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Items
Details
Author
Title
The international law of occupation / Eyal Benvenisti.
Published
Oxford : Oxford University Press, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KZ6429 .B468 2012
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9780199588893 (hardback)
0199588899 (hardback)
0199588899 (hardback)
Description
xxvi, 383 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)779639945
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [353]-370) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
xv
Table of Cases
xvii
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
The Concept
1
1.2.
Challenges to the Law of Occupation
7
1.3.
Legal Sources
11
1.3.1.
Laws of international armed conflict
11
1.3.2.
Human rights law
12
1.3.3.
Law on the use of force, sovereignty, and self-determination: The "illegal occupation"
15
1.3.4.
The law on state responsibility
18
1.3.5.
Additional sources
18
1.4.
Conclusion
19
2.
Origins: The Evolution of the Concept of Occupation in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
20
2.1.
The Evolution of a Concept
21
2.1.1.
The intellectual roots of an emerging European concept
22
2.1.2.
The principle of humanity: The obligation to protect the property of enemy civilians
22
2.1.3.
Enter national self-determination: "Occupation" becomes distinct from "conquest"
25
2.2.
The Transformation of the Concept of Occupation into European and International Law
31
2.2.1.
The doctrine on occupation arrives in the United States
32
2.2.2.
Meanwhile in Europe: The Franco-Prussian War and its aftermath
37
2.2.3.
Different conceptions of occupation beyond Europe
41
2.3.
Conclusion
42
3.
The Characterization of Occupation
43
3.1.
Spatial Scope
43
3.1.1.
Control of the land
43
3.1.2.
A personal approach as an additional test
51
3.1.3.
"Virtual occupation"?
53
3.1.4.
Maritime resources and airspace
55
3.2.
Temporal Scope
55
3.2.1.
When occupation begins
55
3.2.2.
When occupation ends
56
3.2.3.
Pre-and post-occupation obligations
57
3.3.
Occupation by Whom?
58
3.3.1.
Who is a foreign power (the "hostile army")
58
3.3.2.
Occupation in a non-international armed conflict?
61
3.3.3.
Occupation by proxies
61
3.3.4.
UN-led occupations
62
3.4.
The Lack of Sovereign Consent
67
4.
The Law on the Administration of Occupied Territories
68
4.1.
Background: Three Different Approaches to Regulate an Inherent Conflict of Interests
68
4.1.1.
Article 43: "A seeming legal paradise"
68
4.1.2.
Article 64 GCIV: Focusing on human welfare
72
4.1.3.
The human rights dimension
74
4.2.
The Scope of the Occupation Administration
76
4.2.1.
Generally
76
4.2.2.
The management of natural resources
81
4.2.3.
The external relations of the occupied territory
83
4.2.4.
The occupant's forward-looking and post-occupation obligations
86
4.3.
Stability versus Change: The Level of Respect for the Legal Status Quo
89
4.3.1.
Article 43 Hague Regulations
89
4.3.2.
Article 64 GCIV
95
4.3.3.
Human rights
102
4.4.
The Rights and Duties of the Ousted Government
104
4.5.
Nationals of the Occupying Power
106
5.
Occupations During and After World War I: Early Challenges to the Traditional Law of Occupation
108
5.1.
The German Occupation of Belgium, 1914---18
108
5.1.1.
Reorganization and regulation of the Belgian economy
110
5.1.2.
Changes in the court system
115
5.1.3.
Restructuring the Belgian political structure
116
5.1.4.
Reactions to German occupation measures
118
5.1.5.
The law of occupation in light of the occupation of Belgium
120
5.2.
The Armistice Occupation of the Rhineland
122
5.2.1.
Occupation policies
123
5.2.2.
The German reaction
127
5.2.3.
The law of occupation in light of the Armistice Occupation
129
6.
The Law of Occupation in the Wake of World War II
131
6.1.
Occupations by the Axis Powers
132
6.1.1.
Japanese occupations
132
6.1.2.
Italian occupations
135
6.1.3.
German occupations
135
6.1.4.
Occupations by the Soviet Union, 1939---40
138
6.1.5.
The Finnish occupation of Eastern Karelia
139
6.1.6.
The relevance of the Axis and Soviet occupations to the law of occupation: The status of illegal occupations
140
6.2.
Allied Occupations during World War II
143
6.2.1.
British occupation of African territories
143
6.2.2.
The first US occupation of the war: French North Africa
151
6.2.3.
Aftermath: The changing US attitude toward the administration of occupied territories
152
6.2.4.
Unconditional surrender and debellatio: The occupations of Germany and Japan
159
6.2.5.
Application and critique of the debellatio doctrine
161
6.3.
The Law of Occupation in the Wake of World War II: The Surprising Resilience of the Doctrine on Occupation
164
7.
Occupations Since the 1970s
167
7.1.
Introduction
167
7.2.
Annexation: Kuwait, Western Sahara, and East Timor
169
7.2.1.
The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait (1990)
170
7.2.2.
The Moroccan occupation of Western Sahara (1975)
171
7.2.3.
The Indonesian occupation of East Timor (1975---99)
172
7.3.
Externally Imposed Regime Change: The Occupations of Afghanistan (by USSR), Grenada, and Panama
177
7.3.1.
The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1978---88)
177
7.3.2.
The US intervention in Grenada (1983---84)
180
7.3.3.
The US intervention in Panama (1989)
183
7.4.
Facilitating Internal Regime Change: Cambodia, Afghanistan (by a US-led Coalition), Bangladesh, Cyprus, Georgia
184
7.4.1.
The Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia (1979---89)
185
7.4.2.
The US-led "coalition" occupation of Afghanistan (2001---02)
187
7.4.3.
India's involvement in the creation of Bangladesh (1971)
188
7.4.4.
The Turkish invasion of Cyprus and the establishment of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1974---)
191
7.4.5.
The Russian occupations in Georgia (2008---)
194
7.4.6.
General observations on humanitarian and self-determination occupations
197
7.5.
Security Zones: Israel in Lebanon, US-led Coalition in South/North Iraq, Turkey in North Iraq, and Uganda in Congo
200
7.6.
Conclusion
201
8.
The Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza
203
8.1.
The Status of the Territories Occupied by Israel since 1967
203
8.1.1.
East Jerusalem
204
8.1.2.
The West Bank and Gaza
206
8.1.3.
The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Accords and their legal significance
209
8.2.
The Actual Administration of the West Bank and Gaza
212
8.2.1.
Institutional infrastructure
212
8.2.2.
Legislation
213
8.2.3.
Administration
213
8.2.4.
The court system
215
8.2.5.
The Israeli Supreme Court
217
8.3.
1967---93: Integration of the Territories with Israel
224
8.3.1.
Specific integrative measures
224
8.3.2.
Extending the jurisdiction of the Israeli civil courts to transactions in the occupied territories
228
8.3.3.
The Jewish settlements and their integration into Israel
233
8.4.
1993---Onward: Segregating the Palestinian Population
238
8.5.
Assessment According to the Law of Occupation
239
8.5.1.
The settlements
239
8.5.2.
The economic union
241
8.5.3.
Long-term occupations and the law of occupation
244
8.5.4.
Is there an obligation to end the occupation?
244
8.5.5.
Changes in the occupant's powers during long-term occupations
246
9.
The Occupation of Iraq 2003---05
249
9.1.
The Timeframe of the Occupation in Iraq
250
9.1.1.
Pre-occupation responsibilities?
250
9.1.2.
The beginning: When Iraq became occupied
251
9.1.3.
The end of occupation
254
9.1.4.
Post-occupation responsibilities
256
9.2.
The Exercise of Authority by the Occupants in Iraq
257
9.2.1.
Abolishing the existing political and military institutions
259
9.2.2.
Amendments to criminal law and criminal procedure
260
9.2.3.
Changes to the court system
261
9.2.4.
Human rights legislation
261
9.2.5.
Economic reforms
262
9.2.6.
Good governance
263
9.2.7.
Management of natural resources
264
9.2.8.
The transition to democracy
266
9.3.
Evaluation
268
9.3.1.
The occupation of Iraq in light of the law of occupation
268
9.3.2.
The law of occupation in light of the occupation of Iraq
274
10.
The Administration of Territory by the United Nations The Case of UNMIK in Kosovo
276
10.1.
Introduction
276
10.2.
Case study: Kosovo
279
10.2.1.
The exercise of legislative, executive, and judicial powers by the SRSG
282
10.2.2.
Accountability mechanisms
288
10.2.3.
Assessment
292
10.3.
Conclusion: Recognizing the Responsibility to Occupy
296
11.
The Law on Post-Occupation: The Lasting Effects of the Occupant's Legislation
299
11.1.
First Period: Until World War II
300
11.2.
Second Period: The Advent of the GCIV "Grave Breaches" Regime and Human Rights Law
304
11.2.1.
Case study 1: Germany
305
11.2.2.
Case study 2: Cyprus
306
11.3.
Discussion
307
11.3.1.
The distinction between the primary norms of the law of occupation and the secondary norms
307
11.3.2.
Considerations in balancing the respective interests
312
11.4.
Conclusion
317
12.
Enforcement Mechanisms for Compliance with the Law of Occupation
318
12.1.
Enforcement through Adjudication
319
12.1.1.
Direct and indirect judicial review of the legality of the occupation or of occupation policies
320
12.1.2.
Civil suits for compensation
333
12.1.3.
Criminal proceedings
339
12.2.
Enforcement through International Institutions
340
12.2.1.
Protecting powers
340
12.2.2.
United Nations bodies
343
12.2.3.
Missions and Commissions
344
12.2.4.
Transparency
346
12.3.
Conclusion
347
13.
Conclusion
348
Bibliography
353
Index
371