Public international law : contemporary principles and perspectives / Gideon Boas.
2012
KZ3410 .B637 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Public international law : contemporary principles and perspectives / Gideon Boas.
Published
Cheltenham, U.K. ; Northampton, Mass. : Edward Elgar, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KZ3410 .B637 2012
ISBN
9780857939555 (hbk.)
0857939556 (hbk.)
0857939556 (hbk.)
Description
xxv, 370 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)758983833
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Szladits Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Szladits Fund
Table of Contents
Preface
xiv
List of abbreviations
xvi
List of selected cases
xviii
1.
International law: history, theory and purpose
1
1.1.
The approach to international law in this book
1
1.2.
The concept of international law
2
1.3.
The place of international law in history
2
1.3.1.
The ancient roots of international law
4
1.3.2.
The Peace of Westphalia and the development of modern international law
8
1.4.
Theories of international law
10
1.4.1.
The framework for international law and the importance of norms
10
1.4.2.
Different theoretical conceptions of international law
12
1.4.2.1.
Natural and positive law theories
12
1.4.2.2.
Relationship between international relations, international law and different theories of international law
17
1.4.2.2.1.
Realism and liberalism
18
1.4.2.2.1.1.
Realism
18
1.4.2.2.1.2.
Liberalism
19
1.4.2.2.1.3.
Realism and liberalism as alternatives
20
1.4.2.2.1.4.
Constructivism
20
1.4.2.2.2.
Post-Cold War
21
1.4.2.2.3.
Marxist theory
22
1.4.2.2.4.
Critical legal studies
23
1.4.2.2.5.
Third World theory
25
1.4.2.2.6.
Feminist theory
26
1.5.
Specialist areas of international law
27
1.5.1.
The international law of the sea
27
1.5.2.
International trade law
30
1.5.3.
International environmental law
31
1.5.4.
International humanitarian law
33
1.5.5.
International human rights law
34
1.5.6.
International criminal law
36
1.6.
What is international law?
38
2.
International law-making: the sources of international law
45
2.1.
The source of obligation in international law
46
2.1.1.
Derivation of the sources of international law and the question of hierarchy
46
2.1.2.
The consensual basis of international law
49
2.1.3.
The obligatory nature of international law
50
2.1.4.
Fragmentation: the relevance of normative frameworks given the proliferation of sui generis areas of international law
51
2.2.
Article 38(1) ICJ Statute
52
2.2.1.
International conventions: the law of treaties
53
2.2.1.1.
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and its customary status
53
2.2.1.2.
Formation
54
2.2.1.2.1.
Intention to create international legal relations
54
2.2.1.2.2.
Consent to be bound
56
2.2.1.2.3.
Pacta sunt servanda and entry into force
58
2.2.1.2.4.
Objects of treaties -- jus cogens and third states
59
2.2.1.3.
Amendment and modification
60
2.2.1.4.
Reservations
61
2.2.1.5.
Interpretation
63
2.2.1.6.
Invalidity
65
2.2.1.7.
Termination and suspension
67
2.2.1.8.
Some contemporary issues in treaty law
71
2.2.1.8.1.
Codification and progressive development of international law: the role of multilateral treaties
71
2.2.2.
Customary international law
73
2.2.2.1.
The origins and dynamic nature of international custom
73
2.2.2.2.
State practice: the first element of custom
75
2.2.2.2.1.
Consistency of state practice
75
2.2.2.2.2.
Kinds of state practice -- acts, omissions and acquiescence
77
2.2.2.2.3.
Quantity of state practice
79
2.2.2.3.
Opinio juris: the second element of custom
80
2.2.2.3.1.
General sources of evidence of opinio juris
80
2.2.2.3.2.
Treaty obligations as evidence of opinio juris
84
2.2.2.3.3.
UN General Assembly resolutions as evidence of opinio juris
86
2.2.2.4.
Challenges to the traditional elements of custom
89
2.2.2.5.
Treatment by international courts and tribunals
91
2.2.2.6.
The persistent objector exception
93
2.2.2.7.
Jus cogens
95
2.2.2.8.
Erga omnes obligations
101
2.2.2.9.
Regional custom
102
2.2.3.
General principles of law
105
2.2.3.1.
The nature and role of general principles of law
105
2.2.3.2.
The identification of general principles by international courts and tribunals
108
2.2.3.3.
Non liquet in international law
109
2.2.4.
Judicial decisions and highly regarded publicists -- subsidiary sources
110
2.2.4.1.
Judicial decisions
110
2.2.4.1.1.
No precedent in international law: Article 59 ICJ Statute
110
2.2.4.1.2.
A de facto normative system of precedent at international law?
112
2.2.4.2.
Writings of publicists
114
2.3.
Conclusions
115
3.
The relationship between international and national law
119
3.1.
Different conceptions of the relationship between international and national law
120
3.1.1.
Dualism
120
3.1.2.
Monism
121
3.1.3.
An alternative approach
122
3.2.
National law in international law
123
3.2.1.
International law is supreme in its domain
123
3.2.2.
The application of national law within international law
124
3.2.3.
Use of national law by international tribunals to resolve disputes
125
3.2.4.
Use of national law to resolve a state's position on a question of international law
129
3.3.
International law in national law
132
3.4.
Different approaches to the implementation of international law in national law
136
3.4.1.
Transformation
136
3.4.2.
Incorporation
137
3.4.3.
The implementation of customary international law into national law
138
3.4.3.1.
Common law states
138
3.4.3.1.1.
The United Kingdom
138
3.4.3.1.2.
The United States
141
3.4.3.1.3.
Australia
143
3.4.3.2.
Civil law states
144
3.4.3.2.1.
Italy, Germany and Japan
144
3.4.3.2.2.
Portugal and the Netherlands
145
3.4.3.3.
Contemporary developments: growing constitutional recognition of the primacy of customary international law
145
3.4.4.
The implementation of treaty law into national law
146
3.4.4.1.
Common law states
147
3.4.4.1.1.
The United Kingdom
147
3.4.4.1.2.
The United States
148
3.4.4.1.3.
Australia
149
3.4.4.2.
Civil law states
151
3.4.4.2.1.
Germany
151
3.4.4.2.2.
Japan
151
3.4.4.2.3.
The Netherlands
151
3.4.4.3.
Contemporary developments: automatic incorporation of treaty law into domestic law
152
3.5.
Conclusions
153
4.
The subjects of international law: states
155
4.1.
The nature of the personality of states in international law
157
4.2.
Sovereignty
158
4.3.
Traditional criteria for statehood
161
4.3.1.
First criterion: permanent population
162
4.3.2.
Second criterion: territory
163
4.3.3.
Third criterion: government
165
4.3.4.
Fourth criterion: capacity to enter into legal relations
167
4.4.
Recognition
168
4.4.1.
Political recognition of statehood
169
4.4.2.
Declaratory and constitutive theories of recognition
172
4.4.3.
De facto and de jure recognition
173
4.4.4.
Current recognition practice
174
4.5.
Contemporary developments and the role of other criteria in the development of statehood
176
4.5.1.
Willingness to observe international law and fundamental rights
176
4.6.
The principle of territorial sovereignty
180
4.6.1.
Territory, title and sovereignty
181
4.6.2.
The role of territorial sovereignty
182
4.6.3.
Territory and the state
183
4.6.4.
The acquisition of territorial sovereignty
184
4.6.5.
The former modes of acquisition
185
4.6.5.1.
Accretion
185
4.6.5.2.
Cession
186
4.6.5.3.
Occupation
186
4.6.5.4.
Prescription
187
4.6.5.5.
Subjugation
188
4.6.6.
Departure from the traditional modes of acquisition -- guiding principles
189
4.6.6.1.
Relativity of title
189
4.6.6.2.
Inter-temporal law and critical dates
190
4.6.6.3.
Continued and effective occupation and administration
191
4.6.6.4.
Changing values in the international community and the principle of stability
191
4.7.
Scope of territorial sovereignty
192
4.8.
Future directions in territorial sovereignty
193
4.9.
Peoples and self-determination
194
4.9.1.
Development of the principle of self-determination
195
4.9.1.1.
Self-determination up to the Second World War
195
4.9.1.2.
The UN Charter and Resolutions
197
4.9.2.
Decolonization and uti possidetis
199
4.9.3.
Recent developments
200
4.9.4.
Self-determination and recognition in the current climate
203
4.10.
Conclusions
204
5.
Other subjects of international law: non-state actors and international law's evolution
207
5.1.
International organizations
209
5.1.1.
The United Nations
211
5.1.1.1.
Organs and functions of the United Nations
211
5.1.1.1.1.
The General Assembly
213
5.1.1.1.2.
The Security Council
213
5.1.1.1.3.
The Economic and Social Council
216
5.1.1.1.4.
The Trusteeship Council
217
5.1.1.1.5.
The International Court of Justice
217
5.1.1.1.6.
The Secretariat
219
5.1.1.2.
International personality of the United Nations
220
5.2.
Non-governmental organizations: the growing place of civil society in international law
225
5.3.
Individuals: the rupture of state-centric international law?
229
5.3.1.
International duties of individuals
230
5.3.1.1.
Individual criminal responsibility
231
5.3.2.
International rights of individuals
234
5.3.2.1.
Human rights
235
5.4.
Corporations
237
5.5.
Some other non-state actors
241
5.6.
Conclusions
242
6.
Jurisdiction privileges and immunities
244
6.1.
Types of jurisdiction: prescription and enforcement
246
6.1.1.
Prescriptive jurisdiction
246
6.1.2.
Enforcement jurisdiction
247
6.2.
Civil and criminal jurisdiction
248
6.3.
Bases of jurisdiction
250
6.3.1.
Territorial principle
251
6.3.1.1.
The effects doctrine
254
6.3.2.
Nationality principle
255
6.3.3.
Protective principle
256
6.3.4.
Passive personality principle
257
6.3.5.
Universal jurisdiction
258
6.3.5.1.
Crimes at customary international law
259
6.3.5.2.
Treaties providing for `universal jurisdiction': aut dedere aut judicare
262
6.3.5.3.
True universal jurisdiction
263
6.3.5.4.
Illegal apprehension of accused
265
6.3.6.
The Alien Tort Claims Statute
266
6.4.
Extradition
266
6.5.
Immunity from jurisdiction
268
6.5.1.
Origins: the doctrine of absolute sovereign immunity
268
6.5.2.
The restrictive or qualified sovereign immunity doctrine
270
6.5.3.
The nature test
271
6.5.4.
Functional immunity
272
6.5.4.1.
The scope of functional immunity
273
6.5.4.2.
Personal status immunity
275
6.5.4.2.1.
Diplomatic and consular immunity
276
6.6.
Conclusions
278
7.
State responsibility
280
7.1.
The ILC Articles and the changing discourse of state responsibility
281
7.1.1.
The long road to codification
281
7.1.2.
Significance of the Articles
282
7.2.
Internationally wrongful acts
283
7.3.
The rules of attribution
284
7.3.1.
State organs
284
7.3.2.
Governmental authority
285
7.3.3.
Instructions, direction or control
287
7.3.4.
Adoption and insurrection movements
289
7.3.5.
Derived responsibility
290
7.3.6.
Lex specialis
291
7.4.
Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
292
7.4.1.
Consent
292
7.4.2.
Self-defence
293
7.4.3.
Force majeure
293
7.4.4.
Distress
294
7.4.5.
Necessity
294
7.5.
Consequences of breach
296
7.5.1.
Cessation
296
7.5.2.
Assurances and guarantees of non-repetition
297
7.5.3.
Reparations
297
7.5.4.
Restitution
299
7.5.5.
Compensation
299
7.5.6.
Satisfaction
300
7.6.
Invocation of state responsibility
301
7.6.1.
The injured state
301
7.6.2.
The non-injured state
302
7.6.3.
Plurality of injured or responsible states
303
7.6.4.
Countermeasures
303
7.7.
The state's diplomatic protection over its natural and juristic persons
304
7.8.
Conclusions
306
8.
International law and the use of force
307
8.1.
Development of the law on the use of force in international law
308
8.1.1.
Early attempts to regulate the use of force
308
8.1.2.
Early religious doctrines
309
8.1.3.
The Age of Enlightenment
309
8.1.4.
Early twentieth century
310
8.1.5.
The League of Nations
311
8.2.
The United Nations and the post-war system of collective security
313
8.2.1.
The meaning of `force' and `threat of force'
313
8.2.2.
The meaning of `against the territorial integrity or political independence'
315
8.3.
Invitation and intervention
316
8.3.1.
Non-international armed conflicts
316
8.3.2.
Delivery of humanitarian aid
317
8.3.3.
Regional peacekeeping and enforcement actions
319
8.4.
Humanitarian intervention
320
8.4.1.
Sovereignty and humanitarian intervention
321
8.4.2.
Legitimacy and the future of humanitarian intervention
325
8.5.
Exception to the rule: self-defence and collective self-defence
326
8.5.1.
Development of self-defence
326
8.5.2.
Self-defence under the UN Charter
327
8.5.3.
Collective self-defence
331
8.5.4.
Status of anticipatory self-defence
333
8.5.5.
Self-defence and pre-emption
334
8.6.
Exception to the rule: Chapter VII authority of the Security Council
335
8.6.1.
Responsibility to protect
338
8.7.
Conclusions
340
9.
Pacific resolution of disputes
343
9.1.
The legal framework
343
9.2.
Non-judicial settlement procedures (non-binding)
344
9.2.1.
Negotiation
344
9.2.2.
Inquiry
345
9.2.3.
Good offices
346
9.2.4.
Mediation and conciliation
347
9.2.5.
The general role of the United Nations
347
9.3.
International arbitration (binding)
348
9.3.1.
Diplomatic protection: admissibility of state claims
349
9.4.
International tribunals (binding)
351
9.4.1.
WTO Appellate Body
352
9.4.2.
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
352
9.4.3.
International Criminal Court
353
9.4.4.
Human rights mechanisms
354
9.5.
International Court of Justice
355
9.5.1.
Procedure and practice: admissibility and organization
355
9.5.2.
Role and jurisdiction
356
9.5.2.1.
Applicable law and general jurisdiction
356
9.5.2.2.
Preliminary consideration
357
9.5.2.3.
Contentious jurisdiction
358
9.5.2.3.1.
Special agreements
358
9.5.2.3.2.
Forum prorogatum
359
9.5.2.3.3.
Treaties providing jurisdiction
360
9.5.2.3.4.
Optional clause
360
9.5.3.
Terminating a declaration
361
9.5.4.
Provisional measures
362
9.5.5.
Remedies and enforcement
363
9.5.6.
Advisory Opinions
364
9.6.
Conclusions
365
Index
367