A disrupted balance? : prevention of terrorism and compliance with fundamental legal rights and principles of law : the Dutch anti-terrorism legislation / Karin Veegens.
2012
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Details
Author
Title
A disrupted balance? : prevention of terrorism and compliance with fundamental legal rights and principles of law : the Dutch anti-terrorism legislation / Karin Veegens.
Published
Cambridge, U.K. ; Portland [Or.] : Intersentia, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KKM4351.5 .V44 2012
Former Call Number
Neth 822.5 V518 2012
ISBN
9781780680422 (pbk.)
1780680422 (pbk.)
1780680422 (pbk.)
Language Note
Text In English, summary in Dutch.
Description
xxi, 638 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)779861940
Note
Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral) -- Maastricht University.
"NUR 828" -- title page verso.
"NUR 828" -- title page verso.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 555-598).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
vii
List of Abbreviations
xxi
ch. I
Terrorism as Timeless Trend: An Introduction
1
1.
Terrorism in the Netherlands
1
2.
Structure
4
3.
Delineation
7
4.
Methodology
8
5.
Currency of the manuscript
9
ch. II
The Criminalisation of Terrorist Offences
11
1.
Introduction
11
2.
The European Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism
13
3.
The Dutch reaction to 9/11 and the implementation of FD 2002/475
15
4.
Terrorism as defined in the Dutch criminal justice system
18
5.
Terrorist intent
18
5.1.
Mohammed B: Murder or terrorist murder?
22
5.2.
Preparation of a terrorist attack and terrorist intent
25
5.3.
Illegal possession and/or use of weapons with or without terrorist intent?
28
6.
Three categories of terrorist offences
34
6.1.
Serious terrorist offences
34
6.1.1.
An example: Conspiracy to commit a terrorist offence
36
6.2.
Terrorist offences with increased penalties
44
6.3.
Specific terrorist offences
45
6.3.1.
An example: Membership of a criminal/terrorist organisation
46
6.3.1.1.
The first requirement: Organisation
48
6.3.1.2.
The second requirement: The organisation's purpose
57
6.3.1.3.
The third requirement: Participatory behaviour
66
6.4.
Training for terrorism and preparation for a terrorist offence
74
7.
The principle of legality within the Dutch legal system
76
7.1.
Introduction
76
7.2.
The lex certa prerequisite
80
7.3.
The prohibition of applying criminal law by analogy
86
7.4.
The prohibition of using customary law and the prohibition of retro-active application of criminal law
88
7.5.
In sum
91
8.
The principle of legality pursuant to Article 7 of the ECHR
92
8.1.
Introduction
92
8.2.
Only law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty
93
8.3.
The lex certa requirement
98
8.4.
Judicial interpretation
101
8.5.
Foreseeability
103
8.6.
Law and state practice
110
8.7.
State succession
111
8.8.
Section 2
113
8.9.
In sum
113
ch. III
Allegedly Involved in Terrorist Activities
117
1.
Introduction
117
2.
Alleged involvement in terrorist activities
119
3.
Personal disturbance powers in practice
121
4.
Personal disturbance powers and the DCCP
124
5.
The right to privacy
126
5.1.
Introduction
126
5.2.
An adequate legal basis for personal disturbance powers: The first requirement
127
5.3.
The necessity requirement in light of personal disturbance
130
5.4.
In sum
134
ch. IV
Assumed Connections with Terrorism
137
1.
Introduction
137
2.
Assumed connections with (the support of) terrorist activities
139
3.
Necessity
143
4.
The administrative measures, statutory remedies and further details
144
5.
The expected effects
146
6.
Existing administrative law measures
146
7.
Criticism and recommendations from experts
148
8.
Recommendations of the Council of State
150
9.
The right to freedom of movement
152
9.1.
Introduction
152
9.2.
Restrictions on liberty of movement versus deprivation of liberty
152
9.3.
The scope of the right to liberty of movement
155
9.4.
Lawful restrictions on the right to liberty of movement
156
9.4.1.
Criminal proceedings?
157
9.4.2.
Level of suspicion and evidence
159
9.4.3.
Automatic continuation and prior warning
161
9.5.
In sum
163
ch. V
Indications of a Terrorist Offence
165
1.
Introduction
165
2.
Indications of a terrorist offence
167
3.
Powers on the basis of indications of a terrorist offence
173
4.
The exploratory inquiry into terrorist offences
174
4.1.
Exploratory inquiry into common offences: Article 126gg of the DCCP
175
4.2.
Exploratory inquiry into terrorist offences: Articles 126hh and 126ii of the DCCP
176
5.
Special investigation techniques
181
5.1.
General provisions
182
5.2.
Systematic surveillance, pseudo purchases and the provision of services, undercover systematic gathering of information, powers to enter enclosed places, and infiltration
183
5.3.
Recording of confidential communication
188
5.4.
Requisition of data
192
6.
Investigative powers in security risk areas
196
6.1.
Indications of a terrorist offence and security risk areas
197
6.2.
Powers of investigation
199
7.
Practical application of the powers
201
8.
The right to privacy
203
8.1.
In accordance with the law?
204
8.1.1.
Qualitative requirements for legal provisions
204
8.1.2.
Investigative powers within security risk areas and the law
216
8.1.3.
The exploratory inquiry and the law
221
8.1.4.
Effective and adequate safeguards
226
8.2.
Necessary in a democratic society
238
ch. VI
A Reasonable Suspicion
251
1.
Introduction
251
2.
Reasonable suspicion
253
2.1.
Facts or circumstances
253
2.2.
Reasonable
269
2.3.
Guilty of a criminal offence
271
3.
Powers on the basis of a reasonable suspicion
272
4.
Stopping suspects
272
5.
Arrest and police arrest for interrogative purposes
273
6.
Police custody
277
6.1.
Introduction
277
6.2.
Rules and formalities
278
6.3.
Terms regarding police custody
279
6.4.
Supportive coercive measures
281
6.5.
Police custody and judicial control
282
7.
Remand in custody
283
7.1.
Introduction
283
7.2.
Rules and formalities
284
7.3.
Terms regarding remand in custody
287
8.
Practical application of the powers
287
9.
Suspicions, terrorism and terrorist suspects
289
10.
A reasonable suspicion and the ECtHR
290
10.1.
Introduction
290
10.2.
The `UK cases'
291
10.3.
Case law based on the UK judgements
297
10.4.
In sum
299
11.
The right to liberty and security of person
301
11.1.
Introduction
301
11.2.
The concept of `Liberty and security of Person'
302
11.3.
Arrest period
306
11.3.1.
The scope of and the reasons for deprivation of liberty
307
11.3.2.
A procedure prescribed by law and lawful: A tripartite structure
315
11.3.3.
Judicial control during the arrest period
322
11.4.
Pre-trial/remand period
324
11.4.1.
Introduction
324
11.4.2.
Danger of absconding
328
11.4.3.
The risk of an interference with the course of justice
331
11.4.4.
The need to prevent crime
333
11.4.5.
The need to preserve public order
334
11.4.6.
Alternative measures
337
11.5.
In sum
338
ch. VII
Serious Objections
341
1.
Introduction
341
2.
Serious objections
343
3.
Detention on remand
349
4.
Non-disclosure of the case file
353
5.
The reasonableness of pre-trial detention and special diligence
359
5.1.
Introduction
359
5.2.
Criteria to determine compliance with the special diligence requirement
363
5.3.
Special diligence: The type of criminal behaviour
365
5.4.
Special diligence: Inactivity of domestic authorities
368
5.5.
Special diligence: The complexity of the case and investigative measures
370
5.6.
Special diligence: The suspect's attitude
373
5.7.
In sum
373
6.
Habeas corpus proceedings
375
6.1.
The right to lodge a habeas corpus complaint
377
6.2.
Applicability of Article 5, section 4 of the ECHR
378
6.3.
The competent authority
380
6.4.
The nature of habeas corpus proceedings
383
6.5.
Habeas corpus proceedings in case of terrorism: Exceptions?
395
6.6.
Lawfulness of pre-trial detention
403
6.7.
Deciding speedily
408
6.8.
In sum
413
ch. VIII
Blacklisted as Terrorist
417
1.
Introduction
417
2.
Origin of the European Union blacklisting system: The United Nations blacklisting
419
3.
The European Union blacklisting system
420
3.1.
Council Common Position 930/2001/CFSP
421
3.2.
Council Common Position 931/2001/CFSP
422
3.3.
Council Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001
425
4.
Safeguarding fundamental rights and freedoms throughout blacklisting proceedings
426
5.
Procedural violations
429
5.1.
Competence of the Union regarding blacklisting
429
5.2.
Defence rights
431
5.2.1.
The right to a fair hearing
432
5.2.2.
The right to be informed of the reasons for inclusion on the blacklist
434
5.2.3.
The right to an effective legal remedy
436
5.2.4.
The interdependence of defence rights
437
5.3.
Effective judicial review and essential procedural requirements
443
5.3.1.
The scope of judicial review
444
5.3.2.
Judicial review for Category 1 terrorists
446
5.3.3.
Judicial review for Category 3 terrorists
448
5.3.4.
The burden of proof in (de)-listing procedures
449
5.3.5.
Safeguarding essential procedural requirements and the nature of fund-freezing measures
451
5.4.
Infringement on the right to be presumed innocent
453
6.
Substantive violations
460
6.1.
Non-compliance with substantive prerequisites of the Regulation and CP 931
461
6.2.
Infringement on the right to property
468
6.3.
Infringement on the principles of subsidiarity, proportionality and legal certainty
471
6.4.
Infringement on the right to assembly, association, expression and privacy
473
7.
In sum
474
ch. IX
Conclusions and Recommendations
479
1.
Introduction
479
2.
Characteristics of Dutch anti-terrorism legislation
480
2.1.
Substantive anti-terrorism legislation
480
2.2.
Procedural anti-terrorism legislation
493
3.
Anti-terrorism legislation and fundamental rights and principles of law
503
3.1.
The principle of legality and the DTA
503
3.2.
The right to privacy and Dutch anti-terrorism legislation
505
3.2.1.
`In accordance with the law' for the sake of preventing terrorism?
506
3.2.2.
Necessary for the sake of preventing terrorism?
513
3.2.3.
The error rate and the risks of Rasterfahndung
521
3.4.
The right to liberty and Dutch anti-terrorism legislation
522
3.4.1.
The arrest period and Article 5 of the ECHR
523
3.4.2.
The remand period and Article 5 of the ECHR
528
3.4.3.
Non-disclosure of part of the case file, habeas corpus proceedings and Articles 5 and 6 of the ECHR
532
3.5.
The right to freedom of movement and Dutch anti-terrorism legislation
537
3.6.
Blacklisting and fundamental rights and principles of law
539
4.
Counterbalancing interferences with fundamental rights and principles of law
543
4.1.
Terrorist offences
544
4.2.
Special investigation techniques
545
4.3.
Investigative powers in security risk areas
547
4.4.
Exploratory inquiry
548
4.5.
Deprivation of liberty
548
4.6.
Non-disclosure of information comprised in the case file
549
4.7.
Blacklisting
551
5.
Concluding remarks
552
Bibliography
555
Summary
599
Samenvatting
615
Curriculum Vitae
633