Intellectual property in the new technological age / Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, Mark A. Lemley.
2010
KF2979 .I432 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Intellectual property in the new technological age / Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, Mark A. Lemley.
Published
Austin : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business ; New York : Aspen Publishers, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KF2979 .I432 2010
Edition
Fifth edition.
ISBN
9780735589131 (hardbound)
0735589135 (hardbound)
9780735579415 (Case and statutory supplement)
0735579415 (Case and statutory supplement)
0735589135 (hardbound)
9780735579415 (Case and statutory supplement)
0735579415 (Case and statutory supplement)
Description
xxvi, 1,103 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)461896805
Note
Accompanied by: Case and statutory supplements.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
xxiii
Acknowledgments
xxv
Introduction
1
A.
Philosophical Perspectives
2
1.
The Natural Rights Perspective
2
John Locke, Two Treatises on Government
2
Problem
5
2.
The Personhood Perspective
6
Margaret Jane Radin, Property and Personhood
6
3.
The Utilitrian/Economic Incentive Perspective
11
a.
Promoting Innovation and Creativity
11
Problem
20
b.
Ensuring Integrity of the Marketplace
21
B.
Overview of Intellectual Property
24
1.
Trade Secret
25
2.
Patent
29
3.
Copyright
29
4.
Trademark/Trade Dress
30
Problem
31
2.
Trade Secret Protection
33
A.
Introduction
33
1.
History
33
2.
Overview of Trade Secret Protection
35
3.
Theory of Trade Secrets
37
B.
Subject Matter
39
1.
Defining Trade Secrets
39
Metallurgical Industries Inc. v. Fourtek, Inc.
39
Problems
48
2.
Reasonable Efforts to Maintain Secrecy
49
Rockwell Graphic Systems, Inc. v. DEV Industries, Inc.
49
Problems
57
3.
Disclosure of Trade Secrets
58
Data General Corp. v. Digital Computer Controls, Inc.
58
C.
Misappropriation of Trade Secrets
66
1.
Improper Means
66
E. I. duPont deNemours & Co. v. Rolfe
66
Problem
70
2.
Confidential Relationship
70
Smith v. Dravo Corp.
71
Problems
75
3.
Reverse Engineering
78
Kadant, Inc. v. Seeley Machine, Inc.
78
Problems
83
4.
The Special Case of Departing Employees
85
a.
Employee Trade Secrets
86
Note on the Common Law Obligation to Assign Inventions
86
Note on Contracts That Restrict the Use of Trade Secrets
87
Problem
89
Note on Trailer Clauses
90
b.
Noncompetition Agreements
91
Edwards v. Arthur Andersen LLP
91
Comprehensive Technologies Intl. v. Software Artisans, Inc.
96
Note on the "Inevitable Disclosure" of Trade Secrets
100
Note on Nonsolicitation Agreements
104
Problem
105
D.
Agreements to Keep Secrets
107
Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Co. v. John J. Reynolds, Inc.
107
E.
Remedies
111
Winston Research Corp. v. 3M Corp.
112
Note on Criminal Trade Secret Statutes
118
Note on Federal Criminal Liability for Trade Secret Misappropriation
119
3.
Patent Law
125
A.
Introduction
125
1.
Historical Background
125
2.
An Overview of the Patent Laws
130
a.
Requirements for Patentability
130
b.
Rights Conferred by a Patent
131
3.
Theories of Patent Law
133
B.
The Elements of Patentability
134
1.
Patentable Subject Matter
134
a.
Compositions of Matter
134
Diamond v. Chakrabarty
134
Parke-Davis & Co. v. H. K. Mulford Co.
142
Problem
146
b.
Abstract Ideas
146
In re Bilski
147
Problem
163
Note on Patenting "Abstract Ideas"
163
Problems
165
2.
Utility
166
Brenner v. Manson
167
In re Fisher
172
Note on the Patent Office Utility Guidelines
175
Note on Moral Utility
177
Juicy Whip, Inc. v. Orange Bang, Inc.
178
Problem
180
3.
Describing and Enabling the Invention
180
a.
Procedures for Obtaining a Patent
181
b.
Disclosure Doctrines: Enablement and Written Description
185
i.
Enablement
185
The Incandescent Lamp Patent
186
Note on "Analog" Claims in Chemical and Biotechnology Patents: An Exploration of Patent Breadth
191
ii.
The Written Description Requirement
195
The Gentry Gallery, Inc. v. The Berkline Corp.
196
Note on "Written Description" and Biotechnology
201
iii.
The Best Mode Requirement
203
Note on Enablement of Software Claims
204
Problem
207
4.
Novelty and Statutory Bars
209
a.
The Nature of Novelty
210
Rosaire v. National Lead Co.
210
Note on the Inherency Doctrine
214
Problem
216
b.
Statutory Bars: Publications
216
In re Hall
216
Problem
219
c.
Statutory Bars: Public Use
220
Egbert v. Lippmann
220
Problem
225
d.
The Experimental Use Exception
226
City of Elizabeth v. Pavement Company
226
e.
Priority Rules and the First to Invent
230
Griffith v. Kanamaru
231
5.
Nonbviousness
235
Graham v. John Deere Co.
235
a.
Combining References
247
KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
247
In re Kubin
256
Problems
262
b.
"Secondary" Considerations
264
C.
Infringement
267
1.
Claim Interpretation
267
a.
The Proper Role of Judge and Jury in Patent Cases and the Standard of Appellate Review
268
b.
Standards for Construing Claims; Sources of Construction
270
Phillips v. AWH Corporation
270
c.
Canons of Claim Interpretation
285
i.
Ordinary vs. Contextual or "Particular" Meaning
285
ii.
Contextual Meanings
286
iii.
"Lexicographer" Rule
287
iv.
Disclaimer of Subject Matter
289
v.
"Claim Differentiation": Contextual Meaning from Other Claims
291
vi.
Purpose or Goal of the Invention
292
vii.
Construing Claims to Preserve Their Validity
293
viii.
Narrow Construction Preferred
293
2.
Literal Infringement
294
Larami Corp. v. Amron
295
3.
The Doctrine of Equivalents
300
a.
Basic Issues
300
b.
Prosecution History Estoppel
305
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo
305
c.
Subject Matter "Disclosed But Not Claimed"
318
Johnson & Johnson Associates Inc. v. R.E. Service Co., Inc.
318
d.
After-Arising Techonlogies
322
Problem
325
4.
The "Reverse" Doctrine of Equivalents
327
5.
Equivalents for Means-Plus-Function Claims
330
6.
Contributory Infringement
334
C. R. Bard, Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc.
334
Note on Inducement
337
Problem
338
7.
Joint Infringement
339
8.
Infringement Involving Foreign Activities
340
D.
Defenses
343
1.
The "Experimental Use" Defense
343
2.
Inequitable Conduct
347
Kingsdown Medical Consultants, Ltd. v. Hollister Inc.
347
3.
Exhaustion of Patent Rights
353
Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
353
Problem
361
4.
Patent Misuse
362
Motion Picture Patents Company v. Universal Film Manufacturing Company et al
362
Note on the Scope of the Patent Misuse Doctrine
367
E.
International Patent Law
371
1.
Procedural Rules
372
a.
The Paris Convention
373
b.
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
374
2.
Substantive Harmonization and GAAT-TRIPs
375
F.
Remedies
377
1.
Injunctions
380
eBay, Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC
380
2.
Damages
385
a.
Lost Profits
385
Note on the Outer Boundaries of Patent Damages
387
b.
Reasonable Royalty
390
3.
Willful Infringement
393
In re Seagate Technology, LLC
393
G.
Design and Plant Patents
399
1.
Design Patents
399
a.
Introduction
400
b.
Requirements for Patentability
400
i.
Novelty
400
ii.
Nonobviousness
401
iii.
Ornamentality
402
iv.
Functionality
402
c.
Claim Requirements and Procedure
403
d.
Infringement
404
2.
Plant Patents
405
a.
The Plant Patent Act
405
b.
The Plant Variety Protection Act
406
4.
Copyright Law
411
A.
Introduction
411
1.
Brief History of Copyright Protection
412
2.
An Overview of the Copyright Regime
416
3.
Philosophical Perspectives on Copyright Protection
418
B.
Requirements
420
1.
Original Works of Authorship
420
Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service
422
Problems
430
2.
Fixation in a Tangible Medium of Expression
431
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476
431
3.
Formalities
435
a.
Notice
435
b.
Publication
436
Problem
438
c.
Registration
438
d.
Deposit
439
Note on the Restoration of Foreign Copyrighted Works
440
C.
Copyrightable Subject Matter
441
1.
Limitations on Copyrightability: Distinguishing Function and Expression
441
a.
The Idea-Expression Dichotomy
441
Baker v. Selden
442
Problem
447
Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International
448
Morrissey v. Procter & Gamble
460
Problem
463
b.
The Useful Article Doctrine
463
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476
463
Brandir International, Inc. v. Cascade Pacific Lumber Co.
464
Problems
473
c.
Government Works
473
Problems
477
2.
The Domain and Scope of Copyright Protection
478
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476
479
a.
Literary Works
479
b.
Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Works
480
Problem
481
c.
Architectural Works
481
d.
Musical Works and Sound Recordings
483
e.
Dramatic, Pantomime, and Choreographic Works
484
Problem
484
f.
Motion Pictures and Other Audiovisual Works
484
g.
Semiconductor Chips Designs (Mask Works)
485
h.
Vessel Hull Designs
485
i.
Derivative Works and Compilations
486
Problems
487
D.
Ownership and Duration
487
1.
Initial Ownership of Copyrights
488
a.
Works Made for Hire
488
Community for Creative Non-Violence et al. v. Reid
489
Problem
496
b.
Joint Works
497
Aalmubammed v. Lee
497
c.
Collection Works
504
Note on the Rights of Authors and Publishers in Electronic Compilations
504
Problems
505
2.
Duration and Renewal
508
Problems
512
3.
Division, Transfer, and Reclaiming of Copyrights
513
a.
Division and Transfer of Copyright Interests Under the 1909 Act
514
b.
Division and Transfer of Copyright Interests Under the 1976 Act
515
c.
Reclaiming Copyrights
515
E.
Traditional Rights of Copyright Owners
518
1.
The Right to Make Copies
519
a.
Copying
520
Arnstein v. Porter
520
Problem
526
b.
Improper Appropriation
527
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corporation
527
Problems
535
Computer Associates International v. Altai, Inc.
539
Problems
553
Limitations on the Exclusive Right to Copy
555
2.
The Right to Prepare Derivative Works
556
Anderson v. Stallone
557
Problems
566
3.
The Distribution Right
567
Problem
571
4.
Public Performance and Display Rights
571
Problem
573
Public Performance of Sound Recordings
574
Statutory Limits on Performance and Display Rights
575
Problems
577
5.
Moral Rights
577
F.
Indirect Liability
581
Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
584
Problem
592
G.
Defenses
592
1.
Fair Use
592
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises
593
Problems
605
a.
Videotaping
606
Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
606
Problem
611
b.
Photocopying
611
American Geophysical Union v. Texaco Inc.
611
c.
Parodies
622
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
622
Problems
633
d.
Remixes
635
Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley Ltd.
635
Blanch v. Koons
641
Problems
651
e.
Reverse Engineering
652
Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.
652
2.
Other Defenses
664
H.
Digital Copyright Law
666
1.
Digital Copyright Legislation
667
a.
Prohibition on Commercial Record and Software Rental
667
b.
Digital Audio Tape Devices
667
c.
Webcasting
669
d.
Criminal Enforcement
670
e.
Anticirumvention Prohibitions
672
f.
Online Service Provider Safe Harbors
676
Problem
681
2.
Enforcement
682
a.
Digital Hardware Devices
682
b.
Search Engines, Services, and Software
683
MGM Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
684
Problem
699
c.
End Users
700
3.
Fair Use in Cyberspace
702
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
702
Problem
713
I.
International Copyright Law
713
1.
Evolution of the International Copyright System and U.S. Participation
714
2.
International Copyright Treaties
716
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
716
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
717
3.
Protection of U.S. Works Against Infringement Abroad
718
4.
Protection of Foreign Works Against Infringement in the United States
722
J.
Enforcement and Remedies
722
1.
Injunctions
723
Problems
725
2.
Damages
726
a.
Actual Damages and Profits
726
Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
727
b.
Statutory Damages
730
Problem
731
3.
Attorney Fees
732
5.
Trademark Law
733
A.
Introduction
733
1.
Background
733
2.
A Brief Overview of Trademark Theory
735
3.
The Basic Economics of Trademarks and Advertising
736
B.
What Can Be Protected as a Trademark?
740
1.
Trademarks, Trade Names, and Service Marks
741
2.
Certification and Collective Marks
742
3.
Trade Dress and Product Configurations
744
4.
Color, Fragrance, and Sounds
744
Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., Inc.
744
Problem
750
C.
Establishment of Trademark Rights
751
1.
Distinctiveness
751
a.
Classification of Marks and Requirements for Protection
751
Zatarain's, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc.
752
b.
Distinctiveness of Trade Dress and Product Configuration
764
Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
764
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc.
769
Problem
776
2.
Priority
777
Zazu Designs v. L'Oreal, S.A.
777
Note on Geographic Limitation on Trademark Use
787
Note on Priority and Trademark Theory
788
Note on Secondary Meaning in the Making
793
Problems
796
3.
Trademark Office Procedures
796
a.
Principal vs. Supplemental Register
796
b.
Grounds for Refusing Registration
797
i.
Immoral or Scandalous Marks
798
Problem
799
ii.
Geographic Marks
801
In re Nantucket, Inc.
801
iii.
Marks Which Are "Primarily Merely a Surname"
805
Problem
807
c.
Opposition
808
d.
Cancellation
808
e.
Concurrent Registration
809
4.
Incontestability
810
Park `N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park and Fly, Inc.
810
D.
Infringement
816
1.
Use as a Trademark
816
Rescuecom Corp. v. Google, Inc.
816
2.
Likelihood of Consumer Confusion
824
AMF Inc. v. Sleekcraft Boats
824
Note on Other Types of Confusion
832
Problems
837
3.
Dilution
838
Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. v. Haute Diggity Dog, LLC
841
Note on Dilution and "Search Theory"
852
Problem
853
Note on Trademark Preemption
853
4.
Extension by Contract: Franchising and Merchandising
855
Problem
858
5.
Domain Names and Cybersquatting
859
a.
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
859
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Doughney
860
Lamparello v. Falwell
862
b.
The Uniform Dispute Resolution Procedure
872
6.
Indirect Infringement
878
7.
False Advertising
880
Johnson & Johnson Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co. v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.
880
E.
Defenses
890
1.
Genericness
890
The Murphy Door Bed Co., Inc. v. Interior Sleep Systems, Inc.
890
Note on Genericide, Language, and Policing Costs
898
Problem
900
2.
Functionality
900
TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
900
Problems
910
3.
Abandonment
911
Major League Baseball Properties, Inc. v. Sed Non Olet Denarius, Ltd.
911
Problems
918
a.
Unsupervised Licenses
919
Dawn Donut Company, Inc. v. Hart's Food Stores, Inc.
919
b.
The Rule Against Assignments in Gross
923
4.
Fair Use
925
KP Permanent Make-up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc.
925
5.
Nontrademark (or Nominative) Use, Parody, and the First Amendment
929
Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records
929
Problems
940
F.
International Issues in Trademark
942
Note on the "Gray Market"
944
G.
Remedies
947
1.
Injunctions
947
2.
Damages
948
a.
Infringer's Gain and Mark Owner's Loss
948
Lindy Pen Company, Inc. v. Bic Pen Corporation
948
b.
Corrective Advertising
953
Big O Tire Dealers, Inc. v. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
953
Problem
959
Note on the Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984
959
6.
State Intellectual Property Law and Federal Preemption
963
A.
The Tort of Misappropriation
964
International News Service v. Associated Press
964
Problem
976
B.
Protection by Contract
977
1.
Shrinkwrap Licenses
978
ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg
978
2.
"Clickwrap" Licenses and Electronic Commerce
985
Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.
985
3.
Copyright Preemption of Contract Law
993
ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg
993
Problem
1000
C.
Idea Submissions
1001
Nadel v. Play-by-Play Toys & Novelties, Inc.
1001
Desny v. Wilder
1012
Problem
1017
Problem
1019
D.
The Right of Publicity
1020
Midler v. Ford Motor Co.
1023
White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc.
1026
Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc.
1036
Note on Preemption of Right of Publicity Claims
1050
Problem
1051
E.
Trespass to Chattels
1051
eBay, Inc. v. Bidder's Edge, Inc.
1051
Problem
1064
F.
Patent Preemption of State Laws
1064
Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp.
1064
Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
1069
Table of Cases
1075
Table of Statutes, Regulations, and Treaties
1087
Index
1095