Preface to the Second Edition

xxvii

Preface to the First Edition

xxxi

Acknowledgments

xxxiii

ch. 1

Structural Framework, Basic Principles, and Policies

1

I.

Introduction

1

A.

International Intellectual Property as a Discipline

1

B.

Trends in the International IP System

3

1.

Harmonization, Integration, and Countervailing Trends

3

2.

Stakeholder Interests

5

C.

A Brief Introduction to the Forms and Functions of Intellectual Property

7

1.

Patent

8

2.

Trademark

9

3.

Copyright

9

4.

Design Protection

10

5.

Geographical Indication

11

6.

Protection of Layout-Design of Integrated Circuits

12

7.

Protection of Undisclosed Information

12

II.

Sources of International IP Law

12

A.

Treaty Law

13

B.

Customary International Law

15

C.

Precedents and Doctrine

15

1.

WTO Dispute Settlement

15

2.

Domestic Court Decisions

16

3.

Doctrine

16

D.

General Principles of Law

17

Notes and Questions

18

III.

The International IP Institutions

18

A.

WIPO

19

1.

Overview

19

Summary of the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization

19

Notes and Questions

21

2.

Substantive and Administrative Rules

22

3.

Dispute Settlement

23

B.

WTO

23

1.

Institutional Framework

23

2.

Substantive Rules

25

3.

Dispute Settlement

26

4.

The TRIPS Agreement

28

Cottier, The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)

30

Notes and Questions

34

C.

Other Multilateral Institutions

34

IV.

Regional and Bilateral Arrangements

35

A.

Regional Integration Arrangements

36

1.

European Union

36

Notes and Questions

39

2.

Andean Community

41

3.

Mercosur

41

4.

Free Trade Area of the Americas

41

5.

UNASUR

42

6.

NAFTA

42

Abbott, The North American Integration Regime and Its Implications for the World Trading System

42

Notes and Questions

44

B.

Regional IP Offices in Africa

45

C.

Regional Consultation (APEC)

45

D.

Bilateral, Regional, and Plurilateral Trade Agreements

46

1.

Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements

46

Fink & Reichenmiller, Tightening TRIPS: The Intellectual Property Provisions of Recent U.S. Free Trade Agreements

46

2.

The Protection of IPRs Through International Investment Agreements

51

The Protection of IPRs Through Bilateral Investment Treaties

51

Liberti, Intellectual Property Rights in International Investment Agreements

52

Notes and Questions

54

3.

Plurilateral Trade Agreements (The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement)

55

V.

Interpretation and Status of IPR Agreements in Domestic Law

55

A.

Interpretation

55

India---Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products

56

Notes and Questions

58

VI.

Basic Principles of International IP Protection

59

A.

National Treatment

59

United States --- Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998

61

1.

National Treatment and Discrimination

63

2.

National Treatment and Reciprocity

64

European Communities---Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs Complaint by the United States

65

Notes and Questions

69

B.

Most Favored Nation Treatment (MFN)

70

United States --- Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998

73

Notes and Questions

73

C.

Transparency

73

Cottier, The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)

74

D.

Territoriality and Independence

75

1.

Territoriality

75

Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.

77

Notes and Questions

78

NTP v. Research in Motion

79

Notes and Questions

84

2.

Independence

84

3.

Independence in the Courts

85

Cuno, Inc. v. Pall Corporation

86

Notes and Questions

89

4.

Independence at the WTO

90

E.

Ubiquity and Exhaustion of Rights

90

Silhouette International Schmied GmbH & Co. KG v. Hartlauer Handelsgesellschaft mbH

94

Notes and Questions

98

F.

Duration of Intellectual Property Rights

98

Notes and Questions

99

G.

Right of Priority

99

H.

Direct Effect and Consistent Interpretation

100

1.

In EU Law

101

Parfums Christian Dior SA v. Tuk Consultancy BV

101

Notes and Questions

103

2.

In U.S. Law

104

Abbott, Intellectual Property Provisions of Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements in Light of U.S. Federal Law

104

Notes and Questions

106

VII.

Intellectual Property and Other Policy Goals

107

Cottier, The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)

107

A.

Intellectual Property and Human Rights

110

1.

Is Intellectual Property Based upon Human Rights?

111

2.

The Relationship of Intellectual Property and Human Rights

113

a.

Consistent Interpretation

113

b.

Do Human Rights Trump Intellectual Property Rights?

113

3.

The Role of the WTO

114

Heifer, Toward a Human Rights Framework for Intellectual Property

115

Notes and Questions

118

B.

Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development

119

Abbott, Preservation and Use of Genetic Resource Assets and the International Patent System

120

Notes and Questions

124

VIII.

Policies Underlying the International IPRs System

126

A.

Public Welfare and Private Rights

127

Stiglitz, Knowledge as a Global Public Good

127

Notes and Questions

133

B.

The Economics of the International Patent System

134

Penrose, The Economics of the International Patent System

135

Notes and Questions

141

C.

International Property Rights and International Trade

141

Barton, The Economics of TRIPS: International Trade in Information-Intensive Products

142

Notes and Questions

146

Maskus, Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy

147

Notes and Questions

149

D.

Intellectual Property in a Digital Age

150

Barlow, The Economy of Ideas

151

Notes and Questions

153

E.

The Future of Global IP Policy

154

Maskus & Reichman, The Globalization of Private Knowledge Goods and the Privatization of Global Public Goods

154

Notes and Questions

163

ch. 2

The International Patent System

165

I.

The Patent as Intellectual Property Form

165

A.

Discovery and Invention

165

Diamond v. Chakrabarty

166

Notes and Questions

166

B.

Patentable Subject Matter

168

Diamond v. Chakrabarty

169

Notes and Questions

170

Harvard College v. Canada (Commissioner of Patents)

170

Notes and Questions

172

Bilski v. Kappos [Director of the U.S. PTO]

173

Notes and Questions

175

C.

Four Criteria

175

Biogen, Inc. v. Medeva PLC

176

Notes and Questions

177

1.

Novelty

178

Motorola, Inc. v. Agence Spatiale Europeenne, Alcatel Space Industries

179

Notes and Questions

180

2.

Inventive Step

183

Biogen, Inc. v. Medeva PLC

183

Notes and Questions

187

3.

Utility

188

Apotex, Inc. v. Wellcome Foundation Ltd.

188

Notes and Questions

193

4.

Enablement

195

Biogen, Inc. v. Medeva PLC

195

Notes and Questions

197

D.

Term of Protection

198

II.

The Multilateral Patent Agreements

199

A.

The Paris Convention

199

1.

Historical Perspective

199

Penrose, The Economics of the International Patent System

199

Notes and Questions

206

2.

Paris Convention Rules

207

WIPO, The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

207

Notes and Questions

213

3.

Paris and the Independence of Patents

214

4.

Patent Exhaustion and the Free Movement of Goods

214

a.

Japan

215

BBS Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG and BBS Japan, Inc. v. Rasimex Japan, Inc.

215

Notes and Questions

216

b.

United States

217

Fuji Photo Film v. Jazz Photo

219

Notes and Questions

222

c.

South Africa

223

Tayler, Parallel Imports in South Africa---Under the Rule of International Exhaustion

224

d.

Switzerland

224

Groz & Mondini, Switzerland: New Developments in Swiss Patent Law

224

Notes and Questions

226

e.

The Doha Declaration

226

B.

The WTO TRIPS Agreement

226

Abbott, Intellectual Property Rights in World Trade

227

1.

Fair Use Under the TRIPS Agreement

228

a.

Article 30 (Exceptions)

229

Canada---Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products, Report of the Panel

230

Notes and Questions

233

b.

Article 31 (Compulsory Licensing)

235

Tayler, Battling HIV-AIDS: A Decision-Maker's Guide to the Procurement of Medicines and Related Supplies

235

c.

The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health

239

Abbott, The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health: Lighting a Dark Corner at the WTO

239

Notes and Questions

249

d.

The WTO August 30, 2003 Decision and December 6, 2005 Amendment

250

Report of the Committee on International Trade Law of the International Law Association at the 2006 Biennial Meeting, Toronto

250

Notes and Questions

252

C.

The Patent Cooperation Treaty

254

WIPO PCT Applicant's Guide---Volume I---International Phase

256

D.

Substantive Patent Law Harmonization in WIPO

264

Musungu & Dutfield, Multilateral Agreements and a TRIPS-Plus World: The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)

264

Notes and Questions

266

E.

Territorial Reach

267

Abbott, Seizure of Generic Pharmaceuticals in Transit Based on Allegations of Patent Infringement: A Threat to International Trade, Development and Public Welfare

267

Notes and Questions

271

III.

Regional Systems

271

Beier, The European Patent System

272

Notes and Questions

276

A.

The European Patent Office

276

Procter & Gamble v. Unilever

277

Notes and Questions

283

B.

A New European Union Patent?

283

Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Community Patent

284

Notes and Questions

285

Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Community Patent---General Approach

286

Notes and Questions

289

C.

Regional Trade Agreements and Patent Norms

290

Abbott, TRIPS II, Asia and the Mercantile Pharmaceutical War: Implications for Innovation and Access

290

Notes and Questions

292

IV.

Select National Patent Systems

293

A.

China

293

Xintian, A Brief Introduction to the Patent Practice in China

293

Third Revision of China's Patent Law

295

Notes and Comments

300

B.

India

300

Abbott, TRIPS II, Asia and the Mercantile Pharmaceutical War: Implications for Innovation and Access

300

Novartis v. Union of India

302

Notes and Questions

306

V.

Patents and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

307

A.

The CBD and the WTO TRIPS Agreement

307

B.

The CBD at WIPO

307

Technical Study on Disclosure Requirements in Patent Systems Related to Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge

307

Notes and Questions

309

VI.

Patent Licensing, Transfer of Technology, and Competition

310

Abbott, Patent Licensing, Competition Law and the Draft Substantive Patent Law Treaty

310

Barton, New Trends in Technology Transfer: Implications for National and International Policy

313

Notes and Questions

315

ch. 3

The International Trademark and Identifier System

317

I.

Basic Characteristics of the Trademark, Service Mark, Trade Name, Domain Name, and Geographical Indication

317

A.

Trademark Subject Matter

317

Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., Inc.

318

Notes and Questions

322

Heidelberger Bauchemie GmbH

323

Notes and Questions

327

Skol Breweries v. Unisafe Technologies

330

Notes and Questions

333

B.

The Limits of the Trademark

333

1.

Exhaustion of Trademark Rights and Fair Use

333

Judgment of the Court

334

Notes and Questions

340

2.

National, Regional, and International Exhaustion

340

3.

Term of Protection

342

C.

Trade Names

342

D.

Domain Names

342

E.

Geographical Indications

343

Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma

345

Notes and Questions

349

Abbott, Geographical Indications at the Hong Kong Ministerial

350

Notes and Questions

352

II.

Trademarks at the Multilateral Level

353

A.

Introduction

353

B.

The Paris Convention and Trademarks

354

WIPO, The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

354

Notes and Questions

363

C.

The Paris Convention and Well-Known Marks

363

1.

Joint Recommendations Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks

363

Notes and Questions

364

2.

The Doctrine of Well-Known Marks in National Law

364

Empresa Cubana del Tabaco v. Culbro

365

Notes and Questions

369

D.

The WTO TRIPS Agreement and Trademarks

370

1.

The TRIPS Agreement Text Analyzed

370

UNCTAD/ICTSD Resource Book on TRIPS and Development

370

2.

WTO Appellate Body Interpretation of the TRIPS Agreement and Paris Convention

385

United States---Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998 AB-2001-7

386

Notes and Questions

393

E.

The Interface Between Trademarks and Geographical Indications

394

European Communities---Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs Complaint by the United States

395

Notes and Questions

405

F.

Trademark Exhaustion and International Trade

406

1.

U.S. Law on Trademarks and Parallel Imports

406

a.

K mart v. Cartier

406

K mart v. Cartier

406

Notes and Questions

415

b.

The Post-Kmart Material Differences Movement

415

Lever Brothers v. United States

416

Notes and Questions

420

Gamut Trading v. U.S. International Trade Commission

420

Notes and Questions

426

G.

Trademark Exhaustion and the European Union

426

IHT Internationale Heiztechnik GmbH and Another v. Ideal-Standard GmbH and Another

427

Notes and Questions

428

Revlon Inc. v. Cripps & Lee Ltd.

429

Notes and Questions

432

III.

Trademark Registration at the Multilateral Level

434

A.

The Trade Mark Law Treaty and the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks

434

WIPO, Summary of the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks (2006)

435

B.

The Madrid Agreement and Protocol

437

WIPO, The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and the Protocol Relating to That Agreement

437

Notes and Questions

441

IV.

Regional Trademark Systems

442

A.

The EU Trademark System

442

1.

The First Trade Marks Directive

442

Silhouette International Schmied GmbH & Co, KG v. Hartlauer Handelsgesellschaft mbH

443

2.

The Community Trade Mark

444

Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs)

444

OHIM, Frequendy Asked Questions Concerning the Community Trade Mark System

445

3.

CTMR Institutions in Action

447

Best Buy Concepts, Inc. v. Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market

447

Notes and Questions

451

4.

The First Trade Marks Directive, the EC Treaty, and the Community Trade Mark

451

Matratzen Concord AG v. Hukla Germany SA

451

Notes and Questions

456

B.

The Andean Community Trademark System

456

V.

Internet Domain Names at the Multilateral Level

457

A.

The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)

457

The Recognition of Rights and the Use of Names in the Internet Domain Name System

458

New Generic Top-Level Domains: Intellectual Property Considerations

459

B.

Panel Decisions Under the UDRP

462

Pfizer, Inc. v. Martin Marketing

462

Pfizer, Inc. v. Van Robichaux

466

Notes and Questions

474

ch. 4

The International Copyright System

477

I.

Copyright as an Intellectual Property Form

477

A.

Changing Technologies

477

B.

Copyright Subject Matter

478

1.

Idea/Expression Dichotomy

478

Computer Associates International v. Altai

478

2.

Science and Expression

478

Frau X v. Frau Y & Z Publishing House

479

Notes and Questions

482

3.

Fact and Expression

483

Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service

484

Notes and Questions

485

C.

Copying and Substantial Similarity

485

D.

Fair Use

486

Harper & Row v. Nation

487

Notes and Questions

488

E.

Terms of Protection and the Public Domain

488

Eldred v. Ashcroft

488

Notes and Questions

492

II.

Multilateral Copyright Norms

493

A.

The Berne Convention

493

1.

Historical Perspective

494

Ricketson, The Birth of the Berne Union

494

Notes and Questions

499

2.

Berne Convention Norms

499

WIPO, The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

499

Notes and Questions

503

3.

Berne Convention in National Law

505

a.

Cable Retransmission

505

SUISA (Swiss Society of Authors and Publishers) v. Rediffusion AG

506

Notes and Questions

509

b.

Moral Rights

509

i.

Moral Rights in Continental Europe

510

Angelica Huston v. Turner Entertainment Co.

510

Notes and Questions

511

Frau X v. Frau Y&Z Publishing House

512

Notes and Questions

514

ii.

Moral Rights in the United States

514

Gilliam v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.

515

Notes and Questions

518

Carter v. Helmsley-Spear

518

Notes and Questions

520

B.

The TRIPS Agreement

520

Cottier, The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)

520

Notes and Questions

522

1.

The TRIPS Agreement and Its Relationship to the Berne Convention

522

United States---Section 110(5) of the U.S. Copyright Act

523

China---Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights

528

Notes and Questions

535

C.

The WIPO Copyright Treaty

535

1.

Negotiation

536

Samuelson, The U.S. Digital Agenda at WIPO

536

Notes and Questions

544

2.

Norms of the WCT

544

The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT)

544

Notes and Questions

550

3.

Implementation of the WCT at the National Level

550

Universal City Studios v. Corley

551

SAS Institute Inc. v. World Programming Ltd.

559

Notes and Questions

567

D.

Neighboring Rights and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)

567

1.

The Problem of Performance

567

Schweizerische Interpreten-Gesellschaft and Others v. X and Z

568

Notes and Questions

570

2.

The Rome, Geneva, and Brussels Conventions

571

WIPO, Special Conventions in the Field of Related Rights: The International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations ("The Rome Convention")

571

Notes and Questions

573

3.

The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)

574

a.

WPPT Norms

574

WIPO, The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)

574

Notes and Questions

580

b.

WPPT Norms and the Internet

580

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios v. Grokster

581

Notes and Questions

589

4.

Broadcast, Cablecast, and Webcast

589

E.

Exhaustion and the Movement of Copyrighted Works in Trade

590

1.

National and International Exhaustion

590

Quality King Distributors v. L'anza Research International

591

Notes and Questions

598

Rotstein, Evitt & Williams, The First Sale Doctrine in the Digital Age

599

2.

Unique Characteristics of Audiovisual Services

603

Coditel v. Cine Vog Films

603

Notes and Questions

605

III.

Regional Copyright Systems

606

A.

EU Approximation Measures

606

1.

Consequences of Different Rules

606

Warner Brothers Inc. and Metronome Video ApS v. Erik Viuff Christiansen

606

Notes and Questions

609

2.

EU Approximation in Copyright

609

3.

The Software Directive

610

Hoeren, The European Union Commission and Recent Trends in European Information Law

611

Notes and Questions

613

4.

The Rental Rights Directive

613

5.

The Satellite Broadcast Directive

614

6.

The Copyright Directive

614

7.

The Database Directive

614

British Horseracing Board v. William Hill

615

Notes and Questions

619

8.

The Information Society Directive

620

9.

The Resale Rights Directive

620

IV.

Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements

621

Fink & Reichenmiller, Tightening TRIPS: The Intellectual Property Provisions of Recent US Free Trade Agreements

621

Notes and Questions

622

V.

Copyright in Software and Open Source

622

A.

Copyright in Software

622

Computer Associates International v. Altai

624

Notes and Questions

632

B.

Open Source and the Public Domain

633

Scoping Study on Copyright and Related Rights and the Public Domain

633

Lessig, Open Source Baselines: Compared to What?

636

Notes and Questions

640

ch. 5

Competition Law and Sui Generis Systems of Intellectual Property Protection: Traditional Knowledge, Plant Variety Protection, Undisclosed Information, Industrial Designs, and Integrated Circuits

643

I.

Introduction

643

II.

Striking a Balance---Protection of Intellectual Property and Competition Law

643

Cottier & Germann, Teaching Intellectual Property, Unfair Competition and Anti-Trust Law

644

Cottier & Jevtic, The Protection Against Unfair Competition in WTO Law: Status, Potential and Prospects

654

Notes and Questions

657

III.

Traditional Knowledge in the International Intellectual Property System

658

A.

Traditional Knowledge in a Modern World

658

WIPO, Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge

659

B.

Traditional Knowledge in the Patent System

660

Moyer-Henry, Patenting Neem and Hoodia: Conflicting Decisions Issued by the Opposition Board of the European Patent Office

661

Cottier & Panizzon, Legal Perspectives on Traditional Knowledge: The Case for Intellectual Property Protection

665

Notes and Questions

669

IV.

The International System for the Protection of Plant Varieties

669

A.

Introduction

669

B.

Plant Variety as an IP Form

670

J.E.M. AG Supply v. Pioneer Hi-Bred

670

Notes and Questions

675

2.

The UPOV Convention

677

a.

1991 Act

678

b.

1978 Act

678

D.

Regional Systems for Plant Variety Production

679

1.

The EU System

679

Kiewiet, Plant Variety Protection in the European Community

679

Notes and Questions

685

V.

The International System for the Protection of Trade Secret and Regulatory Data

685

A.

Trade Secret as an IP Form

685

Kewanee Oil v. Bicron Corp.

686

Notes and Questions

687

B.

Trade Secret and the TRIPS Agreement

689

C.

Regulatory Data Protection as an IP Form

689

D.

Regulatory Data and the TRIPS Agreement

690

Article 39.3

690

Notes and Questions

692

E.

Regional Systems for the Protection of Regulatory Data

693

1.

Protection of Regulatory Data in the European Union

693

AKZO Chemie BV and AKZO Chemie UK Ltd. v. Commission of the European Communities

693

Notes and Questions

697

2.

Pharmaceutical Regulatory Data in the European Union

697

F.

Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements and the Protection of Regulatory Data

698

Fink & Reichenmiller, Tightening TRIPS: The Intellectual Property Provisions of Recent US Free Trade Agreements

698

Notes and Questions

700

VI.

The International System for the Protection of Industrial Design and Integrated Circuit Layout Design

701

A.

Design Protection as an IP Form

701

Best Lock v. Ilco Unican

702

Notes and Questions

706

B.

The Multilateral System for Protection of Design

707

1.

The Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement

707

Cottier, The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)

707

2.

The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs

708

Notes and Questions

708

C.

Regional Design Protection Systems

709

1.

The EU Design Directive and Regulation

709

Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) Design Department---Invalidity Division

711

Notes and Questions

713

D.

Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits

714

1.

The Origin and Nature of the Sui Generis Integrated Circuit Layout Design Right

714

2.

Integrated Circuit Protection in the TRIPS Agreement

715

Notes and Questions

715

ch. 6

The International System for the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights

717

I.

Introduction to Forms of IPRs Enforcement

717

Fink, Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights: An Economic Perspective

718

II.

Multilateral IPRs Enforcement Agreements

724

A.

The TRIPS Agreement

724

1.

Enforcement Obligations

724

Cottier, The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)

724

2.

Enforcement in WTO Dispute Setdement

730

Abbott, China in the WTO 2006: "Law and Its Limitations" in the Context of TRIPS

731

Notes and Questions

733

China---Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights

733

Notes and Questions

743

3.

Violation and Non-Violation Complaints

744

Abbott, Non-Violation Nullification or Impairment Causes of Action Under the TRIPS Agreement and the Fifth Ministerial Conference: A Warning and Reminder

745

Notes and Questions

747

4.

Withdrawal of Concessions

748

Abbott, Cross-Retaliation in TRIPS: Options for Developing Countries

749

B.

Other Multilateral Agreements on Enforcement

752

1.

Paris and Berne Conventions

752

2.

Activities of the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center

752

3.

World Customs Organization

753

4.

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

753

OECD Project on Counterfeiting and Piracy

753

Notes and Questions

754

C.

Plurilateral Agreement on Enforcement

755

1.

The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement

755

Joint Statement on the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) from All the Negotiating Partners of the Agreement

756

Intervention by the Government of India in the WTO TRIPS Council on the Draft ACTA

756

Sell, The Global IP Upward Ratchet, Anti-Counterfeiting and Piracy Enforcement Efforts: The State of Play

760

Notes and Questions

761

III.

Regional Enforcement Mechanisms

761

A.

The EU Enforcement Regime

761

1.

IP Border Measures Regulation

761

2.

IP Enforcement Directive

762

3.

Regulation on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments

763

4.

Trade Barriers Regulation

764

Commission Decision of 11 December 1998 Concerning Section 110(5) of the Copyright Act of the United States of America

765

Notes and Questions

769

IV.

Bilateral Trade Agreements and IPRs Enforcement

770

Fink & Reichenmiller, Tightening TRIPS: The Intellectual Property Provisions of Recent US Free Trade Agreements

770

Notes and Questions

772

Abbott, Intellectual Property Provisions of Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements in Light of U.S. Federal Law

772

Notes and Questions

773

V.

National Mechanisms of International IP Enforcement

774

A.

United States

774

1.

Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930

774

U.S. ITC, Section 337 Investigations at the U.S. International Trade Commission: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions

774

U.S. ITC, In the Matter of Certain Sildenafil or Any Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt Thereof Such as Sildenafil Citrate, and Products Containing Same

776

U.S. ITC, In the Matter of Certain Sildenafil or Any Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt Thereof, Such as Sildenafil Citrate, and Products Containing Same

782

Notes and Questions

783

2.

Other Statutory Authority Regarding Importation

783

3.

Section 301 and Special 301

784

Office of United States Trade Representative 2010 Special 301 Report

785

Notes and Questions

790

4.

Civil Litigation

791

Babbit Electronics v. Dynascan

792

Notes and Questions

798

5.

Criminal Enforcement

798

U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Criminal Laws Protecting Intellectual Property

799

Notes and Questions

801

2010 Joint Strategic Plan on Intellectual Property Enforcement

801

Notes and Questions

803

Table of Cases

805

Index

811