Evidence : practice under the rules / Christopher B. Mueller, Henry S. Lindsley Professor of Law, University of Colorado, School of Law, Laird C. Kirkpatrick, Louis Harkey Mayo Research Professor of Law, George Washington University, School of Law ; with a practice commentary by Charles H. Rose III, associate professor, director, Center for Excellence in Advocacy, Stetson University College of Law.
2012
KF8935 .M845 2012 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Evidence : practice under the rules / Christopher B. Mueller, Henry S. Lindsley Professor of Law, University of Colorado, School of Law, Laird C. Kirkpatrick, Louis Harkey Mayo Research Professor of Law, George Washington University, School of Law ; with a practice commentary by Charles H. Rose III, associate professor, director, Center for Excellence in Advocacy, Stetson University College of Law.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, [2012]
Call Number
KF8935 .M845 2012
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9781454811565
1454811560
1454811560
Description
xlii, 1,543 pages ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)798500358
Note
At head of title: Aspen Publishers.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
xxxvii
About the Authors
xli
Table of Abbreviations
xliii
ch. 1
Preliminary Matters
A.
Introduction
2
FRE 101 and 102
2
1.1.
Purposes of Evidence Law
2
1.2.
Rules Supplant Common Law
4
B.
Admitting And Excluding Evidence
7
FRE 103
7
1.3.
Objections
7
1.4.
Waiving Objections-Invited Error, Opening the Door
12
1.5.
Offers of Proof
16
1.6.
Pretrial Rulings (Motions in Limine)
21
1.7.
Evidence Errors-Harmless
23
1.8.
Reversible and Plain
27
1.9.
Constitutional
29
C.
Preliminary Issues In Evidence Rulings
32
FRE 104
32
1.10.
Court-Determined Issues (Admissibility, Witness Qualifications, Privileges)
32
1.11.
Preliminary Questions on Confessions
38
1.12.
Procedure for Determining Preliminary Matters
40
1.13.
Jury-Determined Issues (Conditional Relevancy, Authenticity, Personal Knowledge)
46
D.
Limited Admissibility
50
FRE 105
50
1.14.
Evidence Admissible on One Issue But Not Others
51
1.15.
Evidence Admissible Against One Party But Not Others
53
1.16.
Limiting Instructions
54
E.
Rule Of Completeness
56
FRE 106
56
1.17.
Getting Related Material In-When and How, Limits
56
1.18.
Coverage and Application-Documents and Letters; Confessions and Recordings; Other
58
ch. 2
Judicial Notice
A.
Scope Of FRE 201
66
2.1.
Introduction
66
FRE 201(a)
68
2.2.
Adjudicative Facts
68
2.3.
Legislative Facts Distinguished
69
2.4.
Basic Facts Distinguished
75
FRE 201(b)
79
2.5.
Indisputability Requirement
79
2.6.
Generally Known Facts
80
2.7.
Verifiable Facts
82
B.
Process Of Taking Notice
86
FRE 201(c)
86
2.8.
Initiation of Judicial Notice
86
FRE 201(d)
87
2.9.
Notice at Any Stage
87
FRE 201(e)
90
2.10.
Opportunity for Party Input
90
C.
Instructing The Jury
93
FRE 201(f)
93
2.11.
Instructing the Jury
93
2.12.
Special Problems in Criminal Cases
95
2.13.
"Judicial Notice" of Law
98
ch. 3
Burdens and Presumptions
A.
Civil Cases
106
1.
Burdens
3.1.
Burdens of Pleading, Production, and Persuasion
106
3.2.
Carrying the Burden of Production (Sufficiency Standard)
112
3.3.
Carrying the Burden of Persuasion (Preponderance and Other Standards)
113
2.
Presumptions
FRE 301
115
3.4.
Presumptions-What They Are, How They Work
115
3.5.
Underlying Reasons and Examples
119
3.6.
Operation of Presumptions-Contingent Case Where Basic Facts Are Disputed
123
3.7.
Easy Cases Where Counterproof Is Either Insufficient or Conclusive
125
3.8.
Hard Cases Where Counterproof Is Sufficient But Inconclusive
126
3.9.
Conflicting Presumptions
132
FRE 302
134
3.10.
State Versus Federal Law
134
B.
Criminal Cases
136
3.11.
Standard of Proof (Beyond a Reasonable Doubt)
136
3.12.
Affirmative Defenses
139
3.13.
"Presumptions" in Criminal Cases
145
3.14.
Inferences in Criminal Cases
150
ch. 4
Relevancy and Its Limits
4.1.
Introduction
160
A.
Logical Relevance
162
FRE 401
162
4.2.
Defining Relevance
162
4.3.
Roles of Judge and Jury
168
4.4.
Circumstantial Proof-Indications of a Guilty Mina
170
4.5.
Other Accidents or Claims
172
4.6.
Other Contracts or Transactions
175
4.7.
Industry Safety Standards
176
FRE 402
178
4.8.
Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible
178
B.
Pragmatic Relevance
180
FRE 403
180
4.9.
Discretionary Exclusion
180
4.10.
Unfair Prejudice, Confusion, Delay, Collateral
184
C.
Character Evidence
190
FRE 404(a)
190
4.11.
Character Evidence-Generally
191
4.12.
Criminal Defendant
194
4.13.
Crime Victim
200
4.14.
Witness
201
FRE 404(b)
202
4.15.
Prior Wrongs to Prove Specific Points
202
4.16.
Discretion to Exclude Prior Wrongs
209
4.17.
Motive, Intent, Identity, and Similar Points
215
4.18.
Unlisted Uses for Evidence of Prior Wrongs
221
FRE 405(a)
224
4.19.
Methods of Proving Character
224
FRE 405(b)
231
4.20.
Character as Element of Charge, Claim, or Defense
231
D Habit And Routine Practice
235
FRE 406
235
4.21.
Habit Evidence
235
4.22.
Evidence of Routine Practice
239
E.
Subsequent Remedial Measures
241
FRE 407
241
4.23.
Subsequent Remedial Measures Generally Excluded
241
4.24.
Admissible for Limited Purposes
247
F.
Settlements And Medical Payments
252
FRE 408
252
4.25.
Civil Settlement Offers Generally Excluded
252
4.26.
Admissible for Limited Purposes
257
FRE 409
260
4.27.
Payment of Medical Expenses
260
G.
Plea Bargains
261
FRE 410
261
4.28.
Withdrawn Guilty Pleas; Nolo Contendere Pleas
262
4.29.
Plea Bargaining Statements
264
H.
Liability Insurance
270
FRE 411
270
4.30.
Evidence of Insurance Generally Excluded
270
4.31.
Exceptions Where Admissible
273
I.
Sexual Behavior Of Complaining Witness
274
FRE 412
274
4.32.
Sexual History of Complainant Generally Excluded
275
4.33.
Exceptions Where Admissible
280
4.34.
Procedures for Applying Rule and Exceptions
287
J.
Similar Crimes By Defendant In Sexual Assault And Molestation Cases
290
FRE 413
290
FRE 414
290
4.35.
Evidence of Similar Offenses in Sexual Assault and Child Molestation Cases
291
FRE 415
297
4.36.
Civil Cases involving Sexual Assault or Child Molestation
297
K.
Practice Commentary :character Evidence In General-FRE.404(a)
298
4.37.
Practice Commentary on FRE 404(a), FRE 404(b), and FRE 406
298
4.38.
FRE 404(a) Character Evidence-The Law
299
A.
Limits on the Admissibility of Character Evidence
299
B.
Ways to Admit Proper Character Evidence
299
C.
Elements of the Foundation
300
4.39.
FRE 404(a) Character Evidence Practicum
300
A.
Relevancy and Character Evidence
300
B.
Timing
301
C.
Difference Between Credibility (Truthfulness) and Other Pertinent Character Traits
301
D.
Attack on Witness Credibility
301
4.40.
FRE 404(a) Character Evidence Examples
302
A.
Offer Reputation Testimony of the Accused for Truthfulness
302
B.
Offer Reputation Testimony of the Victim's Character for Peacefulness
303
C.
Offer Opinion Testimony of the Victim's Character for Peacefulness
303
L.
Practice Commentary-Character Evidence In General-FRE 404(b)
304
4.41.
Practice Commentary on FRE 404(b)
304
4.42.
FRE 404(b) Character Evidence, Non-Character Theory-The Law
304
A.
Exception to the General Rule of FRE 404(a)
305
B.
An Inclusionary Approach
305
C.
Connections Between the Charged Offense and Other Criminal Acts
305
D.
Notice Requirements
306
E.
FRE 403 Balancing Test Applied to 404(b)
306
4.43.
FRE 404(b) Character Evidence, Non-Character Theory-Practicum
306
A.
Best Way to Prove
306
B.
Identify the Purpose of the Offered Evidence with Specificity
307
C.
Similarity Between the Charged Offense and the Proffered Evidence
307
D.
Standard of Proof
307
4.44.
FRE 404(b) Character Evidence, Non-Character Theory-Example
308
A.
Offer Evidence of a Prior Conviction to Show Knowledge
308
M.
Practice Commentary-Character Evidence In General-FRE 406
310
4.45.
Practice Commentary on FRE 406
310
4.46.
IRE 406 Habit Evidence-The Law
310
A.
Exception to Character Propensity Evidence Rule
310
B.
Knowledge
310
C.
Definition
311
D.
Elements of the Foundation for Habit Evidence or Routine Practice
311
4.47.
FRE 406 Habit Evidence-Practicum
311
A.
Habit Evidence Versus Propensity
311
B.
Method of Proof
311
C.
When to Introduce Habit Testimony
312
D.
Identify Witnesses That May Contradict the Accused's Habit
312
4.48.
FRE 406 Habit Evidence-Example
312
A.
Admitting Habit Evidence
312
ch. 5
Privileges
A.
General Policies
316
5.1.
Introduction
316
5.2.
Duty of Confidentiality Distinguished
320
5.3.
General Principles-Assertion; Waiver; Interception
322
5.4.
Adverse Comment or Inference
324
5.5.
Constitutional Right to Produce Evidence
326
B.
Scope Of FRE 501
332
FRE 501
332
5.6.
Preserving Federal Common Law of Privileges
332
5.7.
When State Privilege Law Applies
335
C.
Attorney-Client Privilege
338
5.8.
Attorney-Client Privilege: Rationale
338
5.9.
Client or Representative of Client
342
5.10.
Lawyer or Representative of Lawyer
346
5.11.
Professional Legal Services
350
5.12.
Communication
353
5.13.
Confidentiality
357
5.14.
Joint Clients
363
5.15.
Joint Defense; Pooled Information
364
5.16.
Corporate Clients
368
5.17.
Shareholder Litigation
378
5.18.
Government Clients
380
5.19.
Client Identity; Fee Arrangements
384
5.20.
Lawyer's Impressions About Client
390
5.21.
Evidence Delivered to Lawyer
392
5.22.
Crime-Fraud Exception
394
5.23.
Breach of Duty by Lawyer or Client
401
5.24.
Claimants Through a Deceased Client
404
5.25.
Lawyer as Attesting Witness
405
5.26.
Duration of the Privilege
405
5.27.
Claiming the Privilege
407
FRE 502
413
5.28.
Waiver by Voluntary Disclosure
414
5.29.
Inadvertent Disclosure
424
5.30.
Implied Waiver by Claim Assertion
429
D.
Marital Privileges
433
5.31.
Spousal Testimonial Privilege
433
5.32.
Marital Confidences Privilege
438
5.33.
Other Familial Privileges
444
E.
Physicians And Psychotherapists
445
5.34.
Physician-Patient Privilege
445
5.35.
Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege
448
ch. 6
Witnesses
6.1.
Introduction
463
A.
Witness Competency
465
FRE 601
465
6.2.
Ordinary Witnesses
465
6.3.
Children
469
6.4.
Hypnotically Refreshed Testimony
470
B.
Personal Knowledge
473
FRE 602
473
6.5.
Personal Knowledge
473
C.
Oath Or Affirmation Requirement
476
FRE 603
476
6.6.
Oath or Affirmation
476
D.
Interpreters
478
FRE 604
478
6.7.
Interpreters
478
E.
Competency Of Judges And Lawyers As Witnesses
480
FRE 605
480
6.8.
Judges as Witnesses
480
6.9.
Lawyers as Witnesses
482
F.
Juror Competency: Impeachment Of Verdicts
484
FRE 606
484
6.10.
Reasons to Limit Impeachment of Verdicts
484
6.11.
Juror Testimony and Affidavits Barred
487
6.12.
Exception for Proving Extrarecord Information
493
6.13.
Exception for Proving Outside Influence
496
6.14.
Exception for Proving Mistake on Verdict Form; Other Matters Beyond Reach of Rule
498
6.15.
Procedural Concerns
501
G.
Voucher Rule Abolished
504
FRE 607
504
6.16.
Any Party May Impeach
504
6.17.
Preventing Abuse by Calling Party
507
H.
Impeachment Of Witnesses
512
6.18.
Impeachment and Support
512
1.
Showing Bias
6.19.
Mechanics and Entitlement
513
6.20.
Varieties of Bias
516
2.
Showing Problems in Capacity
6.21.
Cross-Examination and Extrinsic Evidence
521
6.22.
Expert Testimony
523
3.
Showing Untruthfulness
FRE 608
524
6.23.
Opinion and Reputation Testimony-In General
524
6.24.
Cross- and Redirect Examination of Adverse Character Witness
527
6.25.
Asking About Nonconviction Misconduct-In General
529
6.26.
Limits and Safeguards
533
6.27.
Extrinsic Evidence Ekcluded
535
6.28.
Extrinsic Evidence Admitted for Some Purposes
537
FRE 609(a) 3
539
6.29.
Showing Convictions-In General
539
6.30.
Felonies
542
6.31.
Excluding Felonies for Unfair Prejudice
544
6.32.
Crimes of Dishonesty or False Statement
550
6.33.
Looking to Underlying Facts
552
6.34.
Permitted Detail; Coordinating FRE 608 and 609; Letting Witness Explain
555
6.35.
Procedure, Pretrial Motions, Preserving Error
558
FRE 609(b)-(c)
561
6.36.
Ten-Year Limit, Pardons, Rehabilitation, and Annulments
562
FRE 609(d)
565
6.37.
Juvenile Adjudications
565
FRE 609(e)
567
6.38.
Meaning of Conviction; Appeal and Finality
567
6.39.
Uses of Convictions Unregulated by FRE 609
569
4.
Showing Prior Inconsistent Statements-FRE 613(a)-(b)
570
6.40.
Cross-Examination and Extrinsic Evidence
571
6.41.
The Chance to Explain
575
6.42.
Constitutional Limits on Impeachment by Prior Silence
578
5.
Contradiction-FRE 403 and 611
6.43.
The Process
580
6.44.
Typical Instances
583
6.45.
Effect of Rules of Exclusion
586
6.46.
Effect of Constitutional Restrictions
589
6.47.
Prejudice, Confusion, and "Collateral Matter" Bar
594
6.48.
Matters of Fairness and "Open Door" Doctrine
598
I.
Repair And Support Of Witnesses
602
6.49.
General Principles of Repair; Answering and Disarming
602
6.50.
Showing Truthful Character After Attack
604
6.51.
Cross-Examining the Supporting Character Witness
607
6.52.
Showing Prior Consistent Statements
610
J.
Religious Beliefs
614
FRE 610
614
6.53.
Questioning on Religious Beliefs
614
K.
Presenting Testimony
615
FRE 611(a)-(c)
615
1.
Sequence and Safeguards
6.54.
Order of Proof; Reopening, Rebutting, Recalling
616
6.55.
Questioning Versus Narrative Testimony
619
6.56.
Formal Flaws in Questions to Witnesses
620
6.57.
Preventing Abuse of Witnesses
623
2.
Foundational Matters
6.58.
Context and Background
624
6.59.
Voir Dire of Witnesses
625
3.
Direct Examination
6.60.
Nonleading Questions
627
6.61.
Leading Adverse Parties, Hostile Witness, Others
629
4.
Cross-Examination
6.62.
Importance of Right; Remedies for Denial
632
6.63.
Scope of Cross
633
6.64.
Leading Questions
636
6.65.
Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
637
L.
Refreshing Memory
641
FRE 612(a)-(c)
641
6.66.
The Basic Process
641
6.67.
Adversary's Right to Inspect and Question
644
6.68.
Introducing Material Used to Refresh
647
6.69.
Effects of Privilege, Work Product, and Discovery Limits
647
M.
Calling And Interrogation By Court
651
FRE 614
651
6.70.
Judge May Question (and Call) Witnesses
651
N.
Sequestering Witnesses
654
FRE 615(a)-(d)
654
6.71.
Excluding or Sequestering Witnesses
654
6.72.
Exemptions from Exclusion or Sequestration
656
O.
Practice Commentary-Bias Impeachment
659
6.73.
The Law
659
A.
Why Impeach?
660
B.
Relevance Exists Once Witness Testifies
660
C.
Counsel Must Have a Good Faith Basis
660
D.
Bias Impeachment
660
E.
Noncollateral
661
F.
Foundation
661
G.
Extrinsic Evidence
661
H.
Bolstering Prohibited
661
I.
Collateral Fact Rule
662
J.
Rehabilitation
662
6.74.
Practicum
662
A.
Clarity and Simplicity
662
B.
Impeach Only When It Benefits Your Case
662
C.
Adapt Your Style of Impeachment to the Witness
663
D.
Develop a Standard Checklist for Bias, Prejudice, and Motive to Lie
663
6.75.
Examples
664
A.
Impeachment Based upon Bias Example 1
664
B.
Impeachment Based upon Bias Example 2
666
C.
Impeachment Based upon Bias Example 3
668
P.
Practice Commentary-Impeachment Capacity, Visual Observations
669
6.76.
The Law
669
6.77.
Practicum
669
A.
Factors Affecting the Reliability of the Testimony
669
B.
individual Factors (Internal to the Witness)
670
C.
Environmental Factors
670
D.
Tone of the Examination
670
E.
Avoiding the Ultimate Question
671
F.
Scrutinize the Witness's Prior Statements
671
G.
Examine the Scene
671
H.
Structure of Cross-Examination
672
6.78.
Examples
672
A.
Classroom Disruption
672
B.
I Saw a Fight!
674
Q.
Practice Commentary-Impeachment By Prior Untruthful Act; Opinion, Reputation, And Specific Acts
677
6.79.
The Law
677
A.
Three Methods
677
B.
Specific Instances of Conduct Probative of Untruthfulness
677
C.
Reputation and Opinion Testimony
678
D.
Extrinsic Evidence Not Allowed
678
E.
Requires Good Faith Basis
678
F.
Subject to FRE 403 Balancing
678
6.80.
Practicum
678
A.
Investigate Each Witness Thoroughly
678
B.
Prepare Questions Carefully
679
C.
Have the Courage of Your Convictions
679
D.
Look Hard at Your Local Discovery Rules
679
E.
Timing of the Impeachment
680
F.
Think Before You Leap
680
G.
Apply the Proper Techniques of Cross-Examination
680
6.81.
Examples
680
A.
Impeach a Witness Based upon Information in an Employee File
680
B.
Impeach a Witness Using the Information Gleaned from a W4 Form Containing False Information
681
C.
Impeach on the Basis of Prior Untruthful Acts
683
D.
Opinion Testimony
685
E.
Reputation Testimony
686
R.
Practice Commentary-Prior Convictions
687
6.82.
The Law
687
A.
First Determine If It Is a Qualifying Conviction
687
B.
Crimen Falsi
687
C.
Non-Crimen Falsi
687
D.
Elements of the Foundation
688
6.83.
Practicum
688
A.
Motion in Limine
688
B.
Method of Proof
688
6.84.
Example
689
A.
Impeach the Witness with a Prior Crimen Falsi Conviction
689
B.
Impeach the Witness with a Prior Non-Crimen Falsi Conviction
690
S.
Practice Commentary-Impeachment, Prior Inconsistent Statements
691
6.85.
The Law
691
A.
Use
691
B.
Form of the Prior Statement
691
C.
Not Required to Show the Statement to the Witness
692
D.
Extrinsic Evidence of a Prior Statement
692
E.
Opportunity to Explain or Deny
692
F.
Limiting Instruction
692
G.
Prior Inconsistent Statement as Substantive Evidence
693
6.86.
Practicum
693
A.
The Process
693
B.
Ways to Credit
693
C.
Ways to Confront
693
D.
Impeach Only on Significant Inconsistencies
694
E.
Impeach Only on True Inconsistencies
695
F.
Be Prepared to Prove the Inconsistent Statement by Extrinsic Evidence
695
6.87.
Examples
695
A.
Confront Witness About Inconsistency by Stating Witness's Earlier Words in Form of Question
696
B.
Confront Witness About Inconsistency by Having Witness Identify and Authenticate Statement and Read It Silently, and Then the Advocate Reads Inconsistent Portion of Statement Out Loud
698
C.
Confront Witness by Having Witness Identify and Authenticate Statement and Then Read Inconsistency Out Loud for the Court
699
T.
Practice Commentary-Refreshing Memory And Past Recollection Recorded
700
6.88.
The Law
700
A.
Refreshing a Witness's Memory
700
B.
Recorded Recollection
701
6.89.
Practicum
701
A.
Present Memory Refreshed
701
B.
Past Recollection Record
703
6.90.
Examples
703
A.
Refreshing Memory
703
B.
Past Recollection Recorded
704
U.
Practice Commentary-Examination Of Lay Witnesses, Cross And Direct
705
6.91.
The Law
705
A.
Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation of Testimony
705
B.
Scope of Cross-Examination
706
C.
Leading Questions
706
6.92.
Practicum
706
A.
Direct Examination of a Lay Witness
706
B.
Cross-Examination of a Lay Witness
708
6.93.
Examples
710
A.
Direct Examination of the Cashier in a Bad Check Case
710
B.
Cross-Examination of the Cashier in a Bad Check Case
713
C.
Direct Examination of the Alleged Victim in an Assault Case
716
D.
Cross-Examination of an Alleged Assault Victim
719
ch. 7
Opinions and Expert Testimony; Scientific Evidence
A.
Lay Testimony
724
FRE 701(a)-(c)
724
7.1.
The Preference for Facts
724
7.2.
Lay Opinions-Rational Basis
726
7.3.
Helpful to Understanding or Deciding; Not Scientific or Technical
728
7.4.
Opinions on Standard Points
730
B.
Expert Testimony: Foundation And Reliability (Daubert And FRE 702)
734
FRE 702(a)-(d)
734
1.
Requisites, Foundation, Reliability Standard
7.5.
Qualified Expert
734
7.6.
Helpfulness Standard
737
7.7.
Reliability Standard (Daubert, Frye)
741
2.
What Experts May Rely On
FRE 703
758
7.8.
Facts Perceived Before Trial-Firsthand Study
758
7.9.
Facts Learned at Trial-Observing Testimony, Hypothetical Questions
759
7.10.
Secondhand Information-Reasonable Reliance Standard
761
7.11.
Reasonable Reliance and Defense Confrontation Rights
766
C.
Expert Testimony: Limits And Testing
768
1.
Testifying on Ultimate Issues
FRE 704(a)-(b)
768
7.12.
Usually Allowed
768
7.13.
Particularity Required on Mental Condition of Accused
771
2.
Testifying on Points of Law
7.14.
Expert Testimony on Law
775
3.
Disclosure of Underlying Facts or Data
FRE 705
778
7.15.
Disclosing Underlying Data; Ruling on Adequacy of Bisis
778
7.16.
Cross-Examining Experts
784
D.
Court-Appointed Experts
787
FRE 706(a)-(e)
787
7.17.
Procedure for Court Appointment
787
E.
Special Areas Of Technical Evidence
790
7.18.
Statistical Evidence
790
7.19.
DNA Evidence (Criminal and Paternity Cases)
797
7.20.
Polygraph Evidence
805
7.21.
Evidence on Accuracy of Eyewitness Identification
808
7.22.
Syndromes, Social Frameworks, and Profiles
811
ch. 8
Hearsay
A.
Doctrine And Purpose-An Overview
830
8.1.
What Is Hearsay?
830
8.2.
The Hearsay Risks
832
8.3.
Safeguards of the Trial Process
834
B.
Elements Of Doctrine-A Closer Look
836
1.
What Is a Statement?
FRE 801(a)-(b)
836
8.4.
Assertive Behavior-Verbal Expressions
836
8.5.
Action or Conduct (Wordless Statements)
841
8.6.
Hidden Statements (Hearsay at One Remove)
843
8.7.
Coded Signals
845
8.8.
Nonassertive Behavior-Verbal Expressions
846
8.9.
Action or Conduct
849
8.10.
Silence and Noncomplaint; Negative Results of Inquiry
855
8.11.
Machine and Animal Statements
857
2.
When Is It Offered to Prove What It Asserts?
FRE 801(c)
859
8.12.
Proponent's Purpose and Declarant's Intent
859
8.13.
Hearsay Uses-Direct Assertions of the Matter to Be Proved
862
8.14.
Indirect Assertions (Proving What the Speaker Intended to Say)
863
8.15.
Assertions of Circumstantially Relevant Facts
866
8.16.
Nonhearsay Uses-Verbal Acts, Parts of Acts
867
8.17.
Impeachment
869
8.18.
Effect on Listener or Reader
870
8.19.
Identifying Characteristics; Verbal Objects and Markers
871
8.20.
Circumstantial Evidence of State of Mind
877
8.21.
Circumstantial Evidence of Memory or Belief
880
C.
Borderland Of The Doctrine
881
8.22.
Mixed Act and Assertion
881
8.23.
Looking Behind a Statement-Proving Unmentioned Acts, Events, or A Conditions
889
D.
Prior Statements By Testifying Witnesses
895
FRE 801(d)(1)(A)
895
8.24.
Prior Inconsistent Statements
895
FRE 801(d)(1)(B)
900
8.25.
Prior Consistent Statements
900
FRE 801(d)(1)(C)
905
8.26.
Statements of Identification
905
E.
Statements By Party Opponents
909
FRE 801(d)(2)(A)
909
8.27.
Opposing Party's Statements
909
8.28.
Spillover Confessions: Bruton Issues
912
FRE 801(d)(2)(B)
916
8.29.
Adoptive Admissions
916
8.30.
Silence by the Accused: Miranda Issues
923
FRE 801(d)(2)(C)
926
8.31.
Authorized Statements
926
FRE 801(d)(2)(D)
932
8.32.
Statements by Agents and Employees
932
FRE 801(d)(2)(E)
939
8.33.
Coconspirator Statements
940
8.34.
Procedural Issues
944
F.
Unrestricted Hearsay Exceptions
946
FRE 803(1)
946
8.35.
Present Sense Impressions
947
FRE 803(2)
950
8.36.
Excited Utterances
950
FRE 803(3)
957
8.37.
The "State-of-Mind" Exception-Then-Existing Physical Condition
957
8.38.
Then-Existing Mental Condition
959
8.39.
Future Conduct
964
8.40.
Facts Remembered or Believed
972
8.41.
Wills Cases
976
FRE 803(4)
979
8.42.
Medical Statements
979
FRE 803(5)
985
8.43.
Past Recollection Recorded
985
FRE 803(6)
990
8.44.
Business Records-Rationale and Requirements
990
8.45.
Foundation Testimony
994
8.46.
Scope and Standard Applications (Accident Reports; Medical Records; Computerized Data)
996
8.47.
Trustworthiness Factor
1003
FRE 803(7)
1006
8.48.
Absence of Entries in Business Records
1006
FRE 803(8)
1007
8.49.
Public Records-Rationale and Scope
1007
8.50.
Varieties of Public Records
1009
8.51.
Crime Reports; Recorded 911 Calls; Forensic Lab Reports
1013
8.52.
Trustworthiness Factor
1023
FRE 803(9)
1026
8.53.
Vital Statistics
1026
FRE 803(10)
1028
8.54.
Absence of Entries in Public Records
1028
FRE 803(11)
1031
8.55.
Religious Records
1031
FRE 803(12)-(13)
1031
8.56.
Certificates, Family Records, and Statements
1032
FRE 803(14)-(15)
1033
8.57.
Property Records and Documents
1033
FRE 803(16)
1035
8.58.
Ancient Documents
1036
FRE 803(17)
1037
8.59.
Market Reports and Commercial Lists
1037
FRE 803(18)
1039
8.60.
Learned Treatises
1039
FRE 803(19)-(21)
1042
8.61.
Reputation on Character and Other Matters
1042
FRE 803(22)-(23)
1045
8.62.
Court Judgments: Felony Convictions; History and Boundaries
1045
G.
Exceptions-Declarant Unavailable
1049
FRE 804(a)
1049
8.63.
Unavailability of Declarant-Claim of Privilege; Refusal to Testify
1050
8.64.
Lack of Memory
1052
8.65.
Death, Illness, Infirmity
1053
8.66.
Absent and Out of Reach; Procured Absence
1054
8.67.
Trauma and Psychological Unavailability; Child Abuse Victims
1060
FRE 804(b)(1)
1063
8.68.
Former Testimony-Rationale and Requirements
1063
8.69.
"Predecessor in Interest" Problem
1068
8.70.
Remote and Deposition Testimony by Child Abuse Victims
1072
FRE 804(b)(2)
1077
8.71.
Dying Declarations
1077
FRE 804(b)(3)
1080
8.72.
Statements Against Interest-Philosophy and General Problems
1081
8.73.
Proprietary or Pecuniary Interest
1086
8.74.
Penal Interest: Statements Exonerating Defendant
1089
8.75.
Penal Interest: Statements Implicating Defendant
1092
8.76.
Penal Interest: "Safe" Statements
1100
FRE 804(b)(4)
1102
8.77.
Personal or Family History
1102
FRE 804(b)(6)
1103
8.78.
Statements Admissible Because of Forfeiture by Wrongdoing
1103
H.
Hearsay On Hearsay; Impeachment And Support
1114
FRE 805
1114
8.79.
Layered or Multiple Hearsay
1114
FRE 806
1116
8.80.
Impeachment and Support of Hearsay Declarants
1116
I.
The Catchall Exception
1118
FRE 807
1118
8.81.
The Basic Requirements
1118
8.82.
An Important Use: Child Victim Statements
1122
J.
Hearsay And Confrontation
1125
8.83.
Right of Confrontation-Origins and Basic Meaning
1125
8.84.
"Testimonial" Hearsay-Reach and Limits of the Crawford Doctrine
1132
8.85.
The Davis "Emergency Exception"
1141
8.86.
Nontestimonial Statements, or Uses of Statements
1143
8.87.
Statements Subject to Prior CrossExamination
1148
8.88.
Statements Subject to Deferred CrossExamination
1154
8.89.
Waiving Confrontation Rights
1162
8.90.
The Giles Case: Forfeiture of Confrontation Rights
1164
8.91.
New Hearsay and Protected Witness Testimony
1170
8.92.
Confrontation Clause and Defense Rights to Introduce Hearsay
1174
K.
Practice Commentary-Fundamentals
1180
8.93.
The Law
1180
A.
Definition
1180
B.
Hearsay
1181
C.
Why Offered
1181
D.
Dealing with Hearsay
1181
E.
Use as Substantive Evidence
1181
F.
Exclusions to the Hearsay Rule
1181
G.
Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule
1182
8.94.
Practicum
1182
A.
Clarity and Simplicity
1182
B.
Laying the Proper Foundation for Admissibility
1183
C.
Use of Hearsay Statements
1183
D.
Substantive Evidence
1183
E.
All Hearsay Statements Are Not Admissible
1183
8.95.
Examples
1184
L.
Practice Commentary-Prior Identification Of The Accused
1184
8.96.
The Law
1184
A.
Bolstering
1184
B.
Elements of the Foundation: Prior Identification
1184
8.97.
Practicum
1184
A.
Laying Persuasive Foundations
1184
B.
Questioning Techniques
1185
C.
Court Control of Witness Testimony
1185
D.
Leading Questions
1185
8.98.
Example
1186
A.
Admitting Prior Identification of the Accused in Court
1186
M.
Practice Commentary-Coconspirator Statements
1188
8.99.
The Law
1188
A.
Coconspirator's Statements
1188
B.
Uses of Coconspirator Statements
1188
8.100.
Practicum
1188
A.
Foundation
1188
B.
Things to Consider
1189
C.
Confrontation Clause Issues
1189
D.
Foundational Elements for Coconspirator Statements
1189
8.101.
Example
1190
A.
Lay the Foundation for a Coconspirator Statement
1190
N.
Practice Commentary-Present Sense Impressions
1191
8.102.
The Law
1191
A.
The Doctrine: FRE 803(1)
1191
B.
Timing of the Statement
1192
C.
Elements of the Foundation
1192
8.103.
Practicum
1192
A.
Foundation
1192
B.
Declarant Need Not Testify
1192
C.
The Key to Admissibility
1192
D.
Focus on the Event and the Time Lapse Between the Event and the Statement
1193
8.104.
Example
1193
A.
Foundation for a Present Sense Impression
1193
O.
Practice Commentary-Excited Utterance
1196
8.105.
The Law
1196
A.
The Doctrine: FRE 803(2)
1196
B.
Exception to the Hearsay Requirement
1196
C.
Elements of the Foundation
1196
8.106.
Practicum
1197
A.
Declarant Need Not Testify
1197
B.
The Degree of Excitement Is Not the Key to Admissibility
1197
8.107.
Example
1197
A.
Foundation for an Excited Utterance
1197
P.
Pratice Commentary-State-Of-Mind Exception
1199
8.108.
The Law
1199
A.
The Doctrine
1199
B.
Basis
1199
C.
Elements of the Foundation
1200
8.109.
Practicum
1200
A.
Foundation
1200
B.
Declarant Need Not Testify
1201
C.
The Key to Admissibility
1201
D.
Focus on the Circumstances Surrounding the Making of the Statement
1201
E.
Ensure the Statement Is Hearsay
1201
F.
Ensure the Statement Is Relevant
1202
8.110.
Examples
1202
A.
Laying the Foundation for a FRE 803(3) Exception
1202
B.
Admitting an Alibi Defense Using FRE 803(3)
1204
Q.
Practice Commentary-Statements For Purposes Of Medical Diagnosis Or Treatment
1206
8.111.
The Law
1206
A.
The Doctrine: FRE 803(4)
1206
B.
The Statement Must Be "Reasonably Pertinent" to Treatment or Diagnosis
1206
C.
The Declarant Is Not Required to Testify
1207
D.
Statements Under 803(4) May Be Presented in an Appropriate Case as Evidence of a Fresh Complaint, Such as a Sexual Assault
1207
E.
Attacks on Credibility
1207
F.
Elements of the Foundation
1208
8.112.
Practicum
1208
A.
Foundation
1208
B.
Declarant Need Not Testify
1208
C.
The Key to Admissibility
1208
D.
Focus on the Circumstances Surrounding the Making of the Statement
1209
E.
When Faced with Use of Such a Statement, Be Aware of the Exception's Limitations
1209
8.113.
Example
1209
A.
Foundation for Statements for Purposes of Medical Diagnosis or Treatment
1209
R.
Practice Commentary-Business Record Exception
1213
8.114.
The Law
1213
A.
The Authentication Requirement
1213
B.
Authenticating Record with a A Witness
1213
C.
Authenticating Without a Witness (Self-Authenticating Document)
1214
D.
tlearsay
1214
E.
Best Evidence
1214
8.115.
Practicum
1215
A.
Know Purpose of Admission, Anticipate Objections
1215
B.
Absence of Information in a Record
1215
C.
Authentication, Hearsay, and Best Evidence Rule
1215
D.
Make It a Routine
1215
E.
Unique Versus Fungible
1216
F.
Link It Up
1216
8.116.
Examples
1216
A.
Chain of Custody
1216
B.
Lab Report
1216
C.
The Facts as Applied to Both Examples Above
1217
S.
Practice Commentary-Former Testimony
1221
8.117.
The Law
1221
A.
The Hearsay Rule as It Applies to Unavailability
1221
8.118.
Practicum
1223
A.
Foundation
1223
8.119.
Examples
1225
A.
Foundation for Unavailability in a Child Abuse Prosecution
1225
B.
Offering Prior Testimony
1227
ch. 9
Foundational Evidence, Authentication
A.
Introduction
1234
9.1.
Introduction
1234
9.2.
Pretrial Authentication
1235
FRE 901(a)
1237
9.3.
Laying a Foundation
1237
B.
Types Of Foundations
1239
FRE 901(b)(1)
1239
9.4.
Testimony of Person with Knowledge
1239
9.5.
Chain of Custody
1242
FRE 901(b)(2)
1244
9.6.
Handwriting-Lay Opinion
1244
FRE 901(b)(3)
1245
9.7.
Handwriting and Other Specimens Expert Opinion; Comparison by Trier
1246
FRE 901(b)(4)
1247
9.8.
Distinctive Characteristics
1247
FRE 901(b)(5)
1251
9.9.
Voice Identification
1251
FRE 901(b)(6)
1253
9.10.
Outgoing Telephone Calls
1253
FRE 901(b)(7)
1254
9.11.
Public Records or Reports
1254
FRE 901(b)(8)
1255
9.12.
Ancient Documents
1255
FRE 901(b)(9)
1256
9.13.
Process or System-Tape Recordings
1256
9.14.
Photographs, Videotapes, X-rays
1258
9.15.
E-Mails, Web Pages
1262
9.16.
Computer Output
1266
9.17.
Polls, Surveys
1269
FRE 901(b)(10)
1270
9.18.
Other Methods Authorized by Statute or Rule
1270
C.
Self-Authentication
1271
9.19.
Self-Authentication Doctrine
1271
FRE 902(1)
1272
9.20.
Domestic Public Documents Under Seal
1272
FRE 902(2)
1274
9.21.
Domestic Public Documents Not Under Seal
1274
FRE 902(3)
1276
9.22.
Foreign Public Documents
1277
FRE 902(4)
1279
9.23.
Certified Copies of Public Records
1279
FRE 902(5)
1282
9.24.
Official Publications
1282
FRE 902(6)
1283
9.25.
Newspapers and Periodicals
1283
FRE 902(7)
1285
9.26.
Trade Inscriptions
1285
FRE 902(8)
1286
9.27.
Acknowledged Documents
1286
FRE 902(9)
1287
9.28.
Commercial Paper
1287
FRE 902(10)
1288
9.29.
Statutes Establishing Presumptively Genuine Documents
1289
FRE 902(11)-(12)
1289
9.30.
Certified Records of Regularly Conducted Activity
1290
D.
Subscribing Witnesses
1292
FRE 903
1292
9.31.
Testimony of Subscribing Witnesses Unnecessary
1292
E.
Demonstrative Evidence
1293
9.32.
Demonstrative Evidence-Definition and General Principles
1293
9.33.
Drawings, Charts, Diagrams, Maps, and Models
1297
9.34.
Displays, Demonstrations
1298
9.35.
Computer Animations, Simulations
1301
9.36.
Experiments
1304
9.37.
Jury Views
1307
F.
Practice Commentary-Fungible And Nonfungible Evidence
1309
9.38.
The Law
1310
A.
Demonstrative Evidence
1310
B.
Real or Physical Evidence
1310
C.
Nonfungible Evidence
1310
D.
Fungible Evidence
1310
E.
The Authentication Requirement
1311
F.
Elements of the Foundation: Nonfungible Item of Evidence
1311
G.
Elements of the Foundation: Fungible Item of Evidence
1311
H.
Elements of the Foundation: Chain-ofCustody Document
1311
I.
Elements of the Foundation: Chain-ofCustody Document
1312
9.39.
Practicum
1312
A.
Review of Evidence
1313
B.
Admission of Multiple Items
1313
C.
Pretrial Admission of Evidence
1313
D.
Handling Items of Evidence Pretrial
1314
E.
Marking Items of Evidence
1314
F.
Discrepancies in Handling of Evidence
1314
G.
Publication of Evidence
1315
9.40.
Examples
1315
A.
Admitting Nonfungible Evidence
1315
B.
Admitting Fungible Evidence
1317
G.
Practice Commentary-Voice Identification
1321
9.41.
The Law
1321
A.
Admitting Evidence of Voice Identification
1321
B.
Timing
1321
C.
Elements of the Foundation: Voice Identification
1321
D.
Admitting Evidence of Recordings of a Voice
1321
E.
Elements of the Foundation: Recorded Voice Identification
1322
9.42.
Practicum
1322
A.
Using Voice Evidence
1322
B.
Laying the Foundation
1322
C.
Publishing the Evidence
1322
9.43.
Examples
1323
A.
Lay the Foundation for Voice Identification
1323
B.
Recorded Voice Identification
1323
H.
Practice Commentary-Photographs
1326
9.44.
The Law
1326
A.
The Authentication Requirement By a Witness
1326
B.
Authentication-The Silent Witness Doctrine
1326
9.45.
Practicum
1327
A.
Presenting the Photograph
1327
B.
Prepare the Photograph with the Witness
1327
C.
Tell the Story Twice
1327
9.46.
Examples
1328
A.
Photograph of a Damaged Vehicle
1328
I.
Practice Commentary-Videotapes
1329
9.47.
The Law
1329
A.
The Authentication Requirement
1329
B.
Elements of the Foundation for Pictorial Testimony
1329
C.
Elements of the Foundation by Silent Witness
1330
9.48.
Practicum
1330
A.
Plan Viewing Angles
1330
B.
Test the Tape and the Equipment
1330
C.
Rehearse the Presentations
1330
D.
Turn the Volume Off
1330
9.49.
Examples
1331
A.
Entering a Videotape Through Witness Testimony
1331
B.
Foundation for a Videotape Using the Silent Witness Method
1332
J.
Practice Commentary-X-Ray Film
1333
9.50.
The Law
1333
A.
The Authentication Requirement
1333
B.
Elements of the Foundation When Using as a Photograph
1334
C.
Elements of the Foundation Using Business Records
1334
D.
Elements of the Foundation When Using an Identification Assembly
1335
9.51.
Practicum
1335
A.
Is the X-ray Necessary
1335
B.
Stipulate, if Possible
1335
C.
Check Hospital Procedures
1336
D.
Prepare for Alternative Methods of Authentication
1336
9.52.
Examples
1336
A.
Lay the Foundation for the X-ray Films Using the Photograph Method
1336
B.
Lay the Foundation for the X-ray Films Through Ms. Kathryn Grossman Using the Business Record Method
1337
C.
Lay the Foundation Through Nurse Ward Using the Identification Assembly Method
1339
K.
Practice Commentary-Fax And E-Mail Documents
1343
9.53.
The Law
1343
A.
Degree of Difficulty
1343
B.
Reason to Authenticate
1344
C.
Methods of Authentication
1344
9.54.
Practicum
1345
A.
Know the Purpose of Admission
1345
B.
Best Evidence
1346
C.
Different Types of E-Mail
1346
D.
Most Common Method Used to Authenticate E-Mails
1346
E.
Hearsay Exception Needed
1346
9.55.
Examples
1347
A.
Admit a Fax Document
1347
B.
Personal Correspondence E-Mail
1349
C.
E-Mail Generated Business Record
1350
L.
Practice Commentary-Diagrams
1352
9.56.
The Law
1352
A.
The Authentication Requirement
1352
B.
Personal Knowledge
1352
C.
Potential Objection
1352
D.
Authenticating a Diagram
1352
E.
Elements of the Foundation
1353
9.57.
Practicum
1353
A.
Use the Highest Quality Graphics with Which You Are Comfortable
1353
B.
Choose Your Method of Delivery Carefully
1353
C.
Prepare the Diagram with the Witness
1353
D.
Practice Publication and Presentation Before Trial
1354
E.
Marking, Annotating, and Labeling the Diagram
1354
F.
Showing Progression, Movement, and Action
1354
G.
Tell the Judge Before Trial What You Plan to Do
1354
H.
Tell the Story Twice
1355
9.58.
Examples
1355
A.
Lay a Foundation for a Diagram
1355
M.
Practice Commentary-demonstrations And Models
1358
9.59.
The Law
1358
A.
Elements of the Foundation: Demonstrations by Witnesses
1359
B.
Elements of the Foundation: Demonstrations with Models
1359
9.60.
Practicum
1359
A.
Demonstrations
1359
B.
Models
1360
C.
Know Your Judge
1360
D.
Organize
1360
E.
Prepare Your Witness
1360
F.
Anticipate Logistical Issues
1361
G.
Accurate Record Description
1361
H.
Know the Language
1361
I.
Control the Action
1361
J.
Plan Model Use
1362
K.
Objections and Cross-Examination
1362
9.61.
Examples
1362
A.
Witness Demonstration
1362
B.
Model Demonstration
1365
ch. 10
The Best Evidence Doctrine
10.1.
Introduction
1370
A.
SCOPE And Definitions
1373
FRE 1001(a)-(b)
1373
10.2.
Writings, Recordings
1373
FRE 1001(c)
1375
10.3.
Photographs
1375
FRE 1001(d)
1377
10.4.
"Original" Defined
1377
FRE 1001(e)
1380
10.5.
"Duplicate" Defined
1380
B.
The Doctrine In Operation
1384
FRE 1002
1384
10.6.
Proving Content
1384
10.7.
Testimony Based on Independent Knowledge
1387
FRE 1003
1389
10.8.
Admissibility of Duplicates
1389
10.9.
Transcripts
1393
C.
Production Of Original Excused
1396
10.10.
Original Unavailable
1396
FRE 1004(a)
1398
10.11.
Original Lost or Destroyed
1398
FRE 1004(b)
1399
10.12.
Original Beyond Reach of Judicial Process
1400
FRE 1004(c)
1402
10.13.
Original in Possession of Opponent
1402
FRE 1004(d)
1403
10.14.
Collateral Matter Exception
1403
D.
Other Exemptions
1405
FRE 1005
1405
10.15.
Application of Best Evidence Doctrine to Public Records
1405
FRE 1006
1408
10.16.
Summaries
1408
FRE 1007
1414
10.17.
Written or Testimonial Admission of Content
1414
FRE 1008
1415
10.18.
Functions of Judge and Jury
1416
Table of Cases
1419
Table of Law Review Articles
1489
Table of Books and Treatises
1509
Index
1515