Intellectual property in the new technological age / Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, Mark A. Lemley.
2012
KF2979 .I432 2012 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Intellectual property in the new technological age / Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, Mark A. Lemley.
Published
Austin : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business ; New York : Aspen Publishers, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KF2979 .I432 2012
Edition
Sixth edition.
ISBN
9781454820093
1454820098
1454820098
Description
xxiv, 1,156 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)794624796
Note
Accompanied by: Statutory supplements.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxiii
1.
Introduction
1
A.
Philosophical Perspectives
2
1.
The Natural Rights Perspective
2
John Locke, Two Treatises on Government
2
2.
The Personhood Perspective
6
Margaret Jane Radin, Property and Personhood
6
3.
The Utilitarian/Economic Incentive Perspective
11
a.
Promoting Innovation and Creativity
11
b.
Ensuring Integrity of the Marketplace
21
B.
Overview of Intellectual Property
24
1.
Trade Secret
25
2.
Patent
29
3.
Copyright
29
4.
Trademark/Trade Dress
30
2.
Trade Secret Protection
33
A.
Introduction
33
1.
History
33
2.
Overview of Trade Secret Protection
35
3.
Theory of Trade Secrets
37
B.
Subject Matter
39
1.
Defining Trade Secrets
39
Metallurgical Industries Inc. v. Fourtek, Inc.
39
2.
Reasonable Efforts to Maintain Secrecy
49
Rockwell Graphic Systems, Inc. v. DEV Industries, Inc.
49
3.
Disclosure of Trade Secrets
58
Data General Corp. v. Digital Computer Controls, Inc.
58
C.
Misappropriation of Trade Secrets
65
1.
Improper Means
66
E.I. duPont deNemours & Co. v. Christopher
66
2.
Confidential Relationship
70
Smith v. Dravo Corp.
70
3.
Reverse Engineering
76
Kadant, Inc. v. Seeley Machine, Inc.
76
4.
The Special Case of Departing Employees
83
a.
Employee Trade Secrets
84
Note on the Common Law Obligation to Assign Inventions
84
Note on Contracts That Restrict the Use of Trade Secrets
85
Note on Trailer Clauses
88
b.
Noncompetition Agreements
89
Edwards v. Arthur Andersen LLP
89
Note on the "Inevitable Disclosure" of Trade Secrets
99
Note on Nonsolicitation Agreements
103
D.
Agreements to Keep Secrets
106
Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Co. v. John J. Reynolds, Inc.
107
E.
Remedies
111
Winston Research Corp. v. 3M Corp.
112
Note on Criminal Trade Secret Statutes
117
Note on Federal Criminal Liability for Trade Secret Misappropriation
119
3.
Patent Law
123
A.
Introduction
123
1.
Historical Background
123
2.
An Overview of the Patent Laws
128
a.
Requirements for Patentability
128
b.
Rights Conferred by a Patent
129
3.
Theories of Patent Law
131
B.
The Elements of Patentability
132
1.
Patentable Subject Matter
132
a.
Compositions of Matter
132
Diamond v. Chakrabarty
132
Parke-Davis & Co. v. H.K. Mulford Co.
139
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
144
b.
Abstract Ideas
156
Bilski v. Kappos
158
2.
Utility
177
Brenner v. Manson
177
In re Fisher
182
Note on the Patent Office Utility Guidelines
185
Note on Moral Utility
187
Juicy Whip, Inc. v. Orange Bang, Inc.
188
3.
Describing and Enabling the Invention
191
a.
Procedures for Obtaining a Patent
191
b.
Disclosure Doctrines: Enablement and Written Description
195
i.
Enablement
196
The Incandescent Lamp Patent
196
Note on "Analog" Claims in Chemical and Biotechnology Patents: An Exploration of Patent Breadth
201
ii.
The Written Description Requirement
205
The Gentry Gallery, Inc. v. The Berkline Corp.
206
Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co.
211
Note on Disclosure of Software Claims
222
4.
Novelty and Statutory Bars: Old Law and New
226
a.
The Nature of Novelty
228
Rosaire v. National Lead Co.
228
Note on the Inherency Doctrine
232
b.
Statutory Bars: Publications
234
In re Hall
234
c.
Statutory Bars: Public Use
237
Egbert v. Lippmann
237
d.
The Experimental Use Exception
243
City of Elizabeth v. Pavement Company
243
e.
Priority Rules and the First to Invent Under the 1952 Act
248
Griffith v. Kanamaru
249
Note on Prior User Rights
252
f.
Novelty, Priority, and Statutory Bars Under the America Invents Act (AIA)
252
i.
The AIA: A Simpler Structure
253
ii.
No Geographic Restrictions on Prior Art
254
iii.
Novelty vs. Priority
254
Note on the Grace Period Under the AIA
255
5.
Nonobviousness
257
Graham v. John Deere Co.
257
a.
Combining References
269
KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
269
In re Kubin
278
b.
"Secondary" Considerations
287
Note on Nonobviousness and the AIA
289
C.
Administrative Procedures at the PTO
290
1.
The AIA's New Administrative Procedures
290
2.
Post-Grant Review
290
a.
Timing and Sequencing
291
b.
Coordination with Other Proceedings
292
3.
New Inter Partes Review: Successor to Inter Partes Reexaminations
293
a.
Coordination of IPRs with Litigation
294
4.
Derivation Proceeding
294
D.
Infringement
295
1.
Claim Interpretation
295
a.
The Proper Role of Judge and Jury in Patent Cases and the Standard of Appellate Review
296
b.
Standards for Construing Claims; Sources of Construction
298
Phillips v. AWH Corporation
298
c.
Canons of Claim Interpretation
313
i.
Ordinary vs. Contextual or "Particular" Meaning
314
ii.
Contextual Meanings
314
iii.
"Lexicographer" Rule
316
iv.
Disclaimer of Subject Matter
317
v.
"Claim Differentiation": Contextual Meaning from Other Claims
319
vi.
Purpose or Goal of the Invention
320
vii.
Construing Claims to Preserve Their Validity
321
viii.
Narrow Construction Preferred
321
2.
Literal Infringement
323
Larami Corp. v. Amron
323
3.
The Doctrine of Equivalents
328
a.
Basic Issues
328
b.
Prosecution History Estoppel
333
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., Ltd.
333
c.
Subject Matter "Disclosed But Not Claimed"
345
Johnson & Johnston Associates Inc. v. R.E. Service Co., Inc.
346
d.
After-Arising Technologies
350
4.
The "Reverse" Doctrine of Equivalents
355
5.
Equivalents for Means-Plus-Function Claims
358
Which Claims Are Means-Plus-Function Claims?
359
Section 112 6 Equivalents and the Doctrine of Equivalents
360
6.
Indirect Infringement
362
a.
Contributory Infringement
362
C.R. Bard, Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc.
362
b.
Inducement
364
7.
Joint Infringement
366
8.
Infringement Involving Foreign Activities
367
E.
Defenses
370
1.
The "Experimental Use" Defense
370
2.
Inequitable Conduct
375
Therasense, Inc. v. Becton-Dickinson, Inc.
375
3.
Exhaustion of Patent Rights
382
4.
Patent Misuse
384
Motion Picture Patents Company v. Universal Film Manufacturing Company et al.
384
Note on the Scope of the Patent Misuse Doctrine
389
F.
International Patent Law
393
1.
Procedural Rules
394
Coordinating International Prosecution
395
a.
The Paris Convention
395
b.
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
396
2.
Substantive Harmonization and GATT-TRIPs
397
G.
Remedies
399
1.
Injunctions
402
eBay, Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC
402
2.
Damages
407
a.
Lost Profits
407
Note on the Outer Boundaries of Patent Damages
409
b.
Reasonable Royalty
412
3.
Willful Infringement
415
In re Seagate Technology, LLC
415
H.
Design Patents
421
1.
Introduction
421
2.
Requirements for Patentability
422
a.
Novelty
422
b.
Nonobviousness
423
c.
Ornamentality
424
d.
Functionality
424
3.
Claim Requirements and Procedure
425
4.
Infringement
426
4.
Copyright Law
429
A.
Introduction
429
1.
Brief History of Copyright Protection
430
2.
An Overview of the Copyright Regime
434
3.
Philosophical Perspectives on Copyright Protection
436
B.
Requirements
438
1.
Original Works of Authorship
438
Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service
440
2.
Fixation in a Tangible Medium of Expression
449
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476
449
3.
Formalities
454
a.
Notice
454
b.
Publication
455
c.
Registration
458
d.
Deposit
459
Note on the Restoration of Foreign Copyrighted Works
459
C.
Copyrightable Subject Matter
461
1.
Limitations on Copyrightability: Distinguishing Function and Expression
461
a.
The Idea-Expression Dichotomy
461
Baker v. Selden
461
Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International
467
Morrissey v. Procter & Gamble
480
b.
The Useful Article Doctrine
482
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476
483
Brandir International, Inc. v. Cascade Pacific Lumber Co.
484
c.
Government Works
493
2.
The Domain and Scope of Copyright Protection
497
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476
498
a.
Literary Works
498
b.
Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Works
499
c.
Architectural Works
500
d.
Musical Works and Sound Recordings
502
e.
Dramatic, Pantomime, and Choreographic Works
502
f.
Motion Pictures and Other Audiovisual Works
503
g.
Semiconductor Chips Designs (Mask Works)
504
h.
Vessel Hull Designs
504
i.
Derivative Works and Compilations
504
D.
Ownership and Duration
506
1.
Initial Ownership of Copyrights
506
a.
Works Made for Hire
507
Community for Creative Non-Violence et al. v. Reid
507
b.
Joint Works
515
Aalmuhammed v. Lee
515
c.
Collective Works
522
Note on the Rights of Authors and Publishers in Electronic Compilations
522
2.
Duration and Renewal
526
3.
Division, Transfer, and Reclaiming of Copyrights
531
a.
Division and Transfer of Copyright Interests Under the 1909 Act
532
b.
Division and Transfer of Copyright Interests Under the 1976 Act
533
c.
Reclaiming Copyrights
533
E.
Traditional Rights of Copyright Owners
536
1.
The Right to Make Copies
537
a.
Copying
538
Arnstein v. Porter
538
b.
Improper Appropriation
545
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corporation
545
Computer Software
556
Computer Associates International v. Altai, Inc.
556
Limitations on the Exclusive Right to Copy
572
2.
The Right to Prepare Derivative Works
573
Anderson v. Stallone
574
3.
The Distribution Right
583
4.
Public Performance and Display Rights
588
Public Performance of Sound Recordings
591
Statutory Limits on Performance and Display Rights
591
Public Interest Exemptions
592
Compulsory Licenses
592
5.
Moral Rights
594
F.
Indirect Liability
598
Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
601
G.
Defenses
609
1.
Fair Use
609
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises
610
a.
Videotaping
623
Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
623
b.
Photocopying
628
American Geophysical Union v. Texaco Inc.
628
c.
Parodies
639
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
640
d.
Remixes
652
Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley Ltd.
653
Blanch v. Koons
659
e.
Reverse Engineering
670
Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.
670
2.
Other Defenses
682
H.
Digital Copyright Law
684
1.
Digital Copyright Legislation
685
a.
Prohibition on Commercial Record and Software Rental
685
b.
Digital Audio Tape Devices
686
c.
Webcasting
687
d.
Criminal Enforcement
688
e.
Anticircumvention Prohibitions
690
f.
Online Service Provider Safe Harbors
694
Viacom Int'l, Inc. v. YouTube
698
2.
Enforcement
711
a.
Digital Hardware Devices
711
b.
Search Engines, Services, and Software
712
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
714
c.
End Users
729
3.
Fair Use in Cyberspace
732
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
732
I.
International Copyright Law
741
1.
Evolution of the International Copyright System and U.S. Participation
742
2.
International Copyright Treaties
744
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
744
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
746
3.
Protection of U.S. Works Against Infringement Abroad
747
4.
Protection of Foreign Works Against Infringement in the United States
751
J.
Enforcement and Remedies
751
1.
Injunctions
751
2.
Damages
755
a.
Actual Damages and Profits
755
Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
755
b.
Statutory Damages
759
3.
Attorney Fees
761
5.
Trademark Law
763
A.
Introduction
763
1.
Background
763
2.
A Brief Overview of Trademark Theory
765
3.
The Basic Economics of Trademarks and Advertising
766
B.
What Can Be Protected as a Trademark?
770
1.
Trademarks, Trade Names, and Service Marks
771
2.
Certification and Collective Marks
772
3.
Trade Dress and Product Configurations
774
4.
Color, Fragrance, and Sounds
775
Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., Inc.
775
C.
Establishment of Trademark Rights
781
1.
Distinctiveness
781
a.
Classification of Marks and Requirements for Protection
781
Zatarain's, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc.
782
b.
Genericness
794
The Murphy Door Bed Co., Inc. v. Interior Sleep Systems, Inc.
794
Note on Genericide, Language, and Policing Costs
801
c.
Distinctiveness of Trade Dress and Product Configuration
804
Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
804
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc.
810
d.
Functionality
817
TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
817
2.
Priority
828
Zazu Designs v. L'Oreal, S.A.
829
Note on Geographic Limitations on Trademark Use
838
Note on Priority and Trademark Theory
840
3.
Trademark Office Procedures
848
a.
Principal vs. Supplemental Register
848
b.
Grounds for Refusing Registration
849
i.
Immoral or Scandalous Marks
850
ii.
Geographic Marks
852
In re Nantucket, Inc.
852
iii.
Marks Which Are "Primarily Merely a Surname"
857
c.
Opposition
859
d.
Cancellation
860
e.
Concurrent Registration
860
4.
Incontestability
861
Park 'N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park and Fly, Inc.
861
D.
Infringement
868
1.
Use as a Trademark
868
Rescuecom Corp. v. Google, Inc.
868
2.
Likelihood of Consumer Confusion
876
AMF Inc. v. Sleekcraft Boats
876
Note on Other Types of Confusion
883
3.
Dilution
889
Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. v. Haute Diggity Dog, LLC
892
Note on Dilution and "Search Theory"
903
Note on Trademark Preemption
904
4.
Extension by Contract: Franchising and Merchandising
906
5.
Domain Names and Cybersquatting
911
a.
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
911
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Doughney
912
Lamparello v. Falwell
914
b.
The Uniform Dispute Resolution Procedure
923
6.
Indirect Infringement
930
Tiffany Inc. v. eBay Inc.
930
7.
False Advertising
943
Johnson & Johnson *Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co. v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.
943
E.
Defenses
953
1.
Abandonment
953
Major League Baseball Properties, Inc. v. Sed Non Olet Denarius, Ltd.
953
a.
Unsupervised Licenses
960
Dawn Donut Company, Inc. v. Hart's Food Stores, Inc.
960
b.
The Rule Against Assignments in Gross
964
2.
Exhaustion/First Sale
966
a.
Resale Without Requisite Quality Control
966
b.
Repackaged Goods
967
c.
Repaired and Reconditioned Goods
967
3.
Fair Use
967
KP Permanent Make-up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc.
968
4.
Nontrademark (or Nominative) Use, Parody, and the First Amendment
972
Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records
972
F.
International Issues In Trademark
985
Note on the "Gray Market"
987
G.
Remedies
989
1.
Injunctions
989
2.
Damages
990
a.
Infringer's Gain and Mark Owner's Loss
990
Lindy Pen Company, Inc. v. Bic Pen Corporation
990
b.
Corrective Advertising
996
Big O Tire Dealers, Inc. v. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
996
Note on the Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984
1002
6.
State Intellectual Property Law and Federal Preemption
1005
A.
The Tort of Misappropriation
1006
International News Service v. Associated Press
1006
B.
Protection by Contract
1021
1.
Shrinkwrap Licenses
1021
ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg
1021
2.
"Clickwrap" Licenses and Electronic Commerce
1028
Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.
1028
3.
Copyright Preemption of Contract Law
1037
ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg
1037
C.
Idea Submissions
1044
Nadel v. Play-by-Play Toys & Novelties, Inc.
1044
Desny v. Wilder
1056
D.
The Right of Publicity
1064
Midler v. Ford Motor Co.
1067
White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc.
1070
Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc.
1080
E.
Trespass to Chattels
1096
eBay, Inc. v. Bidder's Edge, Inc.
1096
F.
Patent Preemption of State Laws
1109
Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp.
1109
Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
1114
Table of Cases
1119
Table of Statutes, Regulations, and Treaties
1137
Index
1147