Principles of international law / by Sean D. Murphy.
2012
KZ3410 .M873 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Principles of international law / by Sean D. Murphy.
Published
St. Paul, MN : Thomson/West, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KZ3410 .M873 2012
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9780314262684 (pbk.)
0314262687 (pbk.)
0314262687 (pbk.)
Description
xxii, 575 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)794973704
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Series
Record Appears in
Gift
Gift of Professor Richard N. Gardner
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Gift of Professor Richard N. Gardner
Table of Contents
Preface
v
List of Graphics
xvii
List of Abbreviations
xix
pt. I
SYSTEMIC ELEMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
ch. 1
Foundations of International Law
3
A.
Structures of International Law
3
Basic Horizontal Structure: Interaction of States
3
Vertical Structure: International Organizations
6
Vertical Structure: Interface with National Law
7
Vertical/Horizontal Structure: Interaction of Persons
10
B.
Theories of International Law
10
International Natural Law
10
International Legal Positivism
12
International Legal Realism
14
New Stream
15
International Law/International Relations
17
C.
History of International Law
19
Ancient Times
19
Middle Ages in Europe
21
The Rise of Nation-States
22
The Rise of Positivism
24
Post-World War II Trends
25
International Law in American History
26
Further Reading
31
ch. 2
Actors of International Law
33
A.
States
33
Recognition of States
34
Modern Trends in Recognition of States
36
Recognition of Governments
37
Modern Trends in Recognition of Governments
39
Recognition in U.S. Practice
41
Rules on State Succession
45
Rules on Delimitation of Land Boundaries
46
B.
International Organizations
47
Formation
47
Legal Personality
49
Legal Responsibility
51
Structure and Powers
54
Privileges and Immunities
60
Examples of International Organizations
62
C.
Non-Governmental Organizations
69
D.
Natural Persons and Groups
72
E.
Legal Persons (Corporations)
73
Further Reading
75
ch. 3
International Law Creation
77
A.
Treaties
77
Introduction
77
What is a Treaty?
79
Making Treaties
80
Reserving to Treaties
83
Operation of Treaties
89
Withdrawal, Termination or Suspension
90
B.
Customary International Law
92
Introduction
92
Uniform and Consistent State Practice
93
Opinio Juris
94
Persistent Objector Rule
95
Concept of Jus Cogens
96
Relationship of Treaties and Custom
98
Criticisms of Customary International Law
100
C.
General Principles of Law
101
D.
Subsidiary Sources: Courts and Scholars
103
E.
Law-Making by International Organizations
104
Introduction
104
An Emergent World Legislature? The U.N. Security Council
105
Transnational Public Regulation: The ICAO
106
F.
Non-Legally Binding Norms ("Soft Law")
111
Vague or General Treaty Provisions
112
Declarations or Political Pacts by States
113
Recommendatory Resolutions of International Organizations
114
Codes of Behavior for States or Non-State Actors
116
Further Reading
124
ch. 4
International Law Interpretation and Dispute Resolution
125
A.
Negotiation, Notification, and Consultation
126
Negotiation
126
Duty to Notify
129
Duty to Consult
129
B.
Mediation and Conciliation
131
Mediation
131
Conciliation
132
C.
Arbitration
133
Commencing an Arbitration
133
How Arbitration Works
136
Selected Arbitral Institutions
138
D.
World Court
140
Permanent Court of International Justice
140
International Court of Justice
141
E.
U.S. Relationship with the World Court
151
Jurisdiction Pursuant to Treaties
151
Jurisdiction Under the "Optional Clause"
153
Some Recent Cases
156
Overall U.S. Track Record
160
F.
Other International Courts
162
European Court of Justice
162
European Court of Human Rights
163
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
164
International Criminal Courts
165
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
166
G.
National Courts
167
Introduction
167
Example: U.S. Supreme Court and International Law
168
Limits on National Court Jurisdiction
169
Further Reading
171
ch. 5
International Law Compliance and Enforcement
173
A.
Compliance
174
Effect of Initial Commitment
174
Effect of Reputational Consequences
176
Fear of Reciprocity
177
Effect of "Compliance Pull" of the Norm
178
Techniques for Identifying Non-Compliance
179
Capacity-Building
182
Compliance Due to National Processes
183
B.
Non-Forcible and Forcible Coercion of States
187
Diplomatic Sanctions
187
Economic Sanctions
188
Military Enforcement
191
C.
Non-Forcible and Forcible Coercion of Persons
193
Economic Sanctions
193
Civil and Criminal Actions to Enforce an International Norm
196
Civil Actions to Enforce a Private Transaction
197
Further Reading
200
ch. 6
Rules on State Responsibility
201
A.
The General Principle of Responsibility
202
B.
Attribution of Conduct to a State
203
C.
Concept of Breach
205
D.
Obligations of a Breaching State
207
Restitution
208
Compensation
208
Satisfaction
210
Interest
210
E.
Rights of an Injured State
211
Invocation of Breaching State's Responsibility
211
Countermeasures
217
Further Reading
220
pt. II
INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL LAW
ch. 7
Foreign Relations Law of the United States
223
A.
Separation of Powers
223
Congressional Power
223
Executive Power
229
Judicial Power
245
B.
Federal-State Relations
249
Reasons for Federal Dominance
249
Bases for Striking Down State Laws
250
C.
International Law as a Part of U.S. Law
253
Treaties in U.S. Law
253
Statutes and Regulations Implementing Treaties
257
Customary International Law in U.S. Law
258
Example: Alien Tort Statute
260
Judicial Use of International/Foreign Law
265
Further Reading
270
ch. 8
National Jurisdiction to Prescribe, Adjudicate, and Enforce
271
A.
Presumptions Under U.S. Law
271
B.
Permissible Bases of Jurisdiction under International Law
276
General Approach
276
Territoriality Principle
277
Nationality Principle
278
Passive Personality Principle
279
Protective Principle
281
Universality Principle
281
Combinations of Jurisdictional Principles
285
Discretion to Exercise Permissible Jurisdiction
285
Reasonableness of Exercising Jurisdiction
285
Concurrent Jurisdiction
288
C.
Jurisdiction to Prescribe, Adjudicate, and Enforce
289
Jurisdiction to Prescribe
289
Jurisdiction to Adjudicate
289
Jurisdiction to Enforce
290
Further Reading
293
ch. 9
Immunity from National Jurisdiction
295
A.
Diplomatic and Consular Immunity
295
Purpose of the Immunity
295
Diplomatic Immunity
296
Consular Immunity
298
International Civil Servant Immunity
298
U.S. Statutory Law
299
B.
Head-of-State Immunity
300
C.
State Immunity
302
Customary International Law on State Immunity
302
Historical Development in the United States
304
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) Generally
306
FSIA Agencies and Instrumentalities
307
FSIA General Grant of Immunity
311
Waiver Exception
311
Commercial Activity Exception
312
Expropriation Exception
315
Tort Exception
316
Arbitration Exception
317
Terrorist State Exception
318
Counterclaims Exception
321
Extent of Liability
322
Attachment and Execution
322
D.
Act of State Doctrine
323
Act of State Doctrine Generally
323
Sabbatino Case
324
Exceptions to the Doctrine
325
Further Reading
329
pt. III
SPECIALIZED AREAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
ch. 10
Human Rights
333
A.
Introduction
333
B.
State Responsibility for Injury to Aliens
336
C.
Global Human Rights Instruments
340
U.N. Charter and Human Rights
340
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
343
Human Rights Covenants (ICCPR and ICESCR)
345
Other Key Human Rights Treaties
350
U.S. Adherence to Human Rights Treaties
360
D.
Global Human Rights Institutions
362
Human Rights Committees
363
U.N. Human Rights Commission and Council
366
U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees
369
E.
Regional Human Rights Instruments/Institutions
369
Europe
369
Americas
372
Africa
377
F.
Immigration and Refugees
379
Further Reading
382
ch. 11
Law of the Sea
383
A.
Introduction
383
B.
Major Maritime Zones
384
Baselines and Internal Waters
384
Territorial Sea
387
Contiguous Zone
389
Continental Shelf
391
High Seas
394
Deep Sea-Bed Area
397
Straits and Archipelagos
398
Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries
400
Hot Pursuit Across Maritime Zones
401
C.
Regulation of Certain Uses of the Sea
402
Maritime Pollution
402
Fishing
403
Protection of Whales
406
Recovery of Underwater Artifacts
407
D.
Dispute Settlement
408
E.
Should the United States Ratify the LOSC?
410
Further Reading
414
ch. 12
International Environmental Law
415
A.
Structural Overview
415
Historical Background
415
Recent Developments
419
International and Non-governmental Organizations
422
Key Principles
425
Techniques of Legal Regulation
427
Techniques for Imposing Liability
428
B.
Regulation in Important Sectors
436
Ozone Depletion
436
Global Climate Change
438
Biological Diversity
442
C.
Cross-Sectoral Issues
444
Trade and Environment
444
Extraterritorial Application of Environmental Law
447
Further Reading
451
ch. 13
International Criminal Law
453
A.
Introduction
453
B.
General Transnational Cooperation
453
Mutual Legal Assistance (Evidence Gathering)
453
Extradition
456
C.
Transnational Cooperation Concerning Important Sectors
459
Terrorism
459
Narcotics
461
Corruption
462
Organized Crime
463
Cybercrime
464
D.
International Crimes
465
General Elements of International Crimes
465
Crime of Aggression
466
War Crimes
468
Crimes Against Humanity
470
Genocide
471
E.
International Criminal Tribunals
472
Ad Hoc U.N. Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda
472
Permanent International Criminal Court
475
F.
Hybrid Courts
481
Cambodia Extraordinary Chambers
482
East Timor Special Panels
483
Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal
484
Kosovar Special Panels
485
Sierra Leone Special Court
486
Special Tribunal for Lebanon
487
Further Reading
490
ch. 14
Use of Armed Force and Arms Control
491
A.
Jus Ad Bellum
491
General Prohibition on the Use of Force
491
Inherent Right of Self-Defense
496
Peace Enforcement by the Security Council
507
Peace Enforcement by Regional Organizations
509
Mixed Bases for the Use of Force
511
U.N. Peacekeeping
512
Example: 2003 Intervention in Iraq
514
B.
Jus In Bello
515
Restrictions on Methods of Warfare
516
Protections for Victims of Warfare
519
Example: 2003 Intervention in Iraq
527
C.
Arms Control
529
Background
529
Conventional Weapons
529
Chemical and Biological Weapons
531
Nuclear Weapons
532
Confidence-Building
536
Further Reading
537
ch. 15
International Legal Research
539
A.
Treatises and Other Scholarly Material
539
B.
International Agreements
543
International Agreements Generally
543
International Agreements of the United States
544
International Agreements on Electronic Databases
546
C.
State Practice
546
Contemporary Practice of Governments
546
Practice of the United States
548
D.
International Organization Practice
549
Practice of International Organizations Generally
549
Practice of the United Nations
549
International Law Commission
550
E.
Judicial and Arbitral Decisions
551
F.
General Internet Research
554
G.
Further Reference Works
555
Cases Index
557
Treaties Index
563
Subject Index
569