Courting publicity : Twitter and television cameras in court / Paul Lambert.
2011
K2110 .L36 2011 (Map It)
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Items
Details
Author
Title
Courting publicity : Twitter and television cameras in court / Paul Lambert.
Published
Haywards Heath, West Sussex : Bloomsbury Professional, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
K2110 .L36 2011
ISBN
9781847669001 (pbk.)
184766900X (pbk.)
184766900X (pbk.)
Description
xxiv, 412 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)738344480
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
vii
Table of Cases
xix
Table of Legislation
xxiii
pt. A
Twitter and Social Networking
ch. 1
Introduction: Courting Publicity
The courts and publicity
3
ch. 2
The Internet and Legal Conflicts
Introduction
9
Human Rights
11
Television in the Supreme Court
12
Evidence
12
Twitter
12
The rise of the Internet and social networking
13
What is Twitter and social networking?
14
Social networking concerns
17
A huge social and legal shift
19
ch. 3
Twitter, Courts and Cases
Introduction
21
Twitter and super-injunctions
21
Twitter and juror misconduct
23
Twitter, juries and US courts
24
UK juries
26
New rules addressing juror social media misconduct
27
US court rules for tweeting
28
United Kingdom
30
Fair trial
31
ch. 4
Twitter in Court: Reporting Issues and UK Consultation
Introduction: Twitter in the UK
33
Legal background
34
Dangers of tweeting in court - reporting
34
Dangers of tweeting in court - jurors
36
Dangers of Facebook in court - jurors
37
Dangers of tweeting in court - judges and lawyers
38
Interim guidelines in the UK
40
UK Supreme Court-guidance
41
The UK Twitter Consultation
42
The Consultation Paper
42
Consultation
43
Insufficient research
43
Purpose/applications
43
Forms of LTBC
44
`Live'
44
Effects issues over time
45
The Consultation questions
45
Is there a legitimate demand for live, text-based communications to be used from the courtroom?
46
Under what circumstances should live, text-based communications be permitted from the courtroom?
46
Are there any other risks which derive from the use of live, text-based communications from the court?
47
How should the courts approach the different risks to proceedings posed by different platforms for live, text-based communications from the court?
48
How should permitting the use of live, text-based communications from court be reconciled with the prohibition against the use of mobile telephones in court?
49
Should the use of live, text-based communications from court be principally for the use of the media? How should the media be defined? Should persons other than the accredited media be permitted to engage in live, text-based communications from court?
50
Conclusion
50
ch. 5
Super-injunctions
Introduction
52
Official court review
53
Official Judicial Report investigation
53
Conclusion
57
pt. B
Cameras in Court
ch. 6
Cameras in Court: UK Developments
Introduction
61
The legal backdrop
62
The Trial (1993) - documentaries and applications
62
UK: The Caplan Report 1989
64
England and Wales pilot
68
`Broadcasting Courts' Consultation Paper 2005
68
`Broadcasting Courts' - response to 2005 consultation paper
71
`The Barristers' (2008)
72
Privy Council 2006
73
UK Supreme Court 2009
73
Discussion
74
Conclusion
76
ch. 7
Cameras in Court: Developments in the US
Introduction
79
Possible legislation
80
Misrepresentations and misunderstandings
81
Hollingsworth - the latest case
84
Federal courts: the first pilot experiment
85
Federal courts: a second pilot experiment
87
Planning for the second federal pilot
87
Eye tracking
88
Location
89
Footage material for research
89
US Supreme Court
89
Conclusion
90
ch. 8
What is (Television) Courtroom Broadcasting?
Scope and forms of courtroom broadcasting
91
Exclusions
93
Television courtroom broadcasting
97
What is television courtroom broadcasting - scope and definition
98
Scope - general
99
Forms
101
Out-of-court effects research
102
Comparisons and tools
102
Opinions and self-reports
103
A brief history of courtroom broadcasting and research
104
Education
107
The research and arguments interface
107
Forms
109
Need for research
110
Significance
111
What is television courtroom broadcasting
111
Validation
113
Generalisation
113
The starting point
114
Importance of identifying particular forms
114
Forms and the TCB literature
115
News
116
Entertainment and daytime TV
117
The US
120
The UK
123
Additional form considerations
126
Criminal/civil
127
Presentation
127
Consent
127
Rules
128
Gavel-to-gavel (G2G)
128
Live/recorded
129
Footage angles/shots/zooms
129
Closed circuit courtroom broadcasting
129
Tribunal forms
129
New forms
129
Permission - who/what grants access permission?
130
Application - do the media have to apply for access in each instance? If so, to whom?
130
Control rule - do any procedures, controls or restrictions apply? If so, from where?
130
Restrictions/control - who and what can control or restrict the access and filming?
131
Length/time - what is permitted/required to be filmed and/or broadcast?
131
Relay and filming form - what are the different types of filming courtroom broadcasting?
132
Programme-use form - what is the style of programme that the footage is used for?
132
Broadcast content use - how is the broadcast content used?
133
Broadcaster/producer - who broadcasts it?
133
Film capture form - who films the case?
133
Camera form - what rules, if any, apply to the type of camera (s) used?
134
Locus - where can/must the camera be?
134
Equipment - what equipment is or is not allowed?
134
Purpose/aim of courtroom broadcasting form
134
Broadcast time - how is courtroom broadcasting scheduled?
135
Broadcast audience - who watches courtroom broadcasting?
135
Court form - what courts can be accessed?
136
Case form - what cases can be shown?
136
Consent form - what consent(s), if any, are required? How are they obtained? When? From whom?
136
Research - does any research occur, or sufficient research?
136
Conclusion
137
ch. 9
The US Supreme Court Research Challenge
Introduction
138
The US challenge
139
The Estes case
141
Research challenge
141
Estes - effects/actual effect
146
Juror effects
147
Witness effects
149
Judge effects
150
Defendant effects
151
Out-of-court effects research
154
Out-of-court effects - education
155
Forms
158
Subtle effects
159
The Chandler case - empirical data/effect shown
160
The Hollingsworth case
161
Reference to camera issues
162
Reference to witness effects issues
162
Evidence of harm/effects
163
Considered rules are required
163
Publicity effects
164
No empirical data
164
Education
166
The US Supreme Court issues and eye tracking
167
Conclusion
167
Bibliography
169
pt. C
Effects Issues
ch. 10
The Education Effects Research
Introduction
173
Twitter as educational
174
Cameras in court as educational
177
Empirical research regarding educational effects
178
Petkanas
178
Paddon
181
Netteburg
182
Ossinger
183
Kohm
183
Keller
184
Entner
184
Federal study
185
New Zealand
187
Pogorzelski and Brewer
190
Harris
194
Vinson and Ertter
196
Roberts
197
Empirical literature relevant to educational effects
199
Lassiter
199
Short Report
201
Stewart
202
Comments on the empirical education research
203
Educational
205
Challenges
206
Forms
206
Opportunity for validation of educational television courtroom broadcasting
208
`Information' and `education'
208
Testing education
210
Education and meaning
210
Education and television usage
211
What amount of `educational' effect is required?
211
Educate about what? Specific versus general education
212
Effective education and learning
213
Educational accuracy
214
Education and broadcasting rules
214
Education: the audience to be educated
215
Audience choice and selection
217
Audience fragmentation
217
Expanding legal education?
218
Competing environment
219
Television courtroom broadcasting content
220
Content objectivity
220
News use of television courtroom broadcasting
224
News accuracy
227
Who educates? The TruTV example
228
Entertainment
231
Summary
231
ch. 11
Audience Effects
Introduction
234
Twitter in court
234
Cameras in court
235
Audience attention
238
Audience ratings
238
Audience segments
238
Audience reception
239
Audience understanding
239
Text and audience
240
Audience attention and salience
242
Communications
242
Television courtroom broadcasting communications models
244
Structure/content
246
Programme environment
247
Broadcasting styles
247
Television courtroom broadcasting content
247
Actors/witness memory and recall
247
Crimewatch
249
Many effects
250
Audience research tools
250
Different audiences
250
The media audience
251
Audience uses
251
Audience sizes
252
Recall of television courtroom broadcasting
252
Meaning
254
Social meaning and uses
254
Conclusion
255
ch. 12
Empirical Camera Research
Twitter in court
257
Cameras in court
257
Themes and issues
258
Forms
259
Type
259
Recorded/quantified
260
Aim/hypothesis
260
Controls/conditions
260
Validation/replication possible
260
Number of subjects
260
Subject description
260
Method
261
Effects
261
Camera location
261
Rules
261
Education
261
Questionnaires
261
Audience effect focus
261
Eyewitness research
261
Agenda setting
261
Advantages and disadvantages
262
Discussion
262
Inadequate research
262
Other potential avenues for research
263
Administration
263
Comparisons
264
Comparative research
265
Many questions exist
265
Effects research
266
Courtroom actor research
266
Defendants
267
Different restrictions
267
Replication
268
Validation
268
Longitudinal research
268
Empirical research design
269
Lack of empirical research
269
Out-of-court - audience
271
Media effects
272
Educational
272
Little content analysis/footage
272
Parliamentary broadcasting
273
Other media
273
Media process/footage use
273
Media process
273
Media, etc selection
273
Little empirical research on each issue
274
Empirical controls
274
ch. 13
Psychology
Introduction
275
Twitter
275
Cameras in court
275
Out-of-court research
277
In-court research
277
In-court self reports and opinion reports
277
Psychology eyewitness research
277
Identification evidence/warnings
278
Television courtroom broadcasting factors
280
Psychology - mistaken eyewitness identification factors
280
Television courtroom broadcasting safeguards
282
Psychology research on effects
282
Confidence reports
283
Consent
284
Inconsistent
285
Arousal
286
Weapon focus and camera focus
286
Psychology eyewitness tools
289
Distraction effects tools
290
Psychology and salience
291
Cameras
291
Stress
292
Context
293
Psychology recall research tools
294
Blocking
295
Conclusion
295
ch. 14
Eye Tracking
Introduction
296
Twitter
296
Cameras in court - eye tracking and television courtroom broadcasting
296
Advantages of eye tracking
298
Eye tracking and psychology
298
Eye tracking applications
300
Eye tracking in-court
301
Eye tracking out-of-court
304
Eye tracking and distraction
308
First in-court demonstration
309
Conclusion
311
ch. 15
Meeting the Research Challenges
Introduction
313
Twitter
313
Cameras in court
313
Definitions
314
Data collection
315
Baseline data
315
Hypothesis to research
315
Time to begin - the baseline
315
Substantiation and the body of research
315
Methodology
316
Questions to be addressed in future research
318
Distraction and eye tracking
318
Irish baselines
318
Education and the television audience
318
Communication models
319
The media audience
319
Agendas
319
Language
320
Confidence
320
Weapons focus
320
Other issues
320
Research forms
321
Definition of courtroom broadcasting
322
Forms of television courtroom broadcasting
322
Psychology and eye witness research
323
Sentencing effects
324
Parliamentary broadcasting
324
Media and communications
327
Bias
327
The media and research
328
Educational research
329
More accurate reflection of courts
330
Gatekeeping
330
Media
331
Personality type
332
Research designs
332
General applicability
333
What is being researched?
333
Review
333
Reliability and validity of research
334
Effects and effects sensitivity
334
Records
335
Administering the survey
336
Analysis and results
336
Over time
336
Establishing the baseline
337
Communications
338
Courtroom discourse
338
Eye tracking
342
Conclusio
342
ch. 16
Conclusion: The Future
Introduction
343
US Supreme Court research challenge
343
Addressing the US Supreme Court research challenge
343
Definitions and forms research
344
Education
346
Baselines and parameters
347
United Kingdom
348
Eye tracking
349
Future research
350
Conclusion
350
Appendix 1
Twitter in UK Courts - Interim Guidelines
353
Appendix 2
UK Supreme Court - Supreme Court Guidelines
356
Appendix 3
Consultation (England and Wales)
358
Appendix 4
US Federal Guidance
368
Appendix 5
Summary and Categorisation of US Supreme Court Effects Issues and Concerns
377
Index
393