Understanding torts / John L. Diamond, Lawrence C. Levine, Anita Bernstein.
2018
KF1250 .D5 2018 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Understanding torts / John L. Diamond, Lawrence C. Levine, Anita Bernstein.
Published
Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press, [2018]
Call Number
KF1250 .D5 2018
Edition
Sixth edition.
ISBN
9781531009755 (alk. paper)
1531009751 (alk. paper)
9781531009762 (eISBN)
1531009751 (alk. paper)
9781531009762 (eISBN)
Description
xxiii, 381 pages ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1028606981
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxiii
ch. 1
Intentional Interference with Persons and Property
3
1.01.
Intent
4
A.
Overview and Definition
4
B.
Intent as "Desire"
5
C.
Intent as "Substantial Certainty"
5
D.
Transferred Intent
6
E.
Mistake Doctrine
6
F.
Insanity and Infancy
7
1.02.
Battery
8
A.
Overview and Definition
8
B.
Intent Requirement
8
C.
Harmful or Offensive Contact
9
D.
Causation
10
E.
Policy Rationale
10
1.03.
Assault
11
A.
Overview
11
B.
Definition
11
1.
Intent Requirement
11
2.
Apprehension
12
3.
Imminent Harmful or Offensive Contact
12
4.
Reasonable Apprehension
13
5.
Fear versus Apprehension
13
6.
Conditional Assault
14
7.
Source of the Contact
14
C.
Justifications for the Tort
14
1.
Morality
14
2.
Compensation
15
3.
Deterrence
15
1.04.
False Imprisonment
15
A.
Overview and Definition
15
B.
Bounded Area
16
C.
Means of Confinement or Restraint
16
1.
Physical Barrier
16
2.
Force or Threat of Immediate Force
17
3.
Omissions
17
4.
Improper Assertion of Legal Authority (False Arrest)
17
D.
Contrast with Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process
18
E.
Consciousness of Confinement
18
F.
No Minimum Time
19
G.
Transferred Intent
19
H.
Policy Issues
19
1.05.
Intentional Infliction of Mental Distress
20
A.
Overview
20
B.
History
20
C.
Definition
21
1.
Extreme and Outrageous Conduct
21
a.
Sexual Harassment and Racial Epithets
22
b.
Constitutional Limits
22
2.
Intent or Recklessness to Cause Severe Mental Distress
23
3.
Severe Mental Distress
24
D.
Third-Party Recovery
24
E.
Exception for Innkeepers, Common Carriers, and Other Public Utilities
25
F.
Policy Rationales
26
1.06.
Trespass to Chattel and Conversion
26
A.
Overview
26
B.
Definition of Trespass to Chattel
27
1.
Bad Faith Not Required
27
2.
Actual Damage, Substantial Deprivation, or Dispossession Required
27
3.
Transferred Intent
28
C.
Definition of Conversion
28
ch. 2
Defenses to Intentional Torts
31
2.01.
Consent
32
A.
Overview
32
B.
Express and Implied Manifestations of Consent
32
C.
Consent by Law
32
D.
Invalidating Manifestations of Consent
33
1.
Incapacity
33
2.
Action Beyond Scope of Consent
33
3.
Fraud
34
4.
Duress
34
5.
Illegality
34
2.02.
Self-Defense
35
A.
Overview and Definition
35
B.
Threat Must Be Immediate
35
C.
Victim's Response Must Be Reasonable
36
D.
Obligation to Retreat from Deadly Force
36
2.03.
Defense of Others
37
A.
Overview
37
B.
Limited Privilege Rule
37
C.
Restatement Rule
37
D.
Competing Policy Considerations
37
2.04.
Defense and Recovery of Property
38
A.
Overview
38
B.
Reasonable Force
38
C.
Force Against a Privileged Party
38
D.
Defense of Habitation
39
E.
Mechanical Devices
39
F.
Recovery of Personal Property
40
2.05.
Necessity
41
A.
Overview and Definition
41
B.
Private Necessity
41
C.
Public Necessity
42
D.
Intentional Injury and Killing
42
ch. 3
Negligence Concept and the Reasonable Person Standard of Care
45
3.01.
Overview
45
3.02.
Historical Development
46
3.03.
Standard of Care
46
3.04.
Reasonable Person
47
A.
Characteristics of the Reasonable Person
49
B.
Flexibility in the Reasonable Person Standard
50
1.
Emergency
50
2.
Physical Conditions
52
3.
Mental Conditions
53
4.
Effect of Superior Abilities, Skill, or Knowledge
55
C.
Gender Bias in the Reasonable Person Standard
55
3.05.
Child Standard of Care
57
3.06.
Degrees of Negligence
59
ch. 4
Determination of Unreasonableness: Breach of Duty, Custom, and the Role of the Jury
61
4.01.
Overview
61
4.02.
Risk Calculus
62
A.
Probability
63
B.
Magnitude of the Loss
64
C.
Burden of Avoidance
64
D.
Value of the Hand Formula
66
4.03.
Role of Custom
67
A.
Deviation from Custom
68
B.
Compliance with Custom
69
4.04.
Role of the Jury
69
ch. 5
Proof of Breach
71
5.01.
Overview
71
5.02.
Kinds of Evidence
72
5.03.
Slip and Fall Cases and the Role of Constructive Notice
73
5.04.
Res Ipsa Loquitur
74
A.
Byrne v. Boadle
75
B.
Probably Negligence
75
C.
Probably the Defendant
76
D.
Outer Reaches of Res Ipsa Loquitur-Ybarra v. Spangard
78
E.
Effect and Value of Res Ipsa Loquitur
79
F.
Role of the Defendant's Superior Knowledge
80
ch. 6
Statutory Standards of Care - "Negligence Per Se"
81
6.01.
Overview
81
6.02.
Factors Used for Determining the Propriety of Adopting a Statute as the Standard of Care
82
A.
Type of Harm
83
B.
Plaintiff in Protected Class
84
C.
Licensing Statutes
84
6.03.
Effects of Non-Adoption and Adoption of Statute
84
A.
Effects of Non-Adoption of a Statute
84
B.
Effects of Adoption of the Statute and Statutory Violation
85
6.04.
Role of Excuse
85
6.05.
Negligence Per Se and Children
86
6.06.
Compliance with Statute
87
6.07.
Criticisms of the Negligence Per Se Doctrine
87
ch. 7
Professional Negligence
89
7.01.
Overview
89
7.02.
Medical Malpractice
90
A.
Alternative Approaches to the Practice of Medicine
91
B.
Proof Issues in Medical Malpractice
91
1.
Expert Witnesses
92
2.
Common Knowledge Exception and Res Ipso Loquitur
94
7.03.
Informed Consent
94
A.
Battery
95
B.
Negligence
95
1.
Physician Rule
95
2.
Patient Rule
96
C.
Extensions of the Informed Consent Doctrine
98
7.04.
Attorney Malpractice
98
ch. 8
Duty in Negligence Cases
101
8.01.
Overview
101
8.02.
Nonfeasance
103
A.
Duty to Rescue
104
1.
Creating the Peril
106
2.
Special Relationships
106
3.
Undertaking to Act and Reliance
107
4.
Contract
108
5.
Conclusion
108
B.
Duty to Control and to Protect
109
1.
Duty to Control
109
a.
Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California
110
b.
Suppliers of Liquor
112
c.
Negligent Entrustment
113
2.
Duty to Protect
114
a.
Landlord Duty to Protect
114
b.
Business Duty to Protect
115
c.
Police Duty to Protect and the Public Duty Doctrine
116
8.03.
Limits of the Misfeasance/Nonfeasance Distinction
118
8.04.
Foreseeable Plaintiff Requirement
119
8.05.
Third Restatement
121
8.06.
Conclusion
122
ch. 9
Land Occupier Duty
123
9.01.
Overview
123
9.02.
Common Law Status Approach
124
A.
Trespassers
124
1.
Frequent or Known Trespassers
125
2.
Child Trespassers
126
B.
Licensees
128
C.
Invitees
129
D.
Determining Status
129
9.03.
Unitary Standard
131
9.04.
Land Possessor Duty to Those Outside the Land
133
9.05.
Landlord-Tenant Relations
134
ch. 10
Duty Limited by Kind of Harm
137
10.01.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
138
A.
Overview
138
B.
Direct Actions
139
1.
Impact Rule
139
2.
Risk of Impact Rule-The Zone of Danger
140
3.
Special Cases
140
4.
Broadest Direct Recovery
140
5.
Recovery for Fear of Future Physical Harm
141
6.
Conclusion
142
C.
Bystander Actions
142
1.
Zone of Danger
143
2.
Dillon v. Legg: Witnessing the Harm
144
3.
Second and Third Restatement Positions
146
4.
Policy Considerations
146
10.02.
Wrongful Conception, Wrongful Birth, and Wrongful Life
147
A.
Overview
147
B.
Wrongful Conception
148
C.
Wrongful Birth
150
D.
Wrongful Life
151
E.
Conclusion
152
10.03.
Loss of Consortium, Wrongful Death, and Survival
152
A.
Overview
152
B.
Loss of Consortium
153
C.
Wrongful Death
155
1.
Who May Recover
155
2.
Recoverable Damages
156
3.
Proof Problems
156
4.
Defenses
157
D.
Survival Actions
158
10.04.
Negligently Inflicted Economic Loss
159
A.
Overview
159
B.
Pure Economic Loss
159
C.
Liability of Negligent Information Suppliers
162
1.
Quasi-Privity
163
2.
Restatement (Second) 552
164
3.
Foreseeability Approach
164
4.
Debating Which Approach Is Best
165
D.
Attorney Liability
167
ch. 11
Cause-in-Fact
169
11.01.
Overview
169
11.02.
"But for" Analysis
170
11.03.
Substantial Factor Test
171
11.04.
Proof Problems in Cause-in-Fact
172
A.
Shifting the Burden of Proving Causation
172
B.
Market Share Liability
173
C.
Medical Uncertainty Cases
175
D.
Statistical Evidence of Causation
177
E.
Future Developments
177
ch. 12
Proximate Cause or Scope of Liability
179
12.01.
Overview
179
12.02.
Problem Proximate Cause Addresses
180
12.03.
Proximate Cause Tests
181
A.
Foreseeability Test-Definition
181
1.
Wagon Mound Cases and the Requirement of Reasonably Foreseeable Consequences
182
2.
Type of Harm Versus Manner and Extent
183
3.
Superseding Intervening Forces
183
B.
"Eggshell" Plaintiff Personal Injury Rule
185
C.
Direct Causation Test
186
D.
"Practical Politics" and "Rough Sense of Justice" Test
188
E.
Restatement (Second) Test
189
F.
Restatement (Third) Test
190
12.04.
Policy Objectives Addressed by Proximate Cause
191
ch. 13
Joint and Several Liability
193
13.01.
Overview and Definition
193
13.02.
Joint Tortfeasors
194
A.
Acting in Concert
194
B.
Independent Acts Causing a Single Indivisible Injury
194
C.
Vicarious Liability
195
D.
"Joint and Several Liability"
196
13.03.
Special Problems after Comparative Fault
196
A.
Allocations of Liability Among Joint Tortfeasors
196
B.
Impact of Settlement on Percentage Shares
197
C.
Contribution and Indemnification
199
D.
Policy Debate and Reform Statutes
200
ch. 14
Damages
203
14.01.
Overview
203
14.02.
Property Damages
204
14.03.
Personal Injury
205
A.
Medical Expenses
205
B.
Lost Wages or Diminished Earning Capacity
206
C.
Incidental Economic Consequences
207
D.
Reduction to "Present Value"
207
E.
Pain and Suffering
208
14.04.
Mitigation or Doctrine of Avoidable Consequences
209
14.05.
Punitive Damages
210
A.
Overview and Constitutionality
210
B.
Policy Arguments for and Against Punitive Damages
212
C.
Insurance Liability for Punitive Damages
213
D.
Respondeat Superior and Punitive Damages
213
14.06.
Collateral Source Rule
214
ch. 15
Defenses
217
15.01.
Overview
218
15.02.
Contributory Negligence
219
A.
Definition
219
B.
Last Clear Chance Doctrine
221
C.
Plaintiffs Unable to Exercise Self-Protection
221
15.03.
Comparative Negligence
222
A.
Pure Comparative Negligence
222
B.
Modified Comparative Negligence
222
1.
Greater than 50 Percent Approach
222
2.
50 Percent or Greater Approach
223
3.
"Slight" Comparative Negligence
223
C.
Determining the Percentage of Fault Attributable to the Plaintiff
223
D.
Comparisons Between Different Systems
223
1.
Contributory Negligence Versus Comparative Negligence
223
2.
Comparison Between Pure and Modified Systems of Comparative Fault
224
15.04.
Assumption of Risk
225
A.
Definition
225
1.
Knowledge of a Particular Risk
225
2.
Voluntariness
226
3.
Assuming the Risk
226
B.
Classifications of Assumption of Risk
226
1.
Express Versus Implied Assumption of Risk
226
2.
Express Assumption of Risk
227
3.
Implied Assumption of Risk
227
a.
Traditional Approach: Assumption of Risk Remains a Complete Defense
228
b.
Majority Approach: Absorption of Assumption of Risk into Comparative Negligence
228
C.
"Firefighter's Rule"
230
15.05.
Immunities
230
A.
Overview
230
B.
Charitable Immunity
231
C.
Spousal Immunity
231
D.
Parent-Child Immunity
232
E.
Governmental Immunity
233
ch. 16
Strict Liability
235
16.01.
Overview
235
16.02.
Strict Liability for Injuries Caused by Animals
237
A.
Livestock
237
B.
Domestic Animals
238
C.
Wild Animals
239
D.
Defenses
240
16.03.
Strict Liability for Abnormally Dangerous Activities
241
A.
Generally
241
B.
Restatement (Second) 519-520
243
C.
Common Law Criteria
245
1.
Requirement of an Activity under Defendant's Control
245
2.
Type of Hazard Contemplated
247
D.
Defenses
247
E.
Three Restatements Compared
248
16.04.
Other Applications
249
A.
Strict Products Liability
249
B.
Employers' Liability
250
ch. 17
Products Liability
251
17.01.
Products Liability: Generally
252
17.02.
Products Liability in Tort
253
A.
Negligence
253
B.
Strict Tort Products Liability as Advanced in Restatement (Second) of Torts 402A (1965)
254
1.
Generally
254
2.
Necessity of Showing a Defect
255
a.
Consumer Expectations Test
255
b.
Risk/Utility Test
257
c.
Hybrid Tests for Defective Design
257
3.
Necessity of Showing Unreasonable Danger
259
4.
Changes to the Product after Leaving Control of Defendant
260
17.03.
Third Restatement's Tripartite Approach
260
A.
Manufacturing Defects
261
B.
Design Defects
261
C.
Defects of Warning, Instruction, or Marketing
262
1.
Generally
262
2.
Obvious Dangers
264
3.
Causation Questions Involving Disregard of Warnings
265
4.
Learned Intermediary Rule
266
5.
Persons to be Warned
267
a.
Nonbuyers
267
b.
Allergic or Idiosyncratic User
268
c.
Professional Users
268
6.
Adequacy
269
D.
Defenses and Apportionment
271
1.
Among Multiple Defendants
271
2.
Between or Among the Plaintiff and Defendant(s)
271
3.
Disclaimers
272
17.04.
Issues of Applicability, Proof, and Statutory Regulation
272
A.
Applicability
272
1.
Non-Manufacturing Sellers
273
2.
Sellers of Used Products
273
3.
Lessors
274
4.
Services
274
5.
Sellers of Real Property
276
6.
What Is a Product?
276
B.
Proof
276
1.
Accident Itself
277
2.
Other Accidents or Claims
277
3.
Subsequent Product Changes
278
4.
Res Ipsa Loquitur
278
5.
Role of Regulation by Statute
279
17.05.
Strict Products Liability for Misrepresentation
280
A.
Restatement Formulations
280
B.
Statements Used in Advertising and Promotion
281
17.06.
Warranty
282
A.
Express Warranty
282
1.
Representation of Fact
283
2.
Basis of the Bargain
283
B.
Implied Warranty of Merchantability
284
C.
Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose
285
D.
Warranty Disclaimers
286
1.
Conspicuousness
287
2.
"As Is" Disclaimers
288
E.
To Whom Warranties Run
288
ch. 18
Nuisance and Trespass
289
18.01.
Nuisance
289
A.
Overview
289
B.
Private Nuisance
290
1.
Trespass Distinguished
290
2.
Elements
291
a.
Unreasonable Interference
291
b.
Current Possessory Interest
292
c.
Intentional or Unintentional Conduct May Suffice
293
3.
Nature of the Interest Interfered With
294
4.
Economic Loss
296
5.
Prospective Nuisance
297
6.
Corrective Justice and Utilitarianism
298
C.
Public Nuisance
301
1.
Generally
301
2.
Proper Complainants
302
3.
Special Injury Rule
302
4.
Environmental Harm
304
5.
Using Public Nuisance to Ameliorate Social Ills
304
18.02.
Trespass
305
A.
Overview
305
B.
Requirement of Intent
306
C.
Requisite Physical Invasion and Harm
307
D.
Above and Below the Surface
309
E.
Trespassing Animals
309
F.
Statutes of Limitation
310
1.
Permanent Trespass; Continuing Trespass
310
2.
"Discovery" Statutes of Limitation
310
ch. 19
Economic Torts
313
19.01.
Fraudulent Misrepresentation
313
A.
Overview
313
B.
Definition
314
1.
Material Misrepresentation by Defendant
314
2.
Scienter
316
3.
Intent to Induce Reliance
317
4.
Causation
317
5.
Justifiable Reliance
318
6.
Damages
318
19.02.
Intentional Interference with Contract and Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic Relations
319
A.
Overview
319
B.
Definitions
320
1.
Valid Contract or Economic Expectancy
321
2.
Knowledge of Valid Contract or an Economic Expectancy by the Defendant
321
3.
Intent by the Defendant to Interfere with the Contract or Economic Expectancy
321
4.
Interference Caused by the Defendant
322
5.
Damages
322
C.
Justifications for Interference
322
19.03.
Tortious Breach of the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
324
ch. 20
Misuse of Legal Processes
327
20.01.
Overview
327
20.02.
Malicious Prosecution and Malicious Institution of Civil Proceedings: Definition
328
A.
Institution or Continuation of Criminal or Civil Proceedings Against the Plaintiff
328
B.
Termination of the Proceeding in Favor of the Plaintiff
329
C.
Absence of Probable Cause
330
D.
Improper Purpose or Malice of the Accuser
330
E.
Damages
331
20.03.
Immunity of Public Officials
331
20.04.
Interaction between False Imprisonment and Malicious Prosecution and Malicious Institution of Civil Proceedings
332
20.05.
Abuse of Process
332
ch. 21
Defamation
335
21.01.
Overview
335
21.02.
Common Law Defamation
336
A.
Defamatory Statement
336
1.
Defamatory to Whom?
337
2.
Statements Not Facially Defamatory: Inducement and Innuendo
338
B.
Of and Concerning the Plaintiff
338
1.
Group Defamation
339
2.
Corporate Plaintiffs
339
C.
Publication and Republication
339
D.
Damages
340
1.
Libel/Slander Distinction
341
2.
Slander and Slander Per Se
341
3.
Libel and Libel Per Quod
342
E.
Common Law Defenses
342
1.
Substantial Truth
342
2.
Absolute Privileges
343
3.
Qualified Privileges
343
21.03.
Constitutional Constraints
344
A.
Public Officials
345
B.
Public Figures
347
C.
Private Persons
348
1.
Public Concern
348
2.
Private Concern
349
D.
Actual Malice
349
E.
Falsity
350
F.
Conclusion
350
ch. 22
Invasion of Privacy
351
22.01.
Overview
351
22.02.
Intrusion Upon Seclusion
351
22.03.
Appropriation of Name or Picture and the Right of Publicity
353
22.04.
False Light
354
22.05.
Public Disclosure of Private Facts
356
Table of Cases
359
Index
371