 4)
231
A.
Obligations in relation to nationally determined contributions (NDCs)
231
B.
Registering NDCs
233
C.
Progression in NDCs
233
D.
Ambition cycle
235
VI.
Market-based approaches (Article 6)
236
VII.
Adaptation (Article 7)
237
VIII.
Loss and damage (Article 8)
238
IX.
Support (Articles 9, 10, and 11)
240
A.
Finance
240
1.
Financial commitments
240
2.
Donor pool
241
3.
Mobilization goal
241
B.
Technology
241
C.
Capacity-building
241
X.
Oversight system (Articles 13, 14, and 15)
242
A.
Transparency (Article 13)
242
B.
Global stocktake (Article 14)
244
C.
Implementation and Compliance Mechanism (Article 15)
246
XI.
Institutions (Articles 16-19)
246
XII.
Final clauses (Articles 20-28)
247
XIII.
Next steps
247
XIV.
Conclusion
249
Select Bibliography
250
8.
Climate Governance beyond the United Nations Climate Regime
258
I.
Introduction
258
II.
Multi-level climate governance
260
III.
Public and private climate governance
264
IV.
Climate governance by other multilateral institutions
266
A.
Bunker emissions
268
1.
International Maritime Organization
268
2.
International Civil Aviation Organization
270
B.
Ozone-depleting substances
273
C.
Black carbon and other short-lived climate forcers
275
D.
UN Security Council
277
E.
Informal political forums
278
1.
Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate
278
2.
G-8/G-20
279
3.
Bilateral initiatives
280
V.
Sub-national climate governance
281
VI.
Judicial governance
283
A.
Functions of litigation
285
B.
Source of law
287
C.
Forum
288
D.
Assessment
290
VII.
Polycentric governance of the carbon market
290
VIII.
Polycentric governance and the UN climate change regime
292
IX.
Conclusion
293
Select Bibliography
294
9.
Intersections between International Climate Change Law and Other Areas of International Law
295
I.
Introduction
295
II.
Climate change and human rights
296
A.
Introduction
296
B.
Distinguishing features of a human rights approach to climate change
298
C.
Advantages and disadvantages of a human rights approach to climate change
299
D.
Which human rights are affected by the impacts of climate change?
301
1.
Extending the ambit of existing rights to address climate impacts
301
2.
Recognizing a right to a healthy or clean environment
303
E.
Nature of duties
304
1.
Types of duties
304
2.
Duty holders
307
3.
Duty beneficiaries
308
F.
Human rights implications of response measures
308
G.
Human rights in the UN climate regime
309
III.
Climate change, migration, and displacement
313
A.
Introduction
313
B.
Existing international protection
315
1.
Internal displacement
315
2.
Cross-border displacement
318
a.
International refugee law
318
b.
International human rights law
320
c.
Law relating to statelessness
321
C.
Addressing gaps in protection
322
D.
Climate-induced displacement and migration in the UN climate regime
325
IV.
Climate change and trade
327
A.
World Trade Organization
328
B.
GATT principles
330
1.
Trade disciplines
331
2.
Exceptions
332
3.
dispute settlement process
333
4.
relationship between trade rules and climate protection measures
334
a.
Unilateral or multilateral measures?
334
b.
Direct and indirect trade restrictions
336
c.
role of the 'likeness' standard
338
d.
Criteria for assessing 'likeness'
338
e.
Processes and production methods (PPMs) and 'likeness'
339
5.
Trade-related climate measures
341
a.
Border adjustments
342
b.
Subsidies
343
C.
Trade in the UN climate regime
347
Select Bibliography
349
10.
Conclusion
351
I.
evolution of international climate change law: A brief recap
351
II.
Distinctive features of international climate change law
355
III.
Effectiveness of international climate change law
357
IV.
Looking ahead
360
Index
363