The end of the pipeline : a journey of recognition for African Americans entering the legal profession / Dorothy Evensen, Carla D. Pratt.
2012
KF299.A35 E94 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
The end of the pipeline : a journey of recognition for African Americans entering the legal profession / Dorothy Evensen, Carla D. Pratt.
Published
Durham, N.C. : Carolina Academic Press, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KF299.A35 E94 2012
ISBN
9781594609817 (pbk.)
1594609810 (pbk.)
1594609810 (pbk.)
Description
xxxi, 309 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)728892130
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Foreword
xi
Acknowledgments
xvii
About the Authors
xix
Contributors
xxi
Introduction
xxiii
ch. 1
The End of the Pipeline in the New Millennium
1
Purposes, Methodology, and Theoretical Perspective
1
Methods
3
Data Analysis
4
Findings
6
Working Recognition
6
Recognition as a Contextual Factor
6
Formal Recognition: This Kid Is Smart
7
Formal Recognition: It Ain't Necessarily Good
9
Formal Recognition: Few Are Chosen
12
Formal Recognition: Better Late...
13
Formal Recognition: Affirmative Action: "Without It I Wouldn't Be Here."
15
Informal Recognition: "Good Parents"
22
Informal Recognition: The Child Who Stands Out
22
Informal Recognition: Not You (Too)
23
Informal Recognition: Not All in the Family
25
Recognition as a Perceptual and Strategic Factor
27
Recognizing Ways into the Pipeline: Aspirations and Openings
28
Preparing for the Next Chamber: A Lot of Hard Work
31
College Deferred: Working through Longer Pipelines
32
College Interrupted: Encountering Detours and Recognizing When to Get Back In
34
Which College? Working toward Acceptance
35
Law School: Recognizing More Openings
39
Persisting in Law School: Work Making Working Harder
43
Recognizing You Need Help: Working for Grades
45
Recognizing Those Who Can Help: The Role of Mentors
49
Recognizing that Race Matters in Law School
54
Passing the Bar: Working for Recognition
61
Recognition as an Outcome Factor: The End of the Pipeline
62
A Model of Working Recognition
67
Assessing the Trustworthiness of the Model
68
The Focus Groups
68
Different Journeys/Same Destination
72
Smooth Sails
73
Incredible Journeys
78
Divergent Paths
82
Other Journeys
85
Preliminary Conclusions
86
ch. 2
Race Still Matters
89
The Salience of Race
89
Privilege Revealed: A Form of Negative Working Recognition
91
Outsiders Within: More Negative Working Recognition
93
Affirmative Action and Outsider Status
93
Exceptionalism: Being Recognized as Worthy of Insider Status
96
Exceptionalism's Corollary: Dilemma of Achievement
102
Race in Law School
103
Perspectivelessness in the Law School Classroom
104
Race in Other Law School Space
107
Study Groups
107
Cognitive Spaces
108
Strength in Numbers: Critical Mass
109
Intersectionality: Intersecting Identities in the Pipeline
112
The Intersection of Race and Class
112
Facially Evident Challenges at the Intersection of Race and Poverty
115
Inconspicuous Challenges at the Intersection of Race and Poverty
116
A Lack of Imagination: Aiming Low
116
Lack of Information and Relationships
117
The LSAT's Disparate Impact at the Intersection of Race and Class
119
The Intersection of Race and Gender
125
Conclusion
128
ch. 3
Responses to the Study
129
Introduction
129
The Means to an End: Narrative Expression of Working Recognition / Janice L. Austin
131
The Admissions Process
132
Looking Beyond Numbers
134
Conclusion
137
Affirmative Action: A Tool for Rebuilding the K-12 Segment of the Pipeline / Preston Green
139
Introduction
139
Grutter v. Bollinger
141
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
143
Is There a Constitutional Justification for K-12 Affirmative Action Policies?
145
Conclusion
149
The HBCU Effect: Expanding the Number of People in the Pipeline / Kamille Wolff
151
Introduction
151
HBCU Law School Minority Yield
152
HBCU Criticism, Challenges, and Triumphs
154
HBCU Impact on Diversity within the Legal Profession
156
Conclusion
161
Using Cultural Perspectives to Understand the Role of Ethnic Student Organizations in Black Students' Progress to the End of the Pipeline / Samuel D. Museus
162
Ethnic Student Organizations in Cultural Context
163
Ethnic Student Organizations as Cultural Enclaves
165
Ethnic Organizations as Collective Cultural Agents
166
Ethnic Organizations as Sources of Cultural Integration
168
Implications for Research
170
Implications for Policy and Practice
171
Academic Support: Countering the Failings of Traditional Law School Pedagogy and Supporting Inclusive and Effective Education for Pipeline Students / David Nadvorney
173
The Problem of Law School Pedagogy
174
Integrating Academic Support into the Law School Curricula
177
Conclusion
182
Beyond the Mask: Social and Academic Identities through the Pipeline / Tara Scales Williams
183
Introduction
183
Background on Identity Theory
185
Threats to Identity Encountered in the Pipeline
187
Proving Yourself
187
Isolation
188
Reflected Appraisals or Working (Adjective) Recognition
189
Racial Socialization or Working (Adjective) Recognition
190
Identity Is Negotiated...or Working (Verb) Recognition
191
Conclusion
194
Adding Links to the Chain: Generalized Exchange and the Importance of Mentoring throughout the Lives of Black Attorneys / Kimberly A. Griffin
195
Understanding Mentoring
197
Mentoring and Race
199
Mentoring as Generalized Exchange
200
Conclusion
204
ch. 4
Near the End of the Pipeline to Law
207
The Wave 2 Study
210
Does the Model of Working Recognition Fit?
210
How Did Pipeline Programs Affect Pipeline Journeys?
215
Pipeline Programs
215
Pipeline Journeys
215
Risks and Recovery
223
How Do Pipeline Programs Recognize That Race (Still) Matters?
230
ch. 5
Of Theory, Theories, and Theorizing
235
Theory and Method
236
Theories and Perspective
237
Theorizing and Changed Practice
239
Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT)
240
What Is Activity Theory (AT)?
240
Moving on to Engestrom's Work
242
Expansive Theory
243
Theorizing about an Expansive Activity System
246
Connection
247
Coordination
248
Communication
248
Comprehensiveness
250
Compliance
250
Failsafe Measures
253
Working Recognition at the End of the Pipeline
253
Voices from the Pipeline and Introduction to the Afterword
255
The Pipeline to Law School: Uplifting Students of Color from the Negativity Surrounding Racial Identity, Racial Diversity and LSAT Scores / Leonard M. Baynes
256
Introduction
256
Race, Inequality, and the Burden of Being a Black Student
258
Pipeline to Law School
262
Inspiration versus Skills
262
Ronald H. Brown Law School Prep Program for College Students
264
The Sophomore Program
264
The Junior Program
267
What Have I Learned about Law School Applicants of Color from Running a Pipeline Program?
269
Misconceptions about the LSAT
269
Speed versus Accuracy
270
Students Often Do Not Know That They Suffer from Anxiety
270
The Student Is Not His/Her LSAT Score
271
The Power of the Personal Statement
272
Conclusion
272
Can the Pipeline to the Legal Profession Be Repaired and Widened? Only If the Profession Commits / Sarah E. Redfield
275
Afterword
285
Appendix A
287
Appendix B
289
Index
305