Minority rights, freedom of expression and of the media : dynamics and dilemmas / Tarlach McGonagle.
2011
K3242 .M39 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Minority rights, freedom of expression and of the media : dynamics and dilemmas / Tarlach McGonagle.
Published
Cambridge ; Portland [Or.] : Intersentia, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
K3242 .M39 2011
ISBN
9400002157
9789400002159
9789400002159
Description
xvi, 668 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)751053643
Note
"This book is a revised and updated version of my doctoral thesis, Minority rights and freedom of expression : a dynamic interface, which I successfully defended at the University of Amsterdam on 7 October 2008"--Page v.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 585-634) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
v
List of selected abbreviations
xv
Introduction
1
pt. I
Theoretical and normative approaches to minority rights
17
ch. 1
General theories and definitional entrapment
19
Introduction
19
1.1.
Theoretical conundrums and definitional dilemmas
19
1.2.
Historical and conventional approaches to minority rights
26
1.2.1.
Numerical inferiority
28
1.2.2.
Non-dominance
29
1.2.3.
Nationality
30
1.2.4.
Range of distinctive, constitutive characteristics
30
1.2.5.
Sense of solidarity
31
1.2.6.
Combination of objective and subjective criteria for recognition
32
1.3.
Troublesome taxonomies and the notion of fixed features
33
Conclusions
40
ch. 2
The shaping of theories through international legal and political frameworks
43
Introduction
43
2.1.
International instruments with focuses on minority rights
43
2.1.1.
Genocide Convention
44
2.1.2.
United Nations Charter
46
2.1.3.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
47
2.1.4.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
49
2.1.5.
UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities
55
2.1.6.
UN institutional approaches to minority rights
56
2.2.
European instruments with focuses on minority rights
58
2.2.1.
European Convention on Human Rights
59
2.2.2.
Standard-setting by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
67
2.2.3.
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM)
76
2.2.3(i).
Ceci n'est pas une minorite!
81
2.2.3(ii).
Water in the wine and holes in the cheese
85
2.2.3(iii).
Proof of the pudding
89
2.2.4.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe standards
96
2.2.4(i).
OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM)
99
2.2.5.
European Union
105
Conclusions
109
pt. II
Theoretical and normative approaches to freedom of expression and minority rights
111
ch. 3
Minorities, freedom of expression and of the media
113
Introduction
113
3.1.
Theories of freedom of expression and of the media
113
3.1.1.
Rationales for minorities' access to expressive opportunities
120
3.1.1(i).
Democratic participation in public life
120
3.1.1(ii).
Creating alternative discursive spaces
122
3.1.1(iii).
Creating and sustaining (cultural) identities
123
3.1.2.
Enhanced liberty for the media/the Fourth Estate
127
3.1.3.
An enabling environment for media freedom
130
3.2.
Media functionality and media types
134
3.2.1.
Media functionality
134
3.2.2.
Media types
138
3.2.2(i).
Community media
141
3.2.2(ii).
Public service media/content
144
3.2.2(iii).
Commercial media
152
3.2.2(iv).
Transnational media
153
3.2.2(v).
Other types of media
155
3.3.
New media and new regulatory paradigms
156
Conclusions
168
ch. 4
The coupling of freedom of expression and minority rights
171
Introduction
171
4.1.
An underexplored nexus of international law
171
4.1.1.
Tentative tendencies and attempted couplings in international law
173
4.1.1(i).
Actual couplings
173
4.1.1(ii).
Attempted couplings: United Nations
175
4.1.1(iii).
Attempted couplings: Council of Europe
177
4.1.1(iv).
Attempted couplings: assessment
179
4.1.2.
Qualifying State obligations
182
4.1.2(i).
International human rights treaty law
185
4.1.2(ii).
Differentiated roles and duties of States regarding expression
188
4.2.
New trends in the development of the nexus under international treaty law
191
4.2.1.
Filling the interstices of international treaty law
191
4.2.2.
Modesty of scope and content of international treaty law
194
4.2.3.
Under-utilisation of international treaty law
199
4.3.
Emergence of differentiated protection for minorities' right to freedom of expression
201
4.3.1.
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM)
202
4.3.2.
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML)
211
4.3.3.
Conceptual over-stretch and non-treaty-based standard-setting
218
4.3.4.
Guidelines on the use of Minority Languages in the Broadcast Media
223
4.4.
Interplay with other human rights
226
4.4.1.
Added value of minority dimension to human rights
229
Conclusions
231
pt. III
Regulation and Restriction of Expression to Protect Minority Rights
235
ch. 5
The pluralism problematique
237
Introduction
237
5.1.
Selected theories of pluralism and tolerance
237
5.1.1.
Pluralism
237
5.1.2.
Tolerance
238
5.1.2(i).
Notions of tolerance
239
5.1.2(ii).
Normative articulations of tolerance
241
5.2.
Towards a notion of comprehensive pluralistic tolerance
244
5.2.1.
Minimum moral and ideological commonality
246
5.2.2.
Pluralistic tolerance, democracy and freedom of expression
249
5.3.
Comprehensive pluralistic tolerance in practice
251
Conclusions
254
ch. 6
Delineating the limits of permissible expression under International Human Rights Law
257
Introduction
257
6.1.
Global instruments: asymmetries and conundrums
257
6.1.1.
Genocide Convention
257
6.1.2.
International Bill of Rights
271
6.1.3.
ICERD
280
6.1.4.
UNESCO standards
290
6.1.5.
Other UN standards and mechanisms
291
6.1.5(i).
World Conference against Racism and Review Conference
291
6.1.5(ii).
Work of Special Rapporteurs on Freedom of Expression
293
6.2.
Council of Europe instruments: contrived consistency?
294
6.2.1.
European Convention on Human Rights
294
6.2.2.
Other relevant Council of Europe treaties
301
6.2.2(i).
Cybercrime Convention and its Additional Protocol
301
6.2.2(ii).
European Convention on Transfrontier Television
303
6.2.2(iii).
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
303
6.3.
Other European standards: an ancillary normative dimension
304
6.3.1.
European Union standards
304
6.3.1(i).
General
304
6.3.1(ii).
The Audiovisual Media Services Directive
309
6.3.2.
OSCE standards
314
Conclusions
315
ch. 7
"Hate speech" and intolerance targeting minorities
317
Introduction
317
7.1.
Irruption of "hate speech" into international human rights law and discourse
317
7.1.1.
The effectiveness of "hate speech" laws
323
7.1.2.
Critical race theory
328
7.2.
A square conceptual peg in a round normative hole?
331
7.2.1.
Rough coherence of principles
336
7.2.2.
Contextual variables
338
7.2.2(i).
Impact of publication
341
7.2.2(ii).
Specificity of genre
344
7.2.2(iii).
Proportionality of sanctions
346
7.2.2(iv).
New doctrinal directions?
347
7.3.
Specific current controversies as stress tests for the right to freedom of expression
351
7.3.1.
Denial or trivialisation of genocide and other crimes against humanity
351
7.3.2.
"Defamation" of religions
363
7.3.3.
Protection of founders of religions
375
Conclusions
379
ch. 8
Integrated approaches to countering "hate speech"
381
Introduction
381
8.1.
Theoretical foundations for an integrated approach to countering "hate speech"
381
8.2.
An integrated approach in practice: case study of the Council of Europe
385
8.2.1.
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
385
8.2.1(i).
Studying the chemistry between Articles 6 and 9
386
8.2.1(ii).
Affirmation of the AC's approach
394
8.2.1(iii).
Conclusions
394
8.2.2.
Non-treaty-based approaches to hate speech
395
8.2.2(i).
Standard-setting by the Committee of Ministers
395
8.2.2(ii).
Standard-setting by the Parliamentary Assembly
403
8.2.2(iii).
European Ministerial Conferences on Mass Media Policy
405
8.2.2(iv).
The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)
408
8.3.
Evaluation of integrated approaches to countering "hate speech"
420
Conclusions
424
pt. IV
Regulation and facilitation of expression to promote minority rights
427
ch. 9
Media-related pluralism
429
Introduction
429
9.1.
Connecting pluralistic tolerance to media-related pluralism
429
9.2.
Media-related pluralism: structural and substantive considerations
431
9.2.1.
Conceptual confusion
432
9.2.2.
Structural considerations
433
9.2.2(i).
Source/Ownership
434
9.2.2(ii).
Outlet
438
9.2.3.
Substantive considerations
440
9.2.4.
Gauging media-related pluralism
441
9.2.4(i).
State obligations
441
9.2.4(ii).
Media responsibilities
447
9.3.
Interrelationship of international legal standards
449
9.3.1.
United Nations standards
450
9.3.2.
Council of Europe standards
452
9.3.2(i).
European Court of Human Rights
452
9.3.2(ii).
European Convention on Transfrontier Television
457
9.3.2(iii).
Non-treaty-based standard-setting
459
9.3.2(iv).
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
461
9.3.2(v).
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
462
9.3.3.
European Union standards
463
9.3.3(i).
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
463
9.3.3(ii).
European Court of Justice
465
9.3.3(iii).
Other regulatory measures
471
9.3.3(iv).
European Commission
471
9.3.3(v).
European Parliament
472
Conclusions
474
ch. 10
Cultural and linguistic diversity
477
Introduction
477
10.1.
Connecting pluralistic tolerance and media-related pluralism to cultural and linguistic diversity
477
10.1.1.
Defining culture and cultural rights
478
10.1.2.
Defining cultural diversity
481
10.1.3.
Rationales for the promotion of cultural diversity
482
10.2.
Universal standards: centrality of UNESCO instruments
484
10.2.1.
UNESCO Declaration on Cultural Diversity
484
10.2.2.
UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
486
10.2.3.
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
494
10.2.4.
Joint IGO Special Mandates' Declaration on Diversity in Broadcasting
495
10.3.
European-level measures concerning cultural diversity
495
10.3.1.
Council of Europe standards
496
10.3.1(i).
Treaty-based standards
496
10.3.1(ii).
Non-treaty-based standards
501
10.3.2.
European Union standards
506
10.3.2(i).
Audiovisual Media Services Directive
507
10.3.2(ii).
Public service broadcasting/media
514
10.3.2(iii).
Community broadcasting
515
10.3.2(iv).
Must-carry regulation
515
10.3.3.
OSCE standards
521
Conclusions
521
ch. 11
Access rights
523
Introduction
523
11.1.
Rights-based theories of access to the media
523
11.1.1.
Freedom of expression and access rights
524
11.1.2.
Interplay between rights
528
11.1.3.
Dynamism of rights
532
11.1.4.
Prognosis for the future development of access rights
536
11.2.
General "taxonomy" of access rights
539
11.2.1.
Right of reply as a form of access
540
11.2.2.
Public access channels
545
11.3.
Development of rights of access to the media for minorities under international law
547
11.3.1.
FCNM: factors affecting minorities' access to the media
547
11.3.1(i).
Linguistic topography
548
11.3.1(ii).
Official recognition of minorities/languages
548
11.3.1(iii).
Market sustainability
549
11.3.1(iv).
Licensing of broadcasters
550
11.3.1(v).
Regulation of broadcasting output
551
11.3.1(v)(a).
Broadcasting in general
551
11.3.1(v)(b).
Public service broadcasting
553
11.3.1(vi).
Transfrontier dimension
554
11.3.1(vii).
Temporal and qualitative criteria
555
11.3.1(viii).
Facilitative measures
555
11.3.2.
ECRML: factors affecting minorities' access to the media
557
11.3.2(i).
Official recognition of languages
557
11.3.2(ii).
Active access to media
559
11.3.2(iii).
Market sustainability
560
11.3.2(iv).
Facilitative measures
560
11.3.3.
New technology-driven challenges for the FCNM and ECRML
562
Conclusions
564
Summary and conclusions
567
List of academic works consulted
585
International instruments
635
General and thematic comments and recommendations
645
Table of cases
649
Index
655