The individual in the international legal system : continuity and change in international law / Kate Parlett.
2011
KZ3920 .P37 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
The individual in the international legal system : continuity and change in international law / Kate Parlett.
Published
Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Call Number
KZ3920 .P37 2011
ISBN
9780521196666 (hbk.)
0521196663 (hbk.)
0521196663 (hbk.)
Description
xlii, 413 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)662154346
Summary
"Kate Parlett's study of the individual in the international legal system examines the way in which individuals have come to have a certain status in international law, from the first treaties conferring rights and capacities on individuals through to the present day. The analysis cuts across fields including human rights law, international investment law, international claims processes, humanitarian law and international criminal law in order to draw conclusions about structural change in the international legal system. By engaging with much new literature on non-state actors in international law, she seeks to dispel myths about state-centrism and the direction in which the international legal system continues to evolve"-- Provided by publisher.
"In the relatively open and flexible international system of the 21st century, the formal status of entities may seem to have little significance. Whether an individual is a direct right-bearer or an indirect beneficiary of an inter-state obligation may seem to be a distinction without a difference for the operation of the primary rules of international law: either way, the individual benefits from some substantive right, held either directly or through its state of nationality. But when it comes to the operation of secondary rules, the distinction assumes practical significance"-- Provided by publisher.
"In the relatively open and flexible international system of the 21st century, the formal status of entities may seem to have little significance. Whether an individual is a direct right-bearer or an indirect beneficiary of an inter-state obligation may seem to be a distinction without a difference for the operation of the primary rules of international law: either way, the individual benefits from some substantive right, held either directly or through its state of nationality. But when it comes to the operation of secondary rules, the distinction assumes practical significance"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 373-393) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
xiii
Acknowledgements
xv
Select list of abbreviations
xviii
Table of cases
xx
Table of treaties
xxxiii
Part I: The Framework
1
1.
Structures of the international legal system
3
1.1.
Introduction
3
1.2.
Methodology: a rules-based approach
7
1.3.
The engagement of individuals in the international legal system: structural issues
10
a.
Prelude: differing legal structures in the early period
10
b.
The long nineteenth century
13
c.
The inter-war period
16
d.
The post-1945 international legal system
26
1.4.
International legal personality as the measure of engagement in the international legal system
29
a.
Development of the doctrine of subjects: the Reparations Opinion
30
b.
Sui generis subjects of international law
32
c.
The individual as a 'subject' of international law
36
1.5.
Challenges to the centrality of states in the international legal system: alternative approaches
38
a.
Positivism in its classical and modern forms
40
b.
Process approaches
42
c.
'Cosmopolitanism'
43
Part II: The Individual in International Law
45
2.
The individual and international claims
47
2.1.
Introduction
47
2.2.
Doctrine and practice pre-1914
48
a.
Vanes articulation
49
b.
The practice
50
i.
Arbitration of specifically defined diplomatic protection claims
52
ii.
Claims tribunals and commissions
54
A.
Control of the claim
55
B.
Payment of awards
57
C.
Binding effect of the decision on an inter-state basis
58
D.
Standing before the International Prize Court and the Central American Court of Justice
60
c.
Conclusions
62
2.3.
Doctrine and practice in the inter-war period
65
a.
The development of doctrine
65
b.
The practice of international claims tribunals
71
i.
Mixed arbitral tribunals after the First World War
72
A.
The mixed arbitral tribunals under the Peace Treaties
72
B.
The US Mixed Claims Commissions
73
C.
The Upper Silesian Mixed Commission and Arbitral Tribunal
74
ii.
Mexican Claims Commissions 1923-1932
77
c.
Conclusions
83
2.4.
Diplomatic protection and individual claims after 1945
85
a.
The development of doctrine
85
i.
Diplomatic protection
85
ii.
Individual rights
94
b.
International claims tribunals and commissions
97
i.
Post-Second World War commissions and tribunals
97
ii.
The Iran-US Claims Tribunal
98
iii.
The UN Compensation Commission
101
c.
Investment treaty arbitration
103
d.
Conclusions
119
2.5.
Conclusions: the position of the individual relative to international claims
120
Appendix I Arbitration of diplomatic protection claims 1794-1914
124
Appendix II International claims tribunals and commissions 1794-1914
134
Appendix III International claims tribunals and commissions 1919-1939
162
3.
The individual in international humanitarian law
176
3.1.
Introduction
176
3.2.
The individual in international armed conflict
177
a.
Regulation of international war pre-1914
177
b.
Developments in the inter-war period
180
c.
The individual in international armed conflict after 1945
181
i.
The 1949 Geneva Conventions
182
ii.
Additional Protocol I of 1977
189
iii.
Customary international humanitarian law
191
iv.
International human rights law applicable in international armed conflict
193
3.3.
The individual in internal armed conflict
196
a.
Regulation of civil war pre-1914
198
b.
The inter-war period
206
c.
The individual in internal armed conflict after 1945
208
i.
Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions
208
ii.
Additional Protocol II
213
iii.
Customary international humanitarian law
219
iv.
International human rights law applicable in non-international armed conflict
222
3.4.
Conclusions: the position of the individual in international humanitarian law
224
4.
The individual in international criminal law
229
4.1.
Introduction
229
4.2.
Individual responsibility before 1919
230
4.3.
The inter-war period: the Kaiser and the Leipzig trials
234
4.4.
Individual responsibility after 1945
241
a.
Post-Second World War prosecutions
241
i.
The Nuremberg Tribunal
241
ii.
The Tokyo Tribunal
249
iii.
Control Council Law No. 10 trials and military commissions in the Pacific
251
b.
The 'Nuremberg Principles'
253
c.
Development of substantive international criminal law in the United Nations
258
d.
International criminal tribunals and courts
260
i.
Ad hoc international tribunals
261
ii.
The International Criminal Court
267
iii.
International crimes before 'hybrid' and domestic courts
271
4.5.
Conclusions: the position of the individual in international criminal law
274
5.
The individual in international human rights law
278
5.1.
Introduction
278
5.2.
Antecedents: the case of slavery
279
5.3.
Protection of individuals during the inter-war period
282
a.
Minorities
282
b.
Inhabitants of mandated territories
287
c.
Refugees
291
d.
The International Labour Organisation
294
e.
Conclusions
295
5.4.
International protection of human rights after 1945
296
a.
Human rights rhetoric during the Second World War
296
b.
Preparation for an international bill of rights
299
c.
The United Nations Charter: a promise postponed
301
d.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
306
e.
From moral imperative to legal articulation: state obligations, individual rights and international enforcement in the European system
307
f.
Human rights and state obligations in the UN system
312
i.
Subject-specific conventions
313
ii.
The International Covenants
315
iii.
Declarations of specific rights
320
iv.
Special procedures before the Human Rights Commission (now the Human Rights Council)
321
g.
Customary international human rights law: from soft to hard law?
322
h.
Jus cogens human rights norms
326
i.
The evolution of enforcement mechanisms: the regional systems
j.
Conclusions
327
5.5.
Conclusions: the position of the individual in international human rights law
337
Part III: Reassessing the Framework
341
6.
Reflections on the structures of the international legal system
343
6.1.
Introduction
343
6.2.
Historical development of the position of the individual in the international legal system
343
a.
The nineteenth century international legal system
343
b.
The inter-war period
346
c.
The post-1945 international legal system
349
6.3.
International legal personality as the measure of engagement: the case of the individual
353
a.
'Subjects' versus 'objects'
353
b.
Locating individuals: rights, obligations and capacities
358
c.
Moving from the actor to the action? The notion of international law relationships
363
6.4.
Reflections on structural transition in the international legal system: the case of the individual
365
a.
Relative openness and flexibility of the system
365
b.
Forces for structural change: solutions above theories
367
c.
States in the international legal system
369
Bibliography
373
Index
394