Genocide denials and the law / edited by Ludovic Hennebel, Thomas Hochmann.
2011
KZ7180 .G42 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Genocide denials and the law / edited by Ludovic Hennebel, Thomas Hochmann.
Published
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KZ7180 .G42 2011
ISBN
9780199738922 (cloth : alk. paper)
0199738920 (cloth : alk. paper)
0199738920 (cloth : alk. paper)
Description
li, 327 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)663773487
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Contributors
xi
Preface
xiii
Introduction
xvii
pt. ONE
From Genocide to Denial
1
1.
Law's Holocaust Denial: State, Memory, Legality / David Fraser
3
1.
Introduction: Law's Holocaust/Law's Amnesia
3
2.
Blind in the Left Eye: Weimar, Law's Republic and Denial
11
3.
Holocaust and Legal History
19
4.
Memory Laws and Law's Memory
22
5.
Memory/Law-Memory Laws
27
5.1.
The loi Gayssot
29
5.2.
Lois Memorielles
30
5.3.
The Armenian (Genocide) in French Law
39
6.
Conclusion
47
2.
From Trying the Perpetrator to Trying the Denier and Back Again: Some Reflections / Lawrence Douglas
49
1.
The Logic of the Law: Denier as Perpetrator
49
2.
The Risks of Trial: Perpetrator as Denier
60
3.
Trying the Perpetrator to Answer the Denier
65
pt. TWO
Balancing Denial Prohibition
75
3.
Holocaust Denial and Hate Speech / Robert A. Kahn
77
1.
The Problem of "Bare" Denial
77
2.
A "Minor Province of Censorship?"
79
3.
Judging Hate by Its Content
82
4.
Is Bare Denial Hateful?
84
5.
The Limits of Traditional Hate Speech Laws
86
6.
The Perils of Blanket Denial Laws
90
7.
Bringing "Hate" Back In
94
7.1.
Past Hate as a Rationale for Genocide Denial Laws
95
7.2.
Past Hate as a Justification for anti-Denial Laws in European Jurisprudence
96
7.3.
Past Hate as a Yardstick for Future Genocide Denial Laws
100
8.
Holocaust Denial Laws and Blasphemy
103
9.
Conclusion
106
4.
Defending Truth: Holocaust Denial in the Twenty-First Century / Kenneth Lasson
109
1.
Holocaust Denial
112
1.1.
The Nature of Denial
113
1.2.
Denial in the Twenty-First Century
113
1.3.
Denial in the Middle East
116
1.4.
Confronting Denial
122
1.5.
The Academic Voice
123
1.6.
Books
124
1.7.
Holocaust Denial and Political Correctness
125
2.
Historical Aspects of Free Expression: Framers and Revisionists
128
2.1.
Principles of Liberty
129
2.2.
The Right of Access
133
2.3.
Arguments in Deference to Freedom of Expression
136
2.4.
Arguments in Favor of Regulating Hate Speech
140
2.5.
The Experience Elsewhere
144
1.
Canada
144
2.
England
146
3.
France
146
4.
Sweden
147
5.
United States
147
3.
The Quest for Truth in a Free Society
148
3.1.
Ignorance and Education
148
3.2.
Liberty and Responsibility
151
3.3.
Toward a More Responsible Press
152
4.
Summary and Conclusion
153
5.
The Criminal Protection of Memory: Some Observations About the Offence of Holocaust Denial / Emanuela Fronza
155
1.
Law as Protection Against Oblivion: Punishing Holocaust Denial as Part of a General Trend
155
1.1.
Les "Lois Memorielles" and the Crime of Denial
156
2.
Denial as an Offence
160
3.
Deniers on Trial
167
3.1.
History as Res Judicala: the Holocaust as a "Historically Established Fact" and Garaudy v. France
168
3.2.
History on Trial: "the Correct Method" and the Theil Case
170
3.3.
Claims About Facts and Claims About Values: the Spanish Tribunal Constitucional's Judgement of Partial Unconstitutionality
172
4.
The Judge as Historian?
175
5.
Denial as an Attack on the Founding Ethical Pact and the Need for a Long Road of Memory
178
pt. THREE
Ruling Denial Prohibition
183
6.
The Law of Holocaust Denial in Europe: Toward a (qualified) EU-wide Criminal Prohibition / Laurent Pech
185
1.
The Situation Before 9/11: United in Diversity
187
1.1.
The Principle: The Lack of Criminal Provisions Prohibiting the Denial of the Holocaust
188
1.2.
The Exception: The Express Criminalization of Holocaust Denial in "Militant Democracies"
190
1.
Punishing the "Auschwitz Lie" in Countries Haunted by Their Dark Past: The Example of Germany
190
2.
Punishing Holocaust Denial in a Context of Extreme-Right Resurgence: The Example of France
198
3.
Decriminalizing the Denial of the Holocaust in a "Non-Militant" Democracy: The "Surprising" Judgment of the Spanish Constitutional Court
206
2.
Holocaust Denial Laws Before the European Court of Human Rights: From a Low Standard of Scrutiny to the Absence of any Scrutiny
210
2.1.
The Principle: The Freedom to Express Offensive, Shocking, or Disturbing Information or Ideas
210
2.2.
The Holocaust Denial Exception: No Freedom to Deny "Clearly Established Historical Facts"
213
1.
The Initial Approach: A Minimalist Degree of Scrutiny Under Article 10 ECHR Interpreted in Light of Article 17 ECHR
213
2.
A More Radical Approach: Holocaust Denial as an Abuse of Right
217
3.
The Triumph of the Militant Democracies' Camp: The 2008 EU Framework Decision on Combating Certain Forms and Expressions of Racism and Xenophobia by Means of Criminal Law
223
3.1.
The Lack of a Universal Consensus
223
3.2.
A Long Time in the Coming: The 2008 EU FD on racism
226
7.
Denial of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Crimes Against Humanity: A Comparative Overview of Ad Hoc Statutes / Martin Imbleau
235
1.
Introduction
235
2.
Deniers' Intent and Tactics
237
3.
Scope of Ad Hoc Statutes
241
3.1.
Historical Events Targeted
241
3.2.
From Complete Denial to Moral Equivalence---The Spectrum of Ad Hoc Statutes
244
3.3.
The Event and the Rules of Evidence
246
3.4.
Formal Legislative Establishment and References to International Tribunal Decision
249
4.
An Overview of Ad Hoc Statutes and Other Approaches
255
4.1.
Ad hoc Statutes in Europe
255
1.
Germany
255
2.
France
257
3.
United Kingdom
259
4.
Austria
260
5.
Switzerland
261
6.
Belgium
261
7.
Spain
261
8.
Other European Countries
262
4.2.
North America
263
1.
Canada
264
2.
United States
265
4.3.
Israel
267
5.
Standardization of Ad Hoc Approaches in Europe
267
6.
Requirements to Prosecute Denial as a Form of Hate Speech: Are Ad Hoc Statutes Justified Infringements of the Freedom of Speech?
269
7.
Future Developments: The Cases of Japan, Rwanda, and Former Yugoslavia
273
8.
Conclusion
275
8.
The Denier's Intent / Thomas Hochmann
279
1.
A few "psychological" considerations
281
1.1.
Bare Denial as a Hidden Racist Attack
281
1.2.
Denial as a Way to Fame
282
1.3.
"Bona fide" Denial as Fanaticism: The Wishful Thinking of a Racist
283
1.4.
The Repercussions of State Denial
287
2.
Psychology of Denial Without a Specific Statute
289
2.1.
Assessment of the Methodology
289
2.2.
Other Techniques: Inferring Bad Faith
293
1.
Common Knowledge
293
2.
The Denier's Racism
294
3.
Explicit Prohibition of Denial and the Denier's Intent
298
3.1.
Legislative Discretion
303
3.2.
Intent and Consequences
305
1.
Some Distinctions
305
2.
Looking for a Normative Support for the Dogma of Intent
307
3.
"Substantial" speech regulations
308
4.
"Consequential"speech regulations
311
5.
Result: Irrelevance of the speaker's intent
312
6.
The Possibility of Making an Extra Requirement
313
4.
Conclusion
317
Index
321