Necessity and national emergency clauses : sovereignty in modern treaty interpretation / by Diane A. Desierto.
2012
KZ4043 .D47 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Necessity and national emergency clauses : sovereignty in modern treaty interpretation / by Diane A. Desierto.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.
Call Number
KZ4043 .D47 2012
ISBN
9789004218529 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9004218521 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9789004218536
900421853X
9004218521 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9789004218536
900421853X
Description
xx, 411 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)757133716
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [357]-402) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
ix
Preface
xiii
ch. One
Introduction: Necessity and Treaty Obligations
1
A.
Necessity as a Historical Assertion of Sovereignty
1
B.
The Interpretive Problem for Necessity Clauses in Specialized Treaties: Refocusing Law-Appliers' Analytical Lens
4
C.
Rejecting a Baseline Definition of Necessity when Interpreting Necessity Clauses in Specialized Treaties: Narrow Agreement on Codification, Normative Explosion, and `Systemic Integration'
9
D.
Plan of Discussion and Research Methodology
18
ch. Two
The Doctrine of Necessity in Municipal and International Legal Orders
35
A.
Necessity in Municipal Legal Orders
35
1.
"Constitutional" Necessity
35
1.1.
"Constitutional necessity" in the Common Law: The United States
36
1.2.
"Constitutional necessity" in the Civil Law: Germany
41
2.
"Criminal Law" Necessity
45
B.
Necessity in the International Legal Order
47
1.
Necessity in the Law of International Responsibility
47
2.
Necessity in International Criminal Law
49
3.
Necessity Clauses in Specialized Institutional Treaties
52
C.
Difference and Deference: Analyzing Interactions between `Municipal' Necessity and `International' Necessity
55
ch. Three
The Historical Genesis of Necessity Doctrine: A Conceptual Descriptive
63
A.
Before International Law: Medieval "Necessity" in the Age of Religious Empire
63
B.
`Reason of State': `Necessity' as the Right of the Sovereign
69
C.
From "Reason of State" to "Self-Defence": Necessity as the State's Right to Self-Preservation
81
D.
From "Right" to "Essential Interest": Necessity in ILC ASR Article 25 vis-a-vis Modern Treaties of International Law
100
E.
Rethinking Necessity: Modern International Institutional Treaty Regimes as "Institutional Normative Order"
116
ch. Four
Substantive and Methodological Issues in Interpreting Necessity Clauses in Treaties: A Proposal
123
A.
Common Policy Objectives in Designing Necessity Clauses
128
B.
Substantive Issues in Necessity Clauses
133
1.
Field of Application
133
2.
Semantic Content
135
3.
Compliance Consequences
137
C.
Methodological Issues in Necessity Clauses
139
1.
Reviewability
139
2.
Selection of Interpretive Sources
143
ch. Five
Economic and National Security Emergencies: Necessity Clauses in International Investment Law and International Trade Law
145
A.
`Emergency' Typologies
145
1.
"Security" Emergencies: Indicators from Security Experts
146
2.
"Economic" Emergencies: Indicators from Economists
148
3.
"Security" Emergencies and "Economic" Emergencies in Classical International Law Jurisprudence on State Responsibility
150
B.
Emergencies in International Investment Law vis-a-vis International Trade Law
158
1.
The Functions of "Broad" and "Narrow" Necessity Clauses: Surveys from the UNCTAD and the OECD
164
2.
Reviving "Necessity as Justification": The Argentine Cases at ICSID
171
3.
Applying the Chapter IV Proposal: Policy Objectives, Substantive and Methodological Issues for Law-Appliers
184
3.1.
Policy objectives for designing necessity clauses in international investment agreements
186
3.2.
Substantive issues for law-appliers
188
3.2.1.
Field of application
188
3.2.2.
Semantic content
192
3.2.3.
Compliance consequences
198
3.3.
Methodological issues for law-appliers
211
3.3.1.
Reviewability
212
3.3.2.
Selection of interpretive sources
219
4.
The Future of Necessity Clauses in International Investment Law
231
ch. Six
States of Emergency in International Human Rights Treaties
237
A.
Derogation through Emergency Clauses in International Human Rights Treaties
241
B.
Institutional Interpretative Communities within the International Human Rights Treaty Regime: Institutional Perspectives on Derogations Clauses or Limitations Clauses
253
1.
Derogation under the ICCPR
254
2.
Limitations Clauses under the ICESCR and CRC
258
C.
Applying the Chapter IV Proposal: Policy Objectives, Substantive and Methodological Issues for Law-Appliers
260
1.
Substantive Issues for Law-Appliers
263
1.1.
Field of application
263
1.2.
Semantic content
267
1.3.
Compliance consequences
274
2.
Methodological Issues for Law-Appliers
277
2.1.
Reviewability
277
2.2.
Selection of interpretive sources
278
ch. Seven
Misapplying Necessity: Recent Proposals in Jus Ad Bellum and Jus in Bello
283
A.
From Classical Just War Theory to the Modern Jus Ad Bellum
283
B.
The Debate on Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention
296
1.
"Illegal Intervention"
297
2.
"Legal Exceptions"
300
3.
"Extra-Legality"
307
4.
Summary: International Law Approaches to Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention
308
C.
A Critique on Misapplication: The Proposal to Use the International Law of Necessity as a Second-Order Rule for Apparent Breaches of Jus Ad Bellum
309
D.
Wartime Necessity: Contemporary Jus in Bello and "Humanitarian Necessity"
326
1.
The Inapplicability of Necessity under the Law of International Responsibility to Jus in Bello Breaches
326
2.
"Humanitarian Necessity": A Critique on the Attempted Revival of the Classical Usage of Necessity through Jus in Bello
333
2.1.
Fidelity to international institutional design and purposes
336
2.2.
Internal consistency of legal reasoning
344
ch. Eight
Conclusion: Necessity, Sovereignty, and Treaty Interpretation
349
Selected Bibliography
357
Subject Index
403