Collective violence and international criminal justice : an interdisciplinary approach / edited by Alette Smeulers.
2010
K5064 .C65 2010 (Map It)
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Title
Collective violence and international criminal justice : an interdisciplinary approach / edited by Alette Smeulers.
Published
Antwerp ; Portland, OR : Intersentia, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
K5064 .C65 2010
ISBN
9789400000995 (pbk.)
9400000995 (pbk.)
9400000995 (pbk.)
Description
xv, 452 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)662401517
Note
"This conference book is the outcome of an expert meeting organized in June 2009 by the Amsterdam Centre of Interdisciplinary Research on International Crimes and Security (ACIC) which is based at the VU University in Amsterdam"--P. v.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
v
Introduction
ch. 1
Collective violence and international criminal justice -towards an interdisciplinary approach
3
1.
Introduction. / Alette Smeulers
3
2.
A brief history of the international criminal justice system. / Alette Smeulers
3
3.
New areas of expertise / Alette Smeulers
6
4.
Outline of the book / Alette Smeulers
8
References / Alette Smeulers
13
Part I. Perpetrators Of International Crimes / Alette Smeulers
ch. 2
The ordinariness of extraordinary evil: the making of perpetrators of collective violence / Alette Smeulers
19
1.
Introduction / James E. Waller
19
2.
Ordinary origins of extraordinary human evil / James E. Waller
22
3.
Cultural construct ion of worldview / James E. Waller
26
4.
Psychological construction of the "other" / James E. Waller
28
5.
Social construction of cruelty / James E. Waller
31
6.
Conclusion / James E. Waller
36
References / James E. Waller
37
ch. 3
Rethinking the subjectivity of perpetrators of political violence / James E. Waller
39
1.
Introduction / Don Foster
39
2.
Dominant accounts of perpetrators / Don Foster
40
3.
Criticism of the dominant accounts / Don Foster
42
4.
An alternative approach / Don Foster
44
5.
Two case studies / Don Foster
48
5.1.
The Eichmann case / Don Foster
48
5.2.
The case of John Deegan / Don Foster
54
6.
Implications and concluding remarks / Don Foster
58
References / Don Foster
60
Part II. Collective Crimes [–] Individual Responsibility / Don Foster
ch. 4
Discourses on international criminality / Don Foster
65
1.
Introduction / Athanasios Chouliaras
65
2.
The collective nature of core crimes as the common ground of different fields of knowledge / Athanasios Chouliaras
67
3.
Criminology: state and state-corporate crime as instances of organizational deviance / Athanasios Chouliaras
70
4.
International criminal law: looking for the individual criminal, losing the delinquent state / Athanasios Chouliaras
77
4.1.
Contextual elements and admissibility criteria: 'Walks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck'... Ain't a duck! / Athanasios Chouliaras
78
4.2.
Modes of individual criminal liability: in search of the organizational role / Athanasios Chouliaras
84
5.
The rationale for the international criminal justice system / Athanasios Chouliaras
89
6.
Discussion / Athanasios Chouliaras
92
References / Athanasios Chouliaras
94
ch. 5
Ascribing individual liability within a bureaucracy of murder / Athanasios Chouliaras
105
1.
Introduction / Mark Osiel
105
2.
Easing superior responsibility: a new concept of effective control / Mark Osiel
106
2.1.
Roxin's theory of "domination over an organizational apparatus" / Mark Osiel
107
3.
Difficulties with Roxin's approach: a post-Weberian update / Mark Osiel
110
3.1.
The fungibility of subordinates / Mark Osiel
114
3.2.
Discretion enjoyed by subordinates / Mark Osiel
114
3.3.
Non-western military organization / Mark Osiel
116
3.4.
Shifting the evidentiary onus / Mark Osiel
119
3.5.
The sociology of mass atrocity / Mark Osiel
122
3.6.
The mental element / Mark Osiel
124
4.
Conclusion / Mark Osiel
125
References / Mark Osiel
127
ch. 6
Seizing the "Grotian Moment": application of joint criminal enterprise liability to the proceedings of the Cambodia genocide tribunal / Mark Osiel
131
1.
Introduction / Michael P. Scharf
131
2.
Did the Nuremberg precedent establish JCE as customary international law? / Michael P. Scharf
134
2.1.
Application of JCE at Nuremberg / Michael P. Scharf
134
2.2.
Nuremberg as a "Grotian Moment" / Michael P. Scharf
143
2.3.
The Concept of "Grotian Moment" / Michael P. Scharf
146
3.
Conclusion / Michael P. Scharf
148
References / Michael P. Scharf
151
ch. 7
Criminologically explained reality of genocide, structure of the offence and the 'intent to destroy' requirement / Michael P. Scharf
153
1.
Introduction / Kai Ambos
153
2.
Typologies in criminology / Kai Ambos
154
3.
The significance of the criminological typology of perpetrators for the offence of genocide / Kai Ambos
159
4.
Correspondence of categories of international criminal law with criminological typologies of perpetrators / Kai Ambos
163
4.1.
Regarding top-level perpetrators "intent to destroy" means knowledge and purpose / Kai Ambos
166
4.2.
As to mid-level perpetrators the knowledge-based approach is applicable / Kai Ambos
166
4.3.
Regarding the low-level perpetrators it is necessary to distinguish between state agents and private actors. While the former are normally informed about the genocidal (state) plan, the latter are not / Kai Ambos
168
5.
Conclusion: the structure of the genocide offence in light of the criminological findings / Kai Ambos
170
References / Kai Ambos
171
ch. 8
ICFY and the culpability of different types of perpetrators of international crimes / Kai Ambos
175
1.
Introduction / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
175
2.
Culpability of different types of perpetrators / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
179
2.1.
Highest level of blameworthiness: criminal masterminds / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
180
2.2.
High level of blameworthiness: careerists and fanatics / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
181
2.3.
Medium level of blameworthiness: devoted warriors / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
183
2.4.
Low level of blameworthiness: "criminals and sadists" and the otherwise law abiding citizens / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
185
2.5.
Lowest level of blameworthiness: compromised perpetrator / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
188
3.
ICTY sentencing case law / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
188
4.
Empirical findings / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
190
4.1.
Methodology / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
190
4.1.1.
Data Collection / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
190
4.1.2.
Method / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
193
4.2.
Results / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
194
4.3.
Discussion / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
200
5.
Conclusions / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
203
References / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
204
ch. 9
Child soldiers: agency, enlistment, and the collectivization of innocence / Alette Smeulers Barbora Holá
207
1.
Introduction / Mark A Drumbl
207
2.
Criminally punishing adults for the conscription, enlistment, or use of child soldiers in hostilities / Mark A Drumbl
210
2.1.
Special Court for Sierra Leone / Mark A Drumbl
210
2.2.
International Criminal Court / Mark A Drumbl
213
2.3.
The agency of child soldiers: assumptions, narratives, and strategies / Mark A Drumbl
215
2.4.
Conclusion / Mark A Drumbl
218
3.
How do children end up in fighting forces? / Mark A Drumbl
218
3.1.
Forced conscription / Mark A Drumbl
219
3.2.
Voluntary enlistment / Mark A Drumbl
222
3.3.
Summary / Mark A Drumbl
226
4.
Conclusion / Mark A Drumbl
227
References / Mark A Drumbl
229
Part III. Reflections On International Criminal Justice And The ICC / Mark A Drumbl
ch. 10
The rough edges of the delicate mosaic: complexity theory and the early practice of the International Criminal Court / Mark A Drumbl
235
1.
Introduction / Salim A Nakhjavani
235
2.
Some characteristics of complex adaptive systems / Salim A Nakhjavani
237
3.
Lens, metaphor, analogy, model ... or nothing at all? / Salim A Nakhjavani
239
4.
Seeking complexity in international criminal justice / Salim A Nakhjavani
243
4.1.
The entry-into-force of the Rome Statute sets in motion a nonlinear, dynamic system / Salim A Nakhjavani
243
4.2.
Outcomes of decisions of the Court may be sensitively dependent on initial conditions and path-dependent / Salim A Nakhjavani
245
4.3.
The Rome Statute may co-evolve with 'neighboring' treaties / Salim A Nakhjavani
246
5.
Novel insights or repackaged goods? / Salim A Nakhjavani
250
References / Salim A Nakhjavani
251
ch. 11
The law and politics of self-referrals / Salim A Nakhjavani
255
1.
Introduction / Wouter Werner Sarah Nouwen
255
2.
Self-referrals and complementarity / Sarah Nouwen Wouter Werner
257
2.1.
Inaction as a ground for admissibility / Wouter Werner Sarah Nouwen
260
2.2.
Narrowing down the definition of a 'case' / Sarah Nouwen Wouter Werner
264
2.3.
Broadening the concept of unwillingness / Wouter Werner Sarah Nouwen
265
2.4.
Conclusion: legal aspects of self-referrals / Sarah Nouwen Wouter Werner
267
3.
The politics of self-referrals / Wouter Werner Sarah Nouwen
267
3.1.
ICC politics / Sarah Nouwen Wouter Werner
267
3.2.
National politics / Wouter Werner Sarah Nouwen
268
3.3.
Conclusion: politics of self-referrals / Sarah Nouwen Wouter Werner
269
References / Sarah Nouwen Wouter Werner
270
Part IV. From Facts To Figures / Sarah Nouwen Wouter Werner
ch. 12
On research methods for international crimes methodological issues in the empirical study of international crimes / Sarah Nouwen Wouter Werner
275
1.
Introduction / Catrien Bijleveld
275
2.
Criminological areas of study / Catrien Bijleveld
276
3.
Methodological backdrop to social science research / Catrien Bijleveld
278
3.1.
Working with samples / Catrien Bijleveld
278
3.2.
Causality / Catrien Bijleveld
280
3.3.
The role of assumptions / Catrien Bijleveld
282
4.
Research on international crimes / Catrien Bijleveld
283
4.1.
Studying prevalence / Catrien Bijleveld
283
4.2.
Etiology / Catrien Bijleveld
288
4.3.
(Legal) reaction / Catrien Bijleveld
291
4.4.
Victim studies / Catrien Bijleveld
292
5.
Conclusion and some ways forward / Catrien Bijleveld
294
References / Catrien Bijleveld
295
ch. 13
Sexual violence during war: variation and accountability / Catrien Bijleveld
297
1.
Introduction / Elisabeth Jean Wood
297
2.
Key concepts / Elisabeth Jean Wood
299
3.
Incomplete explanations / Elisabeth Jean Wood
303
3.1.
Type of conflict / Elisabeth Jean Wood
303
3.2.
Opportunity / Elisabeth Jean Wood
303
3.3.
Incentives / Elisabeth Jean Wood
305
3.4.
Rape as a substitution for consensual sex / Elisabeth Jean Wood
306
3.5.
Female combatants / Elisabeth Jean Wood
307
3.6.
Sexual violence as instrumental for the group / Elisabeth Jean Wood
307
4.
Theoretical framework / Elisabeth Jean Wood
309
4.1.
Individual combatants / Elisabeth Jean Wood
309
4.2.
Leadership strategy / Elisabeth Jean Wood
310
4.3.
Institutions for combatant socialization / Elisabeth Jean Wood
310
4.4.
Wartime dynamics / Elisabeth Jean Wood
312
4.5.
Military hierarchy / Elisabeth Jean Wood
313
5.
When is wartime rape a strategy of war? When is it rare? Top-down and bottom-across logics / Elisabeth Jean Wood
314
5.1.
Explaining the absence of sexual violence: two logics / Elisabeth Jean Wood
315
5.1.1.
The top-down logic / Elisabeth Jean Wood
315
5.1.2.
The bottom-across logic / Elisabeth Jean Wood
317
5.2.
Explaining rape as a strategy (or tactic) of war: two logics / Elisabeth Jean Wood
318
5.2.1.
Top-down logic: rape as a strategy of war / Elisabeth Jean Wood
318
5.2.2.
Bottom-across logic: rape as a tactic of war / Elisabeth Jean Wood
318
6.
Conclusion / Elisabeth Jean Wood
319
References / Elisabeth Jean Wood
322
ch. 14
Learning the hard way at the ICTY: statistical evidence of human rights violations in an adversarial information environment / Elisabeth Jean Wood
325
1.
Introduction / Amelia Hoover Green
325
2.
The prosecution's analysis / Amelia Hoover Green
327
2.1.
Descriptive analysis / Amelia Hoover Green
327
2.2.
Causal analysis / Amelia Hoover Green
330
3.
Defense challenges / Amelia Hoover Green
333
3.1.
Defining "statistics" and "the scientific method" / Amelia Hoover Green
334
3.2.
"Fundamental flaws" / Amelia Hoover Green
336
4.
The judgment / Amelia Hoover Green
337
5.
Lessons learned / Amelia Hoover Green
343
6.
Conclusions / Amelia Hoover Green
349
References / Amelia Hoover Green
350
Part V. From Figures To Facts / Amelia Hoover Green
ch. 15
Methodology for the criminal investigation of international crimes / Amelia Hoover Green
355
1.
Introduction / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
355
2.
Seize the opportunity structure / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
356
3.
Beware of the inquisitorial temptation / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
358
4.
Take a multi-disciplinary approach / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
361
5.
Disregard simplistic explanations / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
364
6.
Analysis first / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
365
7.
Focus on specific and contextual elements / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
367
8.
Prioritize documentary evidence / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
369
9.
Look at the evidence as sample / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
375
10.
Prioritize insider and international witnesses / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
376
11.
Anticipate security needs / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
379
References / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
380
ch. 16
Closing the gap in truth finding: from the facts of the field to the judge's chambers / Xabier Agirre Aranburu
383
1.
Introduction / Martin Witteveen
383
2.
The facts / Martin Witteveen
384
3.
The investigation / Martin Witteveen
386
3.1.
Time lapse / Martin Witteveen
386
3.2.
Consequences of time lapse / Martin Witteveen
388
3.3.
Lack of documentation / Martin Witteveen
388
4.
Issues of witnesses' memory / Martin Witteveen
389
4.1.
Encoding phase / Martin Witteveen
390
4.2.
Retention phase / Martin Witteveen
392
4.3.
Retrieval phase / Martin Witteveen
393
5.
Witnesses' recount of the facts - unprecedented challenges in the context of international crimes / Martin Witteveen
395
5.1.
Trauma / Martin Witteveen
396
5.2.
Quantative answers / Martin Witteveen
397
5.3.
Misunderstandings / Martin Witteveen
398
5.4.
Language challenges / Martin Witteveen
399
5.4.1.
Rare languages / Martin Witteveen
400
5.4.2.
Translation errors / Martin Witteveen
400
5.4.3.
Lack of vocabulary / Martin Witteveen
401
5.5.
Cultural differences / Martin Witteveen
402
5.5.1.
Education and personal identities / Martin Witteveen
402
5.5,2.
Behavior of witnesses / Martin Witteveen
403
5.5.3.
Misinterpretation / Martin Witteveen
404
5.5.4.
Witness's reluctance / Martin Witteveen
404
5.5.5.
Oral culture and lack of sourcing / Martin Witteveen
405
6.
After the witnesses the professionals take over / Martin Witteveen
406
6.1.
Role of investigators / Martin Witteveen
406
6.2.
Role of the prosecutor or trial attorney / Martin Witteveen
407
6.3.
Role of the judges / Martin Witteveen
408
6.4.
Dilemmas and possible changes / Martin Witteveen
409
7.
The final stage [—] The judge's chambers / Martin Witteveen
411
References / Martin Witteveen
411
ch. 17
Preserving the overview of law and facts: the Case Matrix / Martin Witteveen
413
1.
Introduction / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
413
2.
Some difficulties faced in relating law to facts in core international crimes cases / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
416
2.1.
Understanding the legal requirements for the prosecution of core international crimes / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
416
2.2.
Applying the legal requirements to large quantities of evidence / Olympia Bekou Morten Bergsmo Annika Jones
419
3.
The significance of an informed, efficient and precise approach to the application of law to facts in core international crimes cases / Olympia Bekou Morten Bergsmo Annika Jones
420
3.1.
The ability to pursue justice and the quality of the process / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
421
3.2.
The efficiency of the criminal justice process and the fight against impunity / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
422
3.3.
Promotion of the rights of the accused / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
423
3.4.
Summary / Morten Bergsmo Annika Jones Olympia Bekou
424
4.
The Case Matrix and the facilitation of the application of law to facts. / Olympia Bekou Morten Bergsmo Annika Jones
425
4.1.
The Case Matrix / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
425
4.2.
The facilitation of the application of law to facts through use of the Case Matrix / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
428
5.
The ICC and the Case Matrix / Annika Jones Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou
429
5.1.
Adoption of the Case Matrix logic / Olympia Bekou Morten Bergsmo Annika Jones
429
5.2.
Justifications for the approach of the Chambers / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
431
5.2.1.
Expediency of the criminal process / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
431
5.2.2.
Protection of the rights of the accused / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
432
6.
Conclusion / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
433
References / Olympia Bekou Morten Bergsmo Annika Jones
433
Epilogue / Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou Annika Jones
ch. 18
Future perspectives on collective violence and international criminal justice / Annika Jones Morten Bergsmo Olympia Bekou
439
1.
Introduction / Estelle Zinsstag Stephan Parmentier
439
2.
Types of violence: collective, international and political / Stephan Parmentier Estelle Zinsstag
439
3.
Types of responses: criminal prosecutions and beyond / Stephan Parmentier Estelle Zinsstag
442
4.
The need for an interdisciplinary approach / Stephan Parmentier Estelle Zinsstag
445
References / Estelle Zinsstag Stephan Parmentier
445
Contributors / Stephan Parmentier Estelle Zinsstag
447