Constitutionalism in Islamic countries : between upheaval and continuity / edited by Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder.
2012
KMC524 .C68 2012 (Map It)
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Title
Constitutionalism in Islamic countries : between upheaval and continuity / edited by Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder.
Published
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KMC524 .C68 2012
Former Call Number
Islam 910 C74 2012
ISBN
9780199759880 (hbk. : alk. paper)
019975988X (hbk. : alk. paper)
019975988X (hbk. : alk. paper)
Description
xxiv, 730 pages ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)664673106
Summary
"Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity examines the question of whether something similar to an "Islamic constitutionalism" has emerged out of the political and constitutional upheaval witnessed in many parts of North Africa, the Middle East, and Central and Southern Asia in order to identify its defining features and to assess the challenges it poses to established concepts of constitutionalism. This book offers an integrated analysis of the constitutional experience of Islamic countries, drawing on the methods and insights of comparative constitutional law, Islamic law, international law and legal history. European and United States experiences are used as points of reference against which the peculiar challenges, and the specific answers given to those challenges in the countries surveyed, can be assessed. Whether these concepts can be applied successfully to the often grim political and social realities of their countries will provide invaluable insights into whether such a fusion can be sustained, and may even pave the way for a new era of constitutionalism in Islamic countries"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Rouse Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Rouse Fund
Table of Contents
Preface (Grote/Roder)
xxi
Editors' Note on the Transliterations
xxiii
Introduction (Grote/Roder)
3
pt. 1
Constitutionalism And Islam: Conceptual Issues
1.1.
Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: A Contemporary Perspective of Islamic Law (Kamali)
19
I.
Overview
19
II.
Theoretical Issues
19
III.
The Islamic System of Rule
22
A.
Government as a Trust (Amanat al-Hukm)
22
B.
Limited Government
24
C.
Civilian Government
25
D.
Democratic Government
28
IV.
Conclusion
32
1.2.
The Centrality of Shari'ah to Government and Constitutionalism in Islam (Abou El Fadl)
35
I.
Introduction
35
II.
The Notion of Constitutionalism and Majoritarian Democracy
36
III.
The Main Concepts of Islamic Political Thought: A Government Bound by Rule of Law
38
IV.
Justice as a Core Constitutional Value
42
V.
The Instrumentalities of Government in Islamic Thought
44
VI.
The Possibility of Individual Rights
50
VII.
Constitutionalism and Shari'ah
54
1.3.
The Separation of Powers in the Tradition of Muslim Governments (Quraishi)
63
I.
Introduction
63
II.
Separation of Powers from the Perspective of Islamic Tradition
64
A.
The Scholars
64
B.
The Rulers
65
III.
Contemporary Questions in Islamic Constitutionalism
67
A.
Does Shari'ah Demand a Theocracy?
67
B.
If God is Sovereign, Then How Can There Be Democracy?
69
C.
Could Democratic Legislation Be Trumped by Religious Law?
71
IV.
Conclusion
73
pt. 2
Interrelations Between Constitutionalism And Shari'Ah: Antagonism Or Complementarity?
2.1.
Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: A Survey from the Perspective of International Law (Wolfrum)
77
I.
Introduction
77
II.
The Historical Development of the Relationship Between Islamic Law and International Law
79
III.
Reference to Human Rights and International Law in the Constitutions of Islamic States
82
A.
Africa
83
B.
Middle East
84
C.
Asia
86
IV.
The Impact of the Shari'ah on the Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties
86
V.
Conclusion
88
2.2.
The Limited Applicability of Shari'ah under the Constitution of Nigeria (Ebeku)
89
I.
Introduction
89
II.
History and Nature of Nigeria: In a Nutshell
90
III.
Application of Shari'ah in Nigeria: Before and During the British Colonial Rule
93
IV.
The "Shari'ah Question" in Nigeria: The Great Debate on the Application of Shari'ah since the 1960s
95
V.
The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria and Shari'ah
100
A.
Constitutional Provisions on Shari'ah
100
B.
Nigerian Constitution and Shari'ah: Case Law
105
VI.
Conclusions
107
2.3.
Constitutionalism in the Maghreb: Between French Heritage and Islamic Concepts (Le Roy)
109
I.
Introduction
109
II.
Constitutions in the Maghreb---Historical Precedents
110
III.
Maghreb Constitutions and the Rule of Law---A Difficult Relationship
111
IV.
The Role of Islam and Islamic Law in the Constitutions of the Maghreb
114
V.
The Impact of French Heritage
117
2.4.
The Relationship between the Constitution and the Shari'ah in Egypt (Sherif)
121
I.
Religion and Society
122
II.
Secularism and Limiting the Power of the Clergy
122
III.
The Case of Egypt
123
IV.
Islamic Norms Gain Constitutional Value: A Modern Trend toward Integration
125
V.
The Judicial Contribution to the Debate
127
VI.
The Supreme Constitutional Court and Art. 2 of the Constitution
128
A.
The Unity of the Constitution
129
B.
The Prospective Nature of Art. 2
130
C.
The Distinction between Definitive and Non-Definitive Norms of Islamic Shari'ah
132
VII.
Conclusion
133
2.5.
Secularism in Islamic Countries: Turkey as a Model (Ozbudun)
135
I.
Introduction
135
II.
The Development toward Secularism since the Nineteenth Century
135
III.
The Distinct Character of Turkish Secularism
137
IV.
The Turkish Constitutional Court as Defender of Assertive Secularism
140
V.
Recent Controversies on Secularism
141
A.
The Headscarf Issue
142
B.
The Imam Hatip Schools Issue
144
IV.
Conclusion
145
2.6.
The Kingdom of Jurists: Constitutionalism and the Legal Order in Iran (Arjomand)
147
I.
Introduction
147
II.
The Emergence of Shi'ite Constitutionalism in the Early Twentieth Century
147
III.
The Historical Role of the Shi'ite Jurists in Legal Modernization in the 1920s and 1930s
150
IV.
The Shi'ite Jurists' New Constitutional Monarchy
156
A.
Overview of the Institutional Developments in the Islamic Republic of Iran
157
B.
Rule by Clerical Councils
159
C.
Islamization of the Judiciary and Its Limits
164
V.
Failed Attempts at Democratic Reform
166
VI.
Conclusion
168
2.7.
Islam and the Constitutional Foundations of Pakistan (Lau)
171
I.
Introduction
171
II.
The Quest for Pakistan
172
A.
Jinah's Thoughts on Constitutionalism and Islam
173
B.
Competing Views
183
III.
Islam and Pakistan's Constitutions
186
IV.
The 1956 Constitution
188
V.
The 1962 Constitution
193
VI.
The 1973 Constitution
196
VII.
Islam and the Legal System, 1947-1977
196
VIII.
Conclusion
198
2.8.
Constitutionalism, Islam, and National Identity in Malaysia (Harding)
201
I.
Historical Introduction
201
II.
The Merdeka Constitution
204
III.
The Position of Islamic Law
207
IV.
Post-Merdeka Developments: Malay Rights, Islam, and Democracy
208
V.
Political Change and Legal Conflict in the 2000s
213
VI.
Conclusion
217
pt. 3
Institutional Control Of Constitutionalism
3.1.
Models of Institutional Control: The Experience of Islamic Countries (Grote)
221
I.
Introduction
221
II.
Basic Models of Constitutional Review
222
III.
Composition of Constitutional Courts
225
IV.
Powers of Constitutional Courts
227
A.
Review of Legislation
227
B.
Protection of Fundamental Rights
230
C.
Adjudication of Center-Periphery Disputes
232
D.
Conflicts between State Organs ("Separation of Powers")
233
E.
Review of International Treaties
234
F.
Referenda and Electoral Disputes
235
G.
Trial of Public Officials
235
H.
Prohibition of Political Parties
235
V.
Effects of Constitutional Court Decisions
236
VI.
Conclusion
237
3.2.
Constitutional Jurisdiction and Its Limits in the Maghreb (Gallala-Arndt)
239
I.
Introduction
240
II.
Historical Overview
241
III.
Status of the Councils and their Composition
245
A.
Status
245
B.
Composition
245
IV.
Jurisdiction
248
A.
Jurisdiction outside the Constitutional Review
248
B.
Constitutional Review
249
V.
The Contribution of the Constitutional Councils to the Rule of Law
252
A.
Algeria
252
B.
Morocco
254
C.
Mauritania
255
D.
Tunisia
257
VI.
Conclusion
257
3.3.
The Turkish Constitutional Court as a Defender of the Raison d'Etat? (Can)
259
I.
Introduction
259
II.
The Historical Ascendancy of Kemalism and Its Impact on Modern Turkish Constitutionalism
260
A.
The Rise of Kemalism after World War I
260
B.
The 1960 Coup and Subsequent Developments
264
III.
The Functions of the Constitutional Court
269
IV.
The Court in Action: A Staunch Defender of Kemalism
271
V.
Conclusion: Quo Vadis?
276
3.4.
A Different Approach to the Control of Constitutionalism: Iran's Guardian Council (Shirvani)
279
I.
Institutional Control and Islamic Law
279
II.
Historic Review: The Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1906-1911)
281
III.
The Formation of the Guardian Council in Light of Diverse Constitutional Principles
282
IV.
The Main Competences of the Guardian Council
283
V.
The Guardian Council as Hybrid Institution
285
VI.
The Role of the Guardian Council in the Political Process
287
VII.
Summary
288
3.5.
The Last Defender of Constitutional Reason? Pakistan's Embattled Supreme Court (Khan)
291
I.
Introduction
291
II.
Brief Constitutional and Political History
292
III.
The Supreme Court of Pakistan
294
IV.
Supreme Court's Principled Stand
297
V.
Lawyers' Movement
299
VI.
Challenges before the Restored Supreme Court
300
3.6.
Malaysia: The Politics of the Judiciary (Lee)
305
I.
Introduction
305
II.
Key Institutions of the Malaysian Constitutional System
307
A.
The Executive and the Parliament
308
B.
The King and the Conference of Rulers
309
C.
The Judiciary and the Supremacy of the Constitution
311
III.
The Judiciary in Crisis
313
IV.
Concluding Observations
317
pt. 4
Constitutionalism And Separation Of Powers
4.1.
The Separation of Powers in Muslim Countries: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Roder)
321
I.
Introduction
321
II.
Elements of the Separation of Powers in the History of Islamic Statehood
323
A.
Developments in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1912
326
B.
Developments in the Iranian Empire, 1905-1921
330
II.
Divergent Developments in the Twentieth Century
334
A.
Phases of Constitutional Development and the Separation of Powers
334
B.
Types of the Separation of Powers in the Contemporary Islamic Countries
336
4.2.
Strong Presidentialism: The Model of Mubarak's Egypt (Bernard-Maugiron)
373
I.
Introduction
373
II.
Election of the President
374
III.
The Broad Powers of the President
376
A.
Executive Powers of the President
376
B.
Legislative Powers of the President
378
C.
Presidential Powers Relating to the Judiciary
380
IV.
Failure of the Checks and Balances Mechanisms
381
V.
Conclusion
383
4.3.
The Separation of Powers in a Fragmented State: The Case of Lebanon (Koch)
387
I.
Introduction
387
II.
Confessional Consensus, Consociational Democracy, and Constitution
388
A.
Confessional Power-Sharing: A Rupture with Historical and Political Traditions
389
B.
Hegemonic Interests: A Constitution to Foster State Existence
392
III.
The Written Constitution: From Hegemony to Consensus
394
A.
Genesis of the Constitution: A Strong Roman Catholic Influence
394
B.
Content: Merit Instead of Confessional Representation
395
C.
Confessional Representation: National Pact of 1943
396
D.
Consensus and the Separation of Powers
397
IV.
Conclusion
401
4.4.
Yemen: A Burgeoning Democracy on the Arab Peninsula? (Glosemeyer / Shamiri / Wurth)
403
I.
Introduction
403
II.
Yemeni Constitutional History before Unification
404
III.
The Fate of the 1991 Constitution: Missing a Chance for Democratic Transition
405
IV.
The Constitution of 2001
408
A.
Separation of Powers
408
B.
Presidential Efforts to Amend the Constitution
409
C.
Political Pluralism and Elections
411
D.
The Role of Islam and Shari'ah in the Constitutional Order
414
E.
Human Rights
415
F.
An Independent Judiciary as a Guardian of the Constitution?
416
V.
Conclusions: Yemen, a Burgeoning Democracy?
418
4.5.
Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Limits of Islam (Akbarzadeh)
421
I.
Introduction
421
II.
The Soviet Legacy
422
III.
Switching Hats
424
IV.
Institutions of Control
425
V.
The Islamic Dilemma
426
VI.
Conclusion
429
4.6.
The Rise of Presidentialism in Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Example of Kazakhstan (Kembayev)
431
I.
Introduction
431
II.
The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of January 28, 1993
432
A.
Origins and Main Provisions
432
B.
Reasons for Failure
433
III.
The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of August 30, 1995
434
A.
Origins
434
B.
General Provisions
436
C.
Legal Status of Individuals
437
D.
Strong Presidency: Kazakh Model
438
IV.
Looking to the Future: Problems and Perspectives
444
4.7.
Westminster Democracy in an Islamic Context: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia (Grote)
447
I.
Introduction
447
II.
Parliamentary Democracy in Pakistan: A Troubled History
448
III.
Parliamentary Democracy in Bangladesh: A Fresh Start?
453
IV.
Parliamentary Democracy in Malaysia: The Perils of Strong Executive Government
457
V.
Conclusion
460
4.8.
Indonesia: A Presidential System with Checks and Balances (Hosen)
461
I.
Introduction
461
II.
The New Structure of Government in Indonesia
464
A.
Executive
465
B.
Parliament
469
C.
Judiciary
470
III.
Conclusion
472
pt. 5
Emerging Constitutions In Islamic Countries
5.1.
Constitution-Making in Islamic Countries---A Theoretical Framework (Afsah)
475
I.
Introduction
475
II.
Centrifugal Forces
477
III.
Justifications for Intervention
481
A.
The Pedigree of Interventionist Logic
482
B.
Structural and Paradigmatic Change
484
IV.
The Democratic Peace
486
V.
Illiberal Democracies
488
A.
Defining Democracy
489
B.
Constitutional Liberalism
490
C.
Degenerating Democracies
491
VI.
Institutions Matter
493
A.
Democratic Culture
493
B.
Polarizing Elections
495
VII.
The Need for Constitutional Limits
496
A.
Protecting Rights
496
B.
Checking Power
498
C.
Bridging Division
500
VIII.
Consociationalism
501
IX.
Constitutionalism
504
X.
Models of Constitution-Making
506
A.
The Importance of Public Participation
506
B.
Act of Completion or Constitutional Practice
507
XI.
Conclusion
509
5.2.
Constitutionalism and Islam in Libya (Mezran)
513
I.
Introduction
513
II.
The Tripoli Republic
515
III.
Independence and the Monarchy
519
IV.
The Revolutionary Regime
525
V.
Conclusion
531
5.3.
Quo Vadis Sudan? Shari'ah and Human Rights after the Secession of South Sudan (Bockenforde)
535
I.
Introduction
535
II.
Overview: The Role of Shari'ah in Post-Colonial Constitutional Settings until 2005
537
A.
The Constitutional Setting at the Eve of Independence
537
B.
The Constitutional Cycles Between Independence and 2005
538
III.
The Accommodation of Shari'ah and Human Rights in the Interim Constitution of Sudan
542
A.
The Structure of the Interim National Constitution of 2005
542
B.
The Accommodation of Shari'ah Law in the Constitutional Setting
543
C.
The Accommodation of Human Rights in the Constitutional Setting
546
IV.
Constitutional Practice in Sudan
548
V.
Conclusion and Outlook
549
5.4.
Statehood and Constitution-Building in Somalia: Islamic Responses to a Failed State (Elliesie)
553
I.
Introduction
553
II.
Somalia Between Statehood and Statelessness
554
A.
The Concept of State in the Somali Context
554
B.
State Territory
559
C.
State Institutions
560
D.
Preliminary Conclusion
560
III.
Constitution-Building
561
A.
Somaliland
563
B.
Puntland
564
C.
(Southern) Somalia
564
IV.
Formal and Informal Rule of Law
565
A.
Structure of the Legal System
565
B.
Somali Customary Law (Xeer)
570
C.
Shari'ah (`Islamic Law')
571
V.
Approaches to Respond to the Failed State in Somalia
573
VI.
Islamic Responses
574
VII.
Conclusion
578
5.5.
Constitution-Making and State-Building: Redefining the Palestinian Nation (Khalil)
583
I.
Introduction
583
II.
"We the [Palestinian] People"
584
III.
The Process of Constitution-Making
588
IV.
International Impact on the Palestinian Constituency
592
V.
Conclusion
594
5.6.
The Protection of Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories (Cotran / Brown)
597
I.
Introduction
597
II.
Start of the Peace Process
598
III.
Oslo
598
IV.
The Draft Basic Law
599
V.
The Establishment of the Palestinian Independent Commission for Human Rights (PICHR)
600
VI.
The Role of the PICHR in Protecting Fundamental Freedoms
602
VII.
The PICHR after the Death of President `Arafat
603
VIII.
The "Gaza Coup"
603
IX.
Conclusion
604
5.7.
Islam and the State in Iraq: The Post-2003 Constitutions (Istrabadi)
607
I.
Introduction
607
II.
The Constitutional Relationship between Islam and the State
608
A.
Historical Background
608
B.
Post-2003 Developments
611
III.
Battles for the Courts
617
IV.
Civil Rights in the Post-2003 Constitutions
627
V.
Conclusion
631
5.8.
Constitutional Legitimacy in Iraq: What Role Local Context? (Al-Ali)
635
I.
Introduction
635
II.
Constitutional Legitimacy Within and Without Iraq
636
A.
Constitutional Legitimacy Defined
636
B.
The International Legitimacy of the 2006 Constitution
638
C.
The Internal Illegitimacy of the 2006 Constitution
641
III.
Case Study 1: Parliamentary Oversight under the 2006 Constitution
643
A.
Oversight under the 1970 Interim Constitution
643
B.
The Transition to a New Constitutional Arrangement
647
C.
The Decline of Parliamentary Oversight and Its Impact on Constitutional Legitimacy
649
IV.
Case Study 2---The Vertical Distribution of Powers Under the 2006 Constitution
652
A.
The Transition from a Unitary State to a Federal System of Government
652
B.
The Nature of the Political Alliance that Gave Rise to the 2006 Constitution's Vertical Distribution of Powers
654
C.
The Result: Weakening of Constitutional Legitimacy in Iraq
657
V.
What Role Local Context?
662
5.9.
The Separation of Powers and the Problem of Constitutional Interpretation in Afghanistan (Hashimzai)
665
I.
Historical Introduction
665
A.
The Constitutional History of Afghanistan (1923-2001)
665
B.
The Creation of the New Constitution (2001-2004)
667
II.
The Separation of Powers in the Afghan Constitution
668
A.
Presidential Authority
668
B.
Parliamentary Authority
669
C.
The Judicial Branch
670
III.
Other Important Features of the Constitution of 2004
671
A.
Sources of Law in the Afghan Constitution
671
B.
Human Rights and the Role of International Conventions
672
IV.
The Problem of Constitutional Interpretation
674
A.
Competence to Interpret the Constitution
674
B.
Recent Constitutional Law Decisions by the Supreme Court
678
V.
Conclusions
680
5.10.
Constitutionalism in an Islamic Republic: The Principles of the Afghan Constitution and the Conflicts between Them (Moschtaghi)
683
I.
Introduction
683
II.
The Principles of the Afghan Constitution and their Mutual Relationship
685
A.
Islamic Republicanism
686
B.
The Principle of Democracy
700
C.
Principle of a Unitary State
703
D.
Rule of Law
704
E.
Human Rights and Their Enforcement
708
III.
A Practical Approach to Solve Conflicts between Human Rights and Islamic Republicanism within the Framework of the Afghan Constitution
710
IV.
Conclusion
713
List of Contributors
715
Index
723