Science and the precautionary principle in international courts and tribunals : expert evidence, burden of proof and finality / Caroline E. Foster.
2011
K3585 .F67 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Science and the precautionary principle in international courts and tribunals : expert evidence, burden of proof and finality / Caroline E. Foster.
Published
Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Call Number
K3585 .F67 2011
ISBN
9780521513265
052151326X
052151326X
Description
xxiii, 375 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)656213283
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 349-364) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgements
xxi
pt. I
Context and theory
1.
Introduction
3
International adjudication
3
The rationalist tradition
5
Proceduralisation and harmonisation in international law
6
The nature of scientific knowledge
10
The admissibility of scientific evidence
12
The standard of review
14
The precautionary principle
18
Directions for procedural development in international scientific disputes
21
Conclusion
29
2.
Co-operation between disputing parties
32
The importance of co-operation between disputing parties
32
Case concerning Land Reclamation (Malaysia v. Singapore)
36
Case concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)
37
Southern Bluefin Tuna case (Australia and New Zealand v. Japan)
41
The MOX Plant cases (Ireland v. United Kingdom)
44
Case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay)
49
Nuclear Tests cases (Australia v. France) (New Zealand v. France)
54
European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products
60
European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)
63
European Communities - Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products
68
Conclusion
73
pt. II
Expert evidence
3.
Methods for taking expert evidence in scientific disputes
77
Scientific evidence from the parties
80
Advocates presenting the science
88
Evidence generated by administrative procedures
94
The party-appointed independent expert
97
Cross-examination
100
Consultation of international organisations
102
Site visits
106
The court-appointed expert
108
The WTO system for expert evidence
114
Expert witness-conferencing in international arbitration
123
Expert adjudicators and assessors
125
Determination by a neutral expert
129
Conclusion
131
4.
The role of adjudicators and the role of experts
136
Mixed questions of fact and law
137
Experts and the burden of proof
148
Precaution in the views of experts
153
Two-stage adjudicatory procedures
158
The Expert Review Group in the World Trade Organization
165
Selection of experts by international courts and tribunals
171
The limits of scientific expertise
175
The quality of scientific evidence
178
The responsibility of the court or tribunal
180
Conclusion
181
pt. III
Burden of proof
5.
Getting to the heart of the rules on burden of proof
185
Principles underlying the rules on the burden of proof
189
Legal sources of the rule on the allocation of the burden of proof
193
Judicial articulation of the rule on burden of proof
198
Judicial application of the rules on burden of proof
209
Distinctions between general rules and exceptions
209
(a).
The struggle within WTO dispute settlement
214
(b).
Segmentation of legal claims
221
Standards of proof
223
The prima facie case approach and the weighing of the evidence
229
Presumptions
234
Conclusion
239
6.
Reversing the burden of proof to give effect to the precautionary principle
240
The precautionary principle
241
`Administrative' and `adjudicative' burdens of proof
245
The inherent powers of international courts and tribunals
249
The threshold for the reversal of the burden of proof
254
Judicial interest in the reversal of the burden of proof
258
How might a reversal of the burden of proof work in practice?
261
(a).
Cases that proceed to the merits
261
(b).
Provisional measures requests
266
Technical methods for reversing the burden of proof
272
Conclusion
276
pt. IV
The finality of adjudication
7.
Finality, revision and nullity in scientific cases
281
The principle of finality
285
Revision
289
(a).
Discovery of a fact
294
(b).
That the fact be unknown
296
(c).
That the fact be a pre-existing one
297
(d).
That the fact be relevant
299
(e).
That the fact be of such a nature as to be a decisive factor
300
(f).
Procedural considerations
301
(g).
Assessing the utility of revision in scientific cases
Nullity
304
(a).
The process for determining nullity under the ICSID Convention
305
(b).
Bases of nullity in international arbitration and adjudication more generally
307
(c).
The possibility of developing new processes for determining nullity beyond the ICSID system
313
(d).
Procedural considerations
315
(e).
Assessing the utility of the doctrine of nullity in scientific cases
316
Conclusion
317
8.
Reassessment proceedings and res judicata
318
`Reassessment' proceedings
319
(a).
Preliminary proceedings
320
(b).
The WTO approach
321
(c).
The Continued Suspension of Obligations cases
322
(d).
Allocation of the burden of proof in the proposed reassessment proceedings
325
Challenges to countermeasures
330
(a).
The Continued Suspension of Obligations cases and Article 22.8 of the DSU
331
(b).
Assessing the situation in relation to challenges to countermeasures
334
Res judicata in subsequent proceedings
334
Conclusion
339
9.
Conclusion
341
Bibliography
349
Index
365