Comparative equality and anti-discrimination law : cases, codes, constitutions, and commentary / by David B. Oppenheimer, Sheila R. Foster, Sora Y. Han.
2012
KF4755 .O67 2012 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Comparative equality and anti-discrimination law : cases, codes, constitutions, and commentary / by David B. Oppenheimer, Sheila R. Foster, Sora Y. Han.
Published
New York, NY : Foundation Press, 2012.
Call Number
KF4755 .O67 2012
ISBN
9781609300616
1609300610
1609300610
Description
l, 752 pages ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)794365862
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages xiii-xvii) and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
v
Acknowledgments
xi
Table of Cases
xxxiii
Table of Statutes
xxxvii
Table of Authorities
xliii
ch. I
What is Equality in the Law?
1
A.
Equality as Equal Citizenship
3
The Red Lily
3
Plessy v. Ferguson
4
The Social Contract
4
Speech Announcing Submission of the Voting Rights Act
4
Speech on Religious Minorities
5
Conceptions of Equality and Slavery in Islamic Law: Tribalism, Piety, and Pluralism
6
Notes
7
B.
Equality as Neutrality
9
Plessy v. Ferguson
10
McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation
10
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
10
City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson
12
Commencement Speech at Howard University
12
Should the French State Collect Racial Population Data?
13
Notes
15
A Constitution Without Race: Proposal for an Amendment of Article 3
17
Notes
18
C.
Equality as Antisubordination
19
Groups and the Equal Protection Clause
19
The American Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassification or Antisubordination?
22
Groups, Politics, and the Equal Protection Clause
25
Affirmative Action and the Group-Disadvantaging Principle
25
Notes
26
D.
Equality as Equal Treatment
28
Equality and Difference: The Case of Pregnancy
28
Bradwell v. Illinois
29
Mutter v. State of Oregon
30
Sail'er Inn, Inc. v. Kirby
31
United States v. Virginia
31
Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service
31
Notes
32
E.
Equality as Accommodation
34
Religion, Private Schools and the Duty of Reasonable Accommodation: Looking Beyond the Trees to the Forest
34
The Paradoxes of Reasonable Accommodation
35
Trans World Airline v. Hardison
37
E.
Equality as Accommodation---Continued
The Equality Crisis: Some Reflections on Culture, Courts and Feminism
37
Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
38
Tennessee v. Lane
38
Disabilities, Discrimination, and Reasonable Accommodation
38
Notes
40
F.
Equality as Diversity
42
Lesbian and Gay Equality Project v. Minister of Home Affairs
43
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
43
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
44
Grutter v. Bollinger
45
Covering
46
The Prohibition Era (Review of Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights, by Kenji Yoshino)
48
Notes
50
G.
Reparative Equality
51
Repairing the Past: New Efforts in the Reparations Debate in America
52
I Have a Dream
53
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
53
Looking Beyond the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations
54
Postamble to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act No. 200 of 1993
56
Notes
57
I Will Give You A Talisman
58
Faces at the Bottom of the Well
58
Notes
59
ch. II
What Is Inequality?---Proving Discrimination
60
Introduction
60
Problems
60
A.
Intentional & Unintentional (or Direct and Indirect) Discrimination
62
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
62
Washington v. Davis
62
Massachusetts v. Feeney
63
Notes
64
Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000
66
Council Directive 2006/54/EC of 5 July 2006
66
Coleman v. Attridge Law
67
D.H. and Others v. The Czech Republic
67
Bilka---Kaufhaus GmbH v. Weber von Hartz
69
Eldridge v. British Columbia
70
Notes
71
B.
The Role of Inference
73
McDonnell Douglas Corporation v. Green
73
Furnco Construction Corporation v. Waters
74
St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks
74
Proving Intentional Discrimination: The Reality of Supreme Court Rhetoric
76
B.
The Role of Inference---Continued Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000
77
Handels-og Kontorfunktionrernes Forbund i Danmark v. Dansk Arbejdsgiuerforening for Danfoss
78
Wong v. Igen Ltd.
79
Republic of France
79
Notes
80
Procedural Path Dependence: Discrimination and the Civil-Criminal Divide
81
C.
Second Class Citizenship
83
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
83
In Re Marriage Cases
85
Notes
87
D.H. and Others v. The Czech Republic
90
Notes
91
D.
The Role of Prejudice, Bias and Stereotyping
95
Prejudicial Appearances: The Logic of American Antidiscrimination Law
95
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
98
The Id, The Ego and Equal Protection: Reckoning With Unconscious Racism -
99
Negligent Discrimination
103
The Content Of Our Categories: A Cognitive Bias Approach to Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity
104
Nagarajan v. London Regional Transport
105
Notes
107
E.
The Role of Statistics
111
State of Alabama v. United States
111
International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States
112
McCleskey v. Kemp
113
Brown et. al. v. City of Oneonta, New York
116
D.H. and Others v. The Czech Republic
118
Why France Needs to Collect Data on Racial Identity.... In A French Way
121
Rihal v. London Borough of Ealing
121
Notes
122
F.
Discrimination as Crime
124
Procedural Path Dependence: Discrimination and the Civil-Criminal Divide
124
Notes
128
ch. III
Equality & Discrimination in Employment
130
Introduction
130
Problems
130
A.
The United States
131
1.
Disparate Treatment
132
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
132
Civil Rights Act of 1991
137
International Union, United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.
138
2.
Disparate Impact
144
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
144
Civil Rights Act of 1991
152
3.
Sexual Harassment
152
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
152
Sexual Harassment Law in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union: Discriminatory Wrongs and Dignitary Harms
157
Notes
162
B.
Europe
166
1.
Sex Discrimination
167
Council Directive 2006/54/EC of 5 July 2006
167
Commission of the European Communities v. Republic of Austria
170
Sexual Harassment Law in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union: Discriminatory Wrongs and Dignitary Harms
179
2.
Racial Discrimination
182
Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000
182
Equal Rights Versus Special Rights? Minority Protection and the Prohibition of Discrimination
184
3.
Religion, Disability, Age, and Sexual Orientation Discrimination
189
Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000
190
Tadao Maruko v. Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Buhnen
194
Notes
197
C.
Hong Kong
200
1.
Sex Discrimination
201
Excerpts from the Code of Practice on Employment Under the Sex Discrimination Ordinance
202
2.
Race Discrimination
204
Excerpts from Code of Practice on Employment Under the Race Discrimination Ordinance
205
3.
Disability Discrimination
209
Excerpts from the Code of Practice on Employment Under the Disability Discrimination Ordinance
210
Notes
214
D.
South Africa
215
1.
The Employment Equity Act
216
Employment Equity Act, No. 55 of 1998
216
2.
The Constitutional Court
217
Hoffman v. South African Airways
217
Notes
220
E.
Brazil
222
Introduction to Employment Discrimination in Brazil
222
Notes
223
F.
India
228
Introduction to Employment Discrimination in India
228
Notes
229
ch. IV
Equality & Affirmative Action
234
Introduction
234
Problem
235
A.
The United States
235
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
235
From Regents of University of California v. Bakke
247
A.
The United States---Continued
Notes
249
Grutter v. Bollinger
251
Proposition 209
261
Notes
261
The Struggle for Access from Sweatt To Grutter: A History of African American, Latino, and American Indian Law School Admissions, 1950-2000
262
Notes
270
B.
South Africa
271
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
271
Motala and Another v. University of Natal
272
Achieving Substantive Equality in a Society Founded Upon Inequality: The South African Constitutional Experience (1997)
274
Notes
277
C.
India
279
Introduction
279
The Constitution of India
280
Affirmative Action: India's Example
282
Indira Sawhney v. Union of India
285
Ajay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar
287
Notes
289
D.
France
291
The "Sciences Po" Decision of Le Conseil Consitutionnel
292
Affirmative Action at Sciences Po
292
Notes
298
E.
Brazil
299
All Things Being Equal: The Promise of Affirmative Efforts to Eradicate Color-Coded Inequality in the United States and Brazil
300
Notes
300
F.
Affirmative Action in Employment
302
Notes
302
G.
Affirmative Action in the Regulation of Decision-Making ("Parity Democracy")
306
Notes
306
ch. V
Marriage Equality
309
Introduction
309
Problem
309
A.
The United States
309
Loving v. Virginia
309
Beyond Analogy: Perez v. Sharp, Antimiscegenation Law, and the Fight for Same-Sex Marriage
313
Defense of Marriage Act (1996)
317
Proposed Constitutional Amendment
317
Goodridge v. Department of Public Health
318
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia Section 15-A
329
Notes
330
B.
Canada
334
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
334
Halpern v. Canada
335
B.
Canada---Continued
Bill C-38---The Civil Marriage Act
342
Notes
343
C.
Europe
346
European Federalism: The Nations of Europe, the European Union and the Council of Europe
346
Schalk and Kopf v. Austria
349
E.B. v. France
367
Notes
384
D.
South Africa
388
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
388
Ending the Apartheid of the Closet: Sexual Orientation in the South African Constitutional Process
389
Fourie and Another v. Minister of Home Affairs and Another
392
Notes
401
E.
Notes Regarding a Feminist Perspective on Marriage and Equality
403
ch. VI
Equality & Reproductive Rights
407
Introduction
407
Problems
407
A.
The United States
408
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
408
Roe v. Wade
408
Planned Parenthood of Southern Pennsylvania v. Casey
413
Carhart v. Planned Parenthood Inc.
421
Notes
425
B.
Mexico
427
Constitution of Mexico (as amended)
427
In re Mexico City's Law of Legal Interruption of Pregnancy
427
The Abortion Debate in Mexico
429
Notes
430
C.
Colombia
431
The Political Constitution Of Colombia, 1991 (as Amended 2005)
431
In Re. Abortion Law
432
Notes
439
D.
Ireland
440
The Constitution of Ireland, 1937 (as Amended 2004)
441
Attorney General v. X and Others
441
Case of A, B, and C v. Ireland
445
Notes
458
E.
China
459
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China
459
1.
Legislation
460
Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China
460
2.
Example of Local Regulations
462
Population and Family Planning Regulations for Ningxia Ethnic Autonomous Region
462
3.
History and Background of the Policy
462
The Effect of China's One Child Policy After 25 Years
462
China's Local and National Fertility Policies at the End of the Twentieth Century
464
E.
China---Continued
4.
Sex Discrimination
465
5.
Anti-Discrimination Measures
466
Prohibition of Medically Unnecessary Procedures to Identify Fetal Sex, and of Gender-Selective Artificial Termination of Pregnancy
466
The Main Contents of the "Caring for Girls" Campaign
467
The "Caring for Girls" Project: Social Background and Implications for Public Administration
469
Notes
470
F.
Abortion Law Globally
471
Introduction to Abortion Law Globally
471
Notes
473
ch. VII
Equality & Religion: Secularism and Establishment
476
Introduction
476
Problems
477
On the Relationship between Structural Norms and Constitutional Rights in Church-State-Relations
477
Note
484
A.
The United States
484
First Amendment United States Constitution
484
Everson v. Board of Education of the Township of Ewing
485
Lemon v. Kurtzman
487
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
491
Notes
499
B.
France
502
Secularism (laicite) in France
502
Notes
510
C.
Germany and Italy
511
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
511
"The Crucifix Case"
512
Notes
519
D.
Mexico
520
Introduction to Secularism and Establishment in Mexico
520
Notes
522
ch. VIII
Equality & Religion: Free Exercise of Religion for Religious Minorities
523
Introduction
523
Problem
523
A.
The United States
524
Tinker v. Des Moines
524
Notes
527
Cooper v. Eugene
528
Notes
530
Wisconsin v. Yoder
531
Notes
537
Cheema v. Thompson
537
Notes
539
Goldman v. Weinberger
540
B.
Turkey
543
Sahin v. Turkey
543
Notes
560
C.
France
561
Education Code Article L141-5-1
561
Timeline of the Headscarf (Hijab) Issue in France
561
Secularism and Human Rights: A Contextual Analysis of Heads-carves, Religious Expression, and Women's Equality Under International Law
562
Case of Dogru v. France
565
Notes
569
D.
Britain
571
Begum v. Headteacher & Governors of Denbigh High School
571
(Not Yet) Taking Rights Seriously: The House of Lords In Begum v. Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School
580
Notes
583
E.
Canada
584
Multani v. Commission Scolaire Marguerite---Bourgeoys
584
F.
India
586
The Constitution of India
586
The Ahmedabad St. Xavier's College Society v. State of Gujarat
588
The Constitution of India
590
Notes
590
Khan v. Shah Bano
590
Notes
594
Secularism in India: Why is it Imperiled?
595
Notes
600
ch. IX
Equality & Hate Speech
602
Introduction
602
Problems
602
A.
The United States
603
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
603
Brandenburg v. Ohio
603
Smith v. Collin
605
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
608
Virginia v. Black
616
Note
622
Doe v. University of Michigan
623
Notes
630
B.
Germany
631
German Holocaust Denial Case
632
Notes
638
C.
France
639
Faurisson v. France
641
Note
646
Lehideux and Isorni v. France
648
Notes
656
D.
Denmark
656
Jersild v. Denmark
657
Notes
666
E.
Turkey
667
Case of Gunduz v. Turkey
667
ch. X
Equality & Federalism
676
Introduction
676
A.
The United States
677
California Federal Savings and Loan Assoc. v. Guerra
677
Equal Protection by Law: Federal Antidiscrimination Legislation After Morrison and Kimel
681
Alabama v. Garrett
688
Nevada v. Hibbs
694
Notes
698
B.
Europe
700
Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen
702
Mangold v. Helm
703
Sejdie and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina
705
Kozak v. Poland
707
Association Beige des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL v. Conseil des Ministres
709
Notes
711
C.
India
715
Federalism and Diversity in India
715
Notes
718
D.
South Africa
719
Authorizing Subnational Constitutions in Transitional Federal States: South Africa, Democracy, and the Kwazulu-Natal Constitution
719
Shilubana v. Nwamitwa
722
Notes
727
E.
Iraq
728
Iraq's Constitutional Mandate to Justly Distribute Water: The Implications of Federalism, Islam, International Law and Human Rights
728
Notes
732
Index
735