Human rights in times of conflict and terrorism / Louise Doswald-Beck.
2011
K3240 .D678 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Human rights in times of conflict and terrorism / Louise Doswald-Beck.
Published
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2011.
Call Number
K3240 .D678 2011
ISBN
9780199578931
0199578931
9780199578948 (pbk. )
019957894X (pbk. )
0199578931
9780199578948 (pbk. )
019957894X (pbk. )
Description
xlv, 550 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)713186698
Note
"Académie de droit international humanitaire et de droits humains à Genève = Geneva academy of international humanitarian law and human rights."
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [535]-540) and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Jaffe Fund
Added Corporate Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Jaffe Fund
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
xxi
Table of Treaties
xxxiii
Table of Other Instruments
xxxvii
List of Abbreviations
xliii
Note to the Reader
xlvii
Introduction
1
pt. I
OVERARCHING ELEMENTS
1.
Application Of Human Rights Law
5
1.1.
At all times: during both peace and armed conflict
5
1.1.1.
Treaty provisions and their interpretation
5
1.1.2.
Practice of States and UN Charter bodies
6
1.2.
Scope of application: jurisdiction
9
1.2.1.
Treaty provisions
9
1.2.2.
Interpretation of the reference to `territory' in the ICCPR provision
10
1.2.3.
Application where there is no jurisdiction clause
11
1.2.4.
Meaning of `jurisdiction'
12
1.2.5.
Where the State has lost control of parts of its national territory
13
1.2.6.
Control of another State's territory as a result of military action
14
1.2.7.
Responsibility for transfers to other States
18
1.2.8.
Control or decisive effect over persons outside own territory
18
1.2.9.
Activities affecting persons outside the States bound by a regional treaty
21
1.3.
International peacekeeping operations: jurisdiction and imputability
22
1.4.
Relationship between `jurisdiction' and `imputability'
25
1.5.
Relationship between `jurisdiction' and `occupation'
28
2.
Ensuring Rights
30
2.1.
Treaty provisions and general principles
30
2.2.
The obligation to `ensure' or `secure' rights
32
2.2.1.
Immediate and full implementation
32
2.2.2.
Ensuring the separation of powers and basic principles of democracy
33
2.2.3.
The requirement of reality in the justice system
34
2.2.4.
Steps necessary to prevent violations of specific rights
35
2.2.5.
Obligation of `due diligence' with regard to the actions of private persons or entities
37
2.2.6.
Punishment to be of a nature to deter future violations
38
2.2.7.
Situations in which it is impossible to ensure respect
39
2.2.8.
Clash of international obligations
41
2.3.
Realization of economic, social, and cultural rights
42
2.3.1.
Interpretation developed by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
42
2.3.2.
Interpretation of ESCR by the African Commission
46
2.3.3.
Hybrid obligations
46
2.4.
The requirement of non-discrimination
49
2.4.1.
Treaty provisions
49
2.4.2.
Meaning of `discrimination'
52
2.4.3.
Distinctions based on nationality
54
2.4.4.
Profiling in counter-terrorism measures
55
2.5.
Right to a remedy
57
2.5.1.
Treaty provisions
57
2.5.2.
Requirement for remedy where a violation of a treaty right is concerned
58
2.5.3.
Meaning of `effective remedy1
60
2.5.4.
Relationship between right to a remedy and other rights
64
2.5.5.
International counter-terrorism measures and right to a remedy
66
2.5.6.
Right to a remedy during states of emergency
67
3.
The Regime Of Limitations And Derogations
68
3.1.
General principles
68
3.1.1.
Some absolute rights
68
3.1.2.
Freedoms with inherent limitations
68
3.1.3.
Measures during an emergency
69
3.1.4.
Non-discrimination
70
3.1.5.
ECHR and the margin of appreciation
70
3.1.6.
Derogations and limitations to economic, social, and cultural rights
70
3.2.
System of limitations
71
3.2.1.
General overview of treaty provisions
71
3.2.2.
Provided by `law1
72
3.2.3.
Purpose
75
3.2.4.
Necessity
76
3.2.5.
Abuse of rights
78
3.3.
System of derogations
79
3.3.1.
General overview of the treaty provisions
79
3.3.2.
Interpretation of `emergency' by the treaty bodies
82
3.3.3.
Derogations prohibited because they would violate other rules of international law
89
3.3.4.
The overarching need to maintain the rule of law
90
3.3.5.
Interpretation of `to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation'
99
3.3.6.
Conclusion
104
4.
The Role Of International Humanitarian Law In Human Rights Law
106
4.1.
Introduction
106
4.2.
The International Court of Justice
106
4.3.
United Nations Human Rights Council
108
4.4.
Human rights treaty bodies
108
4.4.1.
Treaty requirements to consider international humanitarian law
108
4.4.2.
The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
109
4.4.3.
Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights
111
4.4.4.
The European Court of Human Rights
115
4.5.
Non-State actors
117
4.5.1.
Introduction
117
4.5.2.
Different approach in IHL and human rights treaties
117
4.5.3.
Human rights responsibilities of non-State actors and individuals
118
4.6.
Utility of using international humanitarian law in a human rights assessment
122
4.6.1.
Where the two bodies of law provide the same rules
122
4.6.2.
IHL rules that can be impliedly included in ESCR rules
123
4.6.3.
Express reference to IHL in human rights treaties
124
4.6.4.
IHL rules that do not exist in human rights treaties
124
5.
International Measures To Prevent Terrorism And Human Rights Protection
127
5.1.
Introduction
127
5.2.
Counter-terrorism treaties
128
5.2.1.
Universal treaties
128
5.2.2.
Regional treaties
130
5.3.
Measures taken by the UN Security Council
137
5.3.1.
Requirement to criminalize terrorist acts and provide mutual assistance
137
5.3.2.
Sanctions regime---freezing of assets and travel restrictions
142
5.3.3.
Security Council requirements for counter-terrorism measures to respect human rights
145
5.4.
Measures taken by the UN Human Rights Commission and Human Rights Council
147
5.4.1.
Before 2001
147
5.4.2.
Resolutions on counter-terrorism and human rights after 2001
147
5.4.3.
Special rapporteurs on counter-terrorism and human rights
148
5.5.
Measures taken by the UN General Assembly and UN Secretary-General
149
5.5.1.
Counter-terrorism treaties
149
5.5.2.
Resolutions on counter-terrorism and human rights
150
5.5.3.
Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
150
5.6.
International case-law relating to binding UN Security Council measures and human rights
153
pt. II
ABSOLUTE PROHIBITIONS
6.
Prohibition Of Arbitrary Deprivation Of Life
161
6.1.
Treaty provisions and basic principles
161
6.2.
Law enforcement operations
163
6.2.1.
Basic principles
163
6.2.2.
The need for an adequate legislative framework, training, and advance planning
165
6.2.3.
Arrest and lack of necessity for the use of lethal force
167
6.2.4.
Demonstrations and riots
169
6.2.5.
Use of technologies labelled `non-lethal'
171
6.3.
Use of force during armed hostilities
172
6.3.1.
Evaluation of necessity to use armed force and adequate planning
172
6.3.2.
Need for proper identification of suspected rebels
176
6.3.3.
Protecting the lives of injured persons
177
6.4.
Death or disappearance of persons in the power of government agents
178
6.4.1.
Deaths in custody
178
6.4.2.
Where person was last seen with government agents
178
6.5.
Responsibility of the State to protect life when killings are committed by non-State actors
180
6.6.
Requirement to investigate possible violations of the right to life
184
6.6.1.
When an investigation is required
186
6.7.
Armed conflict and `arbitrary deprivation of life'
188
6.7.1.
Meaning of the term `war' in human rights treaties
192
7.
Prohibition Of Torture, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment
194
7.1.
Absolute nature of the prohibition
194
7.2.
Definitions
196
7.2.1.
Inhuman treatment or punishment
196
7.2.2.
Degrading treatment or punishment
198
7.2.3.
Torture
199
7.3.
Evaluation of certain practices
202
7.3.1.
The death penalty
202
7.3.2.
Indefinite detention
205
7.3.3.
Isolation
206
7.3.4.
Rape and other forms of sexual violence
209
7.3.5.
Use of physical force and methods of restraint
209
7.3.6.
Corporal punishment
211
7.3.7.
Discrimination
212
7.3.8.
Lack of medical care
212
7.3.9.
Poor physical conditions of detention
213
7.4.
Non-refoulement
214
7.4.1.
General principle
214
7.4.2.
Method of evaluating that the risk is real
214
7.4.3.
Rule and evaluation method the same for all persons
215
7.4.4.
Diplomatic assurances
217
7.4.5.
Extraordinary renditions
218
7.5.
Preventive and deterrence measures
218
7.5.1.
Interrogation methods
219
7.5.2.
Statements made as a result of torture may not be used as evidence
220
7.5.3.
Access to a lawyer
220
7.5.4.
Transparency of detention
221
7.5.5.
Examination by a doctor
223
7.5.6.
Detainee to be informed of his or her rights
223
7.5.7.
Duty to investigate a complaint
223
7.5.8.
Supervision by an independent body and complaint procedure
224
7.6.
Right to humane treatment
225
7.6.1.
Treaty provisions
225
7.6.2.
Resolutions and other documents
226
8.
Prohibition Of Enforced Disappearances
228
8.1.
Definition of `enforced disappearance'
228
8.2.
Enforced disappearance as a violation of human rights
229
8.2.1.
Enforced disappearance as a serious multiple human rights violation
229
8.2.2.
The right to life
230
8.2.3.
The prohibition of torture, or inhuman or degrading treatment
235
8.2.4.
The right to liberty and security of person
240
8.2.5.
Right to a remedy
243
8.3.
Specific instruments relating to enforced disappearance
246
8.3.1.
United Nations Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, 1992
246
8.3.2.
Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons, 1994
247
8.3.3.
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, 2006
247
pt. III
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF DUE PROCESS
9.
Prohibition Of Arbitrary Detention
253
9.1.
Basic principles
253
9.2.
Meaning of `detention'
254
9.2.1.
Treaty provisions applicable to all forms of detention
254
9.2.2.
Disciplinary measures and military service
254
9.2.3.
House arrest and control orders
255
9.3.
Deprivation of liberty to be in accordance with the law
255
9.4.
Grounds for detention and procedure adopted must not be arbitrary
257
9.4.1.
The ECHR
257
9.4.2.
The other general human rights treaties
260
9.5.
Administrative detention on security grounds
263
9.5.1.
The ECHR
263
9.5.2.
The other general human rights treaties
263
9.6.
Information on reasons for detention
264
9.6.1.
Treaty provisions
264
9.6.2.
Meaning of `arrest' not limited to criminal cases
265
9.6.3.
Content and timing of the information
265
9.7.
Access to persons outside the detention centre
266
9.7.1.
Access to a lawyer
267
9.7.2.
Access to a diplomatic or consular official
268
9.8.
Right to supervision of the lawfulness of detention (habeas corpus)
269
9.8.1.
Treaty provisions
269
9.8.2.
Application to anyone in detention on request
270
9.8.3.
Time within which the remedy must be available
270
9.8.4.
Repetition of review
271
9.8.5.
Must be heard by a court or a court-like body
271
9.8.6.
Nature of evaluation and procedural guarantees
272
9.8.7.
Application during armed conflict and emergency
276
10.
Pre-Trial Detention
280
10.1.
Introduction
280
10.2.
Requirement for a lawful arrest
280
10.2.1.
Arrest warrant
280
10.2.2.
Arrest overseas: abduction or lawful arrest and transfer?
281
10.2.3.
Arrest on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence
282
10.2.4.
Prompt information of charges against arrested person
284
10.3.
Requirement to be brought promptly before a judicial officer
285
10.3.1.
Treaty provisions
285
10.3.2.
Purpose of this procedure
286
10.3.3.
Meaning of `promptly'
287
10.3.4.
Required nature of the judicial authority
288
10.4.
Right to trial within a reasonable time or to release
289
10.4.1.
Treaty provisions
289
10.4.2.
Basic principle
290
10.4.3.
Elements that are to be taken into account
290
10.5.
Derogation during states of emergency
294
10.5.1.
Introduction
294
10.5.2.
Requirement for a lawful arrest
295
10.5.3.
Requirement to be brought promptly before a judicial officer
296
11.
Crimes And The Principle Of Legality
300
11.1.
Legal basis required for conviction and punishment: basic principles
300
11.1.1.
Treaty provisions
300
11.1.2.
Non-derogabtlity
301
11.1.3.
Definition of `crime'
301
11.2.
Clarity of definition of crimes
302
11.2.1.
Drafting and interpretation of legal provision
302
11.2.2.
Penalties
303
11.2.3.
Problem of `terrorism' definition
304
11.3.
Prosecution of an offence after practice of tolerance
304
11.3.1.
Previous practice of not prosecuting certain persons in specific contexts
304
11.3.2.
Previous non-prosecution based on amnesty legislation
306
11.4.
International crimes and offences under general principles of law
306
11.4.
J International crimes
306
11.4.2.
General principles of law recognized by the community of nations
315
11.5.
Individual criminal responsibility and prohibition of collective punishment
316
11.5.1.
Treaty provisions
316
11.5.2.
Treaty-body practice
317
12.
Right To Be Heard By A Competent, Independent, And Impartial Tribunal
318
12.1.
Treaty provisions
318
12.2.
Right of access to a court
319
12.2.1.
Basic principle
319
12.2.2.
Access limited to procedures covered by fair trial treaty provisions
320
12.2.3.
Procedures relating to the expulsion of non-nationals
321
12.2.4.
Lack of access because of practical restraints
323
12.2.5.
Immunities
324
12.2.6.
Amnesties
329
12.2.7.
International organizations' counter-terrorism measures
330
12.3.
Definition of competent, independent, and impartial tribunal
331
12.3.1.
Meaning of `tribunal'
331
12.3.2.
Meaning of `competent','established by law'
332
12.3.3.
Meaning of `independent'
335
12.3.4.
Meaning of `impartial'
336
12.3.5.
Military tribunals
337
12.3.6.
Special courts
342
13.
Elements Of Fair Trial
345
13.1.
Basic concept
345
13.2.
Presumption of innocence
346
13.2.1.
Basic principle
346
13.2.2.
Statements by the executive
346
13.2.3.
Military and and-terrorism trials
346
13.2.4.
Lengthy pre-trial detention
347
13.2.5.
Placing persons on a `terrorism' list
347
13.3.
Equality of arms
348
13.3.1.
Basic principle
348
13.3.2.
Equality and adversarial procedure
348
13.3.3.
Use of confidential or anonymous evidence
349
13.4.
Public hearing
353
13.4.1.
Treaty provisions and basic principles
353
13.4.2.
Modalities
354
13.4.3.
Exclusion of the public for security reasons
355
13.5.
Means of defence
356
13.5.1.
Adequate services of a lawyer
356
13.5.2.
Right not to be compelled to testify against oneself or to confess guilt
363
13.5.3.
Information on the nature and cause of a charge
364
13.5.4.
Right to call and examine witnesses
365
13.5.5.
Right of an accused to be present at the trial
365
13.5.6.
Right to free assistance of an interpreter if the accused cannot understand or speak the language used in court
366
13.6.
Right to trial within a reasonable time
366
13.7.
Right to appeal to a higher tribunal
368
13.8.
Prohibition of trial more than once for the same offence (ne bis in idem)
369
13.9.
Extradition to an unfair trial
371
pt. IV
LIMITATIONS TO FREEDOMS
14.
The Right To Home, Property, Freedom Of Movement, And Residence
375
14.1.
Treaty provisions
375
14.1.1.
Right to respect for one's home
375
14.1.2.
Right to respect for one's property
375
14.1.3.
Right to freedom of movement and residence
376
14.1.4.
Procedures relating to the expulsion of non-nationals
378
14.2.
Meaning of terms
379
14.2.1.
Meaning of `home'
379
14.2.2.
Meaning of `property'
380
14.2.3.
Meaning of `freedom of movement and residence'
384
14.3.
Destruction of property, forcible evictions, and interna] displacement as a result of military operations
385
14.4.
Restrictions on or loss of property, home, and movement during occupation
389
14.4.1.
Loss of access to home or property
389
14.4.2.
Destruction of property as a penalty
394
14.4.3.
Restrictions on movement
395
14.4.4.
Taking of occupied territory's natural resources
397
14.5.
Counter-terrorism measures
398
14.5.1.
Non-access to assets or other funds
398
14.5.2.
Travel and residence restrictions
400
15.
Participation In Public Life: Freedom Of Expression, Association, And Conscience
401
15.1.
Treaty provisions
401
15.1.1.
Freedom of opinion and expression
401
15.1.2.
Freedom of association and assembly
403
15.1.3.
Right to conscience and religion
404
15.2.
Meaning of terms
405
15.2.1.
Meaning of `expression'
405
15.2.2.
Meaning of `association' and `assembly'
410
15.2.3.
Meaning of `conscience' and `religion'
412
15.3.
Interpretation of limitations to freedom of expression
414
15.3.1.
Meaning of certain terms in the limitation clauses
414
15.3.2.
Expression perceived as supporting illegal organizations, enemy nations, or terrorism
415
15.3.3.
Hate speech and war propaganda
419
15.3.4.
Limitations on the press
421
15.4.
Interpretation of limitations to freedom of association and assembly
424
15.5.
Interpretation of limitations to manifestation of belief
426
15.6.
Protection of the military and secret service
428
15.6.1.
Protection of military or security information
428
15.6.2.
The maintenance of military discipline
431
15.6.3.
Conscientious objection to military service
433
15.7.
Restrictions during military occupation
435
15.8.
Restrictions on political parties
436
15.9.
Restrictions on demonstrations and public protests
440
16.
Protection Of The Personal Sphere: Right To Private And Family Life
444
16.1.
Treaty provisions
444
16.2.
Meaning of terms
445
16.2.1.
Meaning of `private life'
445
16.2.2.
Meaning of `family life'
445
16.3.
Restrictions on prisoners
446
16.3.1.
Correspondence
446
16.3.2.
Contact with the family
448
16.4.
Surveillance, interception, and searches
449
16.4.1.
Secret surveillance
449
16.4.2.
Search of premises
452
16.4.3.
Search of a person and personal belongings
453
16.5.
Databases
454
16.6.
Placement on terrorism lists
457
16.7.
Expulsions and displacement
457
16.7.1.
Expulsions
458
16.7.2.
Displacement as a result of conflict
462
16.8.
Restrictions imposed during military occupation
463
pt. V
PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE AND DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS
17.
Economic, Social, And Cultural Rights In Situations Of Violence
467
17.1.
Elements relevant to application in such situations
467
17.1.1.
Possible derogations or limitations
467
17.1.2.
Economic sanctions
470
17.1.3.
Role of international humanitarian law
472
17.2.
Interpretation of economic, social, and cultural rights in armed conflict situations
476
17.2.1.
Case-law
476
17.2.2.
General Comments of the CESCR
480
17.2.3.
Concluding Observations of the CESCR
482
17.2.4.
Fact-finding reports
486
17.2.5.
Conclusion
490
17.3.
Protection of ESCR through civil and political rights' individual petition systems
492
17.3.1.
Rights included in both types of human rights treaties
492
17.3.2.
Interpretation of civil rights covering also economic and social rights
492
17.4.
Counter-terrorism measures and ESCR
494
17.4.1.
Effect of restrictions to civil and political rights on ESCR
494
17.4.2.
Effect of certain national counter-terrorism measures
494
17.4.3.
Effect of being on the UN Security Council sanctions list
495
17.4.4.
Conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism
496
17.4.5.
Consideration of ESCR for emergency measures
497
17.4.6.
Consideration of ESCR for peace agreements
498
18.
Vulnerable Groups During Armed Conflict And Other Violence
499
18.1.
Recognition of vulnerable groups
499
18.2.
Gender discrimination
500
18.2.1.
Definition and impact on poverty and violence
500
18.2.2.
Legal regulation of gender discrimination
501
18.2.3.
Recognition of gender discrimination in situations of armed conflict
502
18.2.4.
Militarization of boys
507
18.2.5.
Legal requirements to counter gender discrimination in conflict situations
507
18.3.
Violence against women
508
18.3.1.
Phenomenon during conflict based on pre-existing attitudes
508
18.3.2.
Legal prohibition of violence against women
511
18.3.3.
Required preventive and reparation measures
515
18.4.
Respecting human rights of people under 18 years of age
517
18.4.1.
Specific problems faced by young children and adolescents in situations of violence
517
18.4.2.
Requirement in human rights treaties to respect IHL rules that protect children during armed conflict
519
18.4.3.
Human rights rules applicable to children
521
18.4.4.
International practice on the application of children's rights in armed conflict
523
18.4.5.
Classification of the most serious abuses by the UN Security Council
525
18.5.
Law relating to the use of persons under 18 in the army and armed groups
526
18.5.1.
Law relating to recruitment and use of such persons
526
18.5.2.
Law relating to demobilization and reintegration
531
Select Bibliography
535
Index
541