Experiential legal writing : analysis, process, and documents / Diana R. Donahoe.
2011
KF250 .D66 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Experiential legal writing : analysis, process, and documents / Diana R. Donahoe.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KF250 .D66 2011
ISBN
9780735509634 (pbk. : alk. paper)
0735509638 (pbk. : alk. paper)
0735509638 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Description
xxviii, 571 pages : illustrations ; 28 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)727710398
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
xxv
Preface
xxvii
ch. 1
Legal Analysis
1
I.
Introduction
4
A.
Collecting the Facts
4
B.
Analyzing the Law
4
1.
Identifying Legal, Issues
5
2.
Finding Controlling Law
5
3.
Understanding the Relationship Among the Legal Branches
5
4.
Applying a Variety of Techniques to Create Logical Legal Arguments
6
II.
Understanding Legal Rules
6
A.
Types of Rules
7
1.
The Elements Test
7
2.
The Balancing of Factors Test
7
3.
The Totality Test
8
4.
The Exceptions Test
8
B.
Terms Within Rules
8
1.
And vs. Or
8
2.
Shall vs. May
9
C.
Organizing Around the Rule of Law
9
III.
Jurisprudence
10
A.
Historical Legal Trends
10
1.
Natural Law
10
2.
Formalism or Positivism
11
3.
Realism
11
4.
Critical Legal Studies (CLS)
11
5.
Law and Economics Theory
11
B.
Classical Rhetoric: Deduction vs. Induction
12
1.
Deduction and Syllogisms in the Law
12
2.
Induction and Inductive Reasoning in the Law
13
IV.
Statutory Interpretation
14
A.
Statutory Language
14
1.
Step 1: Finding an Applicable Statute
15
2.
Step 2: Reading the Whole Statute
15
3.
Step 3: Breaking Down a Specific Provision into Its Elements
15
4.
Step 4: Reading Signaling Words Carefully
16
B.
Statutory Interpretation Techniques
16
1.
Plain Language
16
2.
Definitions
18
3.
Context
18
4.
Case Law
20
5.
Legislative History
20
6.
Policy
22
7.
Canons of Construction
22
V.
Common Law Analysis
23
A.
Understanding Common Law
23
1.
Function and Organization of the Courts
23
a.
The Federal Court System
23
b.
The State Court System
27
c.
The Function of the Courts
28
2.
Stare Decisis
28
3.
Binding vs. Persuasive Authority
28
4.
Precedential Weight of Cases
30
a.
Holding vs. Dicta
30
b.
Majority Opinions vs. Dissents
30
c.
Other Traits Affecting the Weight of Cases
31
B.
Case Analysis
31
1.
Case Synthesis
32
2.
Case Comparisons
34
a.
Analogizing Cases
35
b.
Distinguishing Cases
35
c.
Crafting Effective Case Comparisons
36
d.
Comparing One Case
36
e.
Comparing Multiple Cases
37
f.
Using Multiple Cases to Set Out Legal Parameters or a Sliding Scale Argument
38
g.
Typical Problems with Case Comparisons
39
VI.
Policy Arguments
40
VII.
Constructing Legal Analysis
41
A.
The Formulas
42
1.
IRAC
42
2.
CRAC
42
3.
CRuPAC
42
B.
Unraveling the Myth of the Formulas
42
1.
Issue or Conclusion
43
2.
The Rule
43
3.
Application
44
4.
Counterarguments
44
5.
Conclusion
45
C.
Creativity in Legal Analysis
45
VIII.
Study Aids-Legal Analysis
46
A.
Quick References and Checklists
46
1.
Legal Analysis Generally: Checklist
46
2.
Statutory Interpretation: Checklist
47
3.
Statutory Interpretation: Quick Reference
49
4.
Statutory Interpretation: Note-Taking Chart: Quick Reference
50
5.
Case Analysis: Checklist
50
6.
Case Comparisons: Quick Reference
52
7.
Case Comparisons: Note-Taking Chart: Quick Reference
54
8.
Policy Arguments: Checklist 2
55
9.
Jurisprudence and Classical Rhetoric: Checklist
55
10.
Constructing Legal Analysis: Checklist
56
B.
Quizzes
57
1.
Legal Analysis in General: Quiz
57
2.
Binding vs. Persuasive: Quiz
59
ch. 2
The Writing Process
61
I.
Introduction to the Writing Process
64
A.
The Legal Reader
64
B.
The Goals of Legal Writing
65
C.
Creating Your Own Effective Writing Process
66
1.
Prewriting Tips
67
2.
Writing Tips
68
3.
Rewriting Tips
68
4.
Editing and Citation Tips
68
D.
Managing Your Time
69
E.
Overcoming Writer's Block
70
II.
Writing
71
A.
Writing Creatively
71
B.
Organizing Before You Write
72
1.
Getting Research Materials Together
72
2.
Outlining Your Document
73
3.
Typical Questions About Outlines
75
C.
Plagiarism and Ethics
76
1.
Plagiarism
76
2.
Ethics
77
D.
Writing Process Testimonials
77
III.
Rewriting
78
A.
Tips for Stepping into the Reader's Shoes
78
B.
Content
78
C.
Large-Scale Organization
79
1.
Identifying Issues and Breaking Down the Law
79
2.
Techniques to Help Guide the Legal Reader Through Your Document
81
a.
Roadmaps
82
b.
Topic Sentences
83
c.
Reader-Based Outlines
83
d.
Mini-Conclusions
86
D.
Paragraph Organization and Legal Analysis
86
1.
Paragraph Organization
86
2.
The Analysis Within the Paragraph
87
a.
Presenting the Rules
87
b.
Rule Application
88
3.
Typical Analysis Mistakes
89
a.
The Lazy Analogy
89
b.
The Case-Study Method
90
c.
The One-Sided Approach
90
4.
Effective Use of Signals in Your Analysis
91
E.
Small-Scale Organization-Sentence Structure
92
1.
Use Strong Subject-Verb Combinations and Avoid Annoying Clauses
92
2.
Do Not Vary Terms of Art
93
3.
Avoid Long Quotations
93
4.
Use Parallel Structure
93
5.
Be Consistent in the Use of Titles
93
6.
Write Short, Simple Sentences
94
F.
Conciseness
94
1.
Relevancy
94
2.
Redundancy
94
3.
Word Choice Tricks
95
a.
Omit "Glue Words"
95
b.
Avoid Passive Voice If Unnecessary
95
c.
Avoid Legalese
96
d.
Avoid Unnecessary Phrases
96
e.
Create Strong Subject-Verb Combinations
96
f.
Avoid Unnecessary Commentary
97
g.
Avoid Nominalizations
97
IV.
Persuasive Writing
97
A.
Moving from Objective to Persuasive Writing
98
1.
Objective Writing
98
2.
Persuasive Writing
99
B.
Designing the Theory of the Case
99
1.
What Is the Theory of Your Case?
99
2.
How to Develop a Theory of the Case
100
3.
Checklist for an Effective Theory
100
C.
Crafting the Fact Section
101
D.
Drafting the Argument Section
102
1.
Ordering of Issues
102
2.
The Legal Rules
103
3.
Adverse Authority
103
4.
Do Not Sound Defensive
103
5.
Do Not Personally Attack the Other Side
104
6.
Do Not Overstate Your Case
104
E.
Using Effective Sentence Structure and Word Choice
105
F.
Taking Advantage of Technology
106
V.
Study Aids-The Writing Process
107
A.
Quick References and Checklists
107
1.
Writing in General: Checklist I
107
2.
Writing: Checklist 7
108
3.
Rewriting: Checklist
109
4.
Persuasive Writing: Checklist 7
112
5.
Persuasive Techniques: Quick Reference n
114
6.
Self-Evaluation Form for Memos: Checklist
114
7.
Peer-Evaluation Form for Memos: Checklist
116
8.
Self-Evaluation Form for Briefs: Checklist
118
9.
Peer-Evaluation Form for Briefs: Checklist
120
B.
Quiz
122
1.
Writing and Rewriting in General: Quiz i7
122
ch. 3
Legal Documents
125
I.
Memorandums of Law
130
A.
Purpose, Audience, Scope, and View
130
B.
Formal Requirements
130
1.
Heading
131
2.
Question Presented
131
3.
Brief Answer
133
4.
Statement of Facts
134
5.
Discussion
136
a.
Discussion: Organization
136
b.
Discussion: Legal Analysis
137
6.
Conclusion
141
C.
Annotated Sample Memo 1
143
D.
Annotated Sample Memo 2
150
E.
Annotated Sample Memo 3
156
II.
Briefs
161
A.
Purpose, Audience, Scope, and View
161
B.
Formal Requirements
162
1.
Title Page
163
2.
Table of Contents, Pointheadings, and Subheadings
164
3.
Table of Authorities
167
4.
Jurisdiction
168
5.
Standard of Review
168
6.
Statement of the Issues Presented for Review
169
7.
Statement of the Case (Facts)
170
8.
Summary of the Argument
174
9.
Argument
176
a.
Argument: Content
176
b.
Argument: Organization
176
c.
Argument: Legal Analysis
176
10.
Conclusion
182
11.
Signature and Certificate of Service
182
C.
Annotated Sample Brief 1
183
D.
Annotated Sample Brief 2: Draft Version with Comments
196
E.
Annotated Sample Brief 2: Revised Final Version
216
III.
Oral Argument
232
A.
What Is Oral Argument?
232
1.
Audience
232
2.
Purpose
232
3.
Scope
233
4.
Stance
233
B.
How Should I Prepare?
233
C.
Are There Conventions for Oral Argument?
233
1.
Introduction
233
2.
Facts
234
3.
Roadmap
234
4.
Main Argument and Types of Questions to Expect
235
a.
Softball Questions
235
b.
Hypothetical Questions
235
c.
Factual Questions
235
d.
Legal Questions
235
5.
Conclusion
235
D.
What Should I Do When Opposing Counsel Is Speaking?
236
E.
What Is Rebuttal?
236
IV.
Pleadings and Motions
237
A.
Complaints
237
1.
Purpose, Audience, Scope, and View
237
2.
Formal Requirements of a Complaint
238
a.
Caption
239
b.
Commencement
239
c.
Body or Charging Part
239
d.
Prayer or Demand for Judgment
240
e.
Signature and Verification
241
3.
Sample Complaint
244
B.
Answers
247
1.
Purpose, Audience, Scope, and View
247
2.
Formal Requirements of an Answer
247
a.
Caption and Introductory Sentence
247
b.
Admissions in Answer
248
c.
Denials in Answer
248
d.
Affirmative Defenses
249
e.
Affirmative Claims and Demands for Judgment
249
f.
Signature and Verification
249
3.
Sample Answer
251
C.
Interrogatories
253
1.
Purpose, Audience, Scope, and View
253
2.
Formal Requirements of an Interrogatory
253
a.
Preface
254
b.
Definitions
254
c.
Preliminary Questions
254
d.
Substantive Questions
255
e.
Concluding Questions
255
D.
Motions (or Pretrial Briefs)
256
1.
Purpose, Audience, Scope, and View
256
2.
Formal Requirements of a Motion
257
a.
Notice of Motion or The Motion
258
b.
The Memorandum of Points and Authorities
261
c.
Certificate of Service
263
d.
Affidavit
263
e.
Order
263
3.
Annotated Sample Pretrial Brief (or Memorandum of Points and Authorities)
265
V.
Client Letters
279
A.
Purpose, Audience, Scope, and View
279
B.
Formal Requirements
279
1.
Date and Salutation
280
2.
Opening Paragraph
280
3.
Facts Section
280
4.
Analysis Section
281
5.
Closing
281
C.
Annotated Sample Client Letter
282
VI.
Scholarly Writing
286
A.
Purpose, Audience, Scope, and View
286
B.
Seminar Papers and Law Review Notes
286
1.
Selecting a Topic
287
2.
Performing a Preemption Check
287
3.
Researching the Issue
288
4.
Writing and Rewriting a Scholarly Piece
288
5.
Cite-Checking
289
6.
Getting Published
289
a.
Find Appropriate Law Journals
289
b.
Consider Timing
290
c.
Write a Cover Letter
290
C.
Law Review Write-On Competition Papers
290
1.
Should I Participate?
290
2.
What Is a Case Note?
291
3.
Writing a Case Note
291
a.
Research
291
b.
Take a Stance
292
c.
Write a First Draft
292
d.
Rewrite
292
e.
Polish
292
4.
Citation
292
a.
Provide Citations for Scholarly Writing
292
b.
Use the Inside Front Cover of the Bluebook
293
c.
Cite to All Authority in Footnotes or Endnotes
293
d.
Use Basic Citation as Well as Complicated Citation
293
VII.
Study Aids-Legal Documents
294
A.
Quick References and Checklists
294
Memos
294
1.
Memo Format: Quick Reference
294
2.
Memos Generally: Checklist
295
3.
Memos: Question Presented: Checklist
296
4.
Memos: Brief Answer: Checklist
296
5.
Memos: Statement of Facts: Checklist
297
6.
Memos: Discussion: Checklist
297
7.
Memos: Conclusion: Checklist
298
Briefs
298
8.
Brief Format: Quick Reference
298
9.
Briefs Generally: Checklist
300
10.
Briefs: Title Page: Checklist
301
11.
Briefs: Table of Contents and Pointheadings: Checklist
301
12.
Briefs: Table of Authorities (Authorities Cited): Checklist
302
13.
Briefs: Jurisdiction: Checklist
302
14.
Statement of the Issue(s) Presented for Review: Checklist
302
15.
Briefs: Statement of the Case: Checklist
303
16.
Briefs: Summary of the Argument: Checklist
303
17.
Briefs: Argument: Checklist
303
18.
Briefs: Conclusion, Signature, Certificate of Service: Checklist
304
19.
Oral Argument: Quick Reference
304
Client Letters
306
20.
Client Letters: Checklist
306
21.
Client Letter vs. Memo vs. Brief: Quick Reference
308
Motions and Pleadings
311
22.
Complaints Format: Quick Reference
311
23.
Complaints: Checklist
312
24.
Answers Format: Quick Reference
313
25.
Interrogatories: Checklist
314
26.
Motions: Checklist
314
Seminar Papers and Law Review Notes
315
27.
Seminar Papers and Law Review Notes: Checklist
315
28.
Law Review Write-On Competition Papers: Checklist
318
B.
Quizzes
320
1.
Memos: Quiz
320
2.
Briefs: Quiz
323
3.
Persuasive Techniques: Quiz
327
4.
Oral Argument: Quiz
327
5.
Client Letters: Quiz
328
6.
Pleadings and Motions: Quiz
329
7.
Write-On Competition Papers: Quiz
330
C.
Self-Assessment
331
1.
Rewriting a Legal Memo-Self-Assessment
331
2.
Rewriting a Legal Brief-Self-Assessment
336
ch. 4
Editing
347
I.
Strategies for Editing
349
II.
Grammar and Legal Usage Rules
349
Active vs. Passive Voice
349
Affect vs. Effect
350
Although vs. While
350
Apostrophes
351
Because vs. Since
351
Capitalization
351
Clearly or Obviously (Avoid Using)
353
Colons and Semicolons
353
Commas
353
Comparisons
354
Conciseness
355
Contractions
355
Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers (Avoid Using)
355
Due To
356
Effect vs. Affect
356
Farther vs. Further
356
Hyphens
356
Italics
357
Legalese (Avoid Using)
357
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers (Avoid Using)
357
Nominalizations (Avoid Using)
357
Numbers and Quantities
358
Obviously or Clearly (Avoid Using)
359
Parallel Structure
359
Passive vs. Active Voice
359
Pronouns
359
Quantities and Numbers
360
Quotation Marks
360
Redundancy (Avoid Using)
360
Semicolons and Colons
361
Sentence Fragments (Avoid Using)
361
Sexist Language
361
Short Sentences
361
Since vs. Because
361
Split Infinitives (Avoid Using)
362
Strong Subject-Verb Combinations
362
Subject-Verb Agreement
362
Terms of Art (Avoid Varying)
363
That vs. Which
363
Verb Tense
364
Which vs. That
364
While vs. Although
364
Who, Whom, and Whose
364
III.
Study Aids-Editing
365
A.
Quick References and Checklists
365
1.
Grammar and Legal Usage: Quick Reference
365
2.
Grammar and Legal Usage Rules: Checklist
365
B.
Quizzes
370
1.
Active vs. Passive Voice: Quiz
370
2.
Affect vs. Effect: Quiz
370
3.
Although vs. While: Quiz
371
4.
Apostrophes: Quiz
371
5.
Because vs. Since: Quiz
372
6.
Capitalization: Quiz
373
7.
Commas: Quiz
374
8.
Due to: Quiz
375
9.
Farther vs. Further: Quiz
375
10.
Sentence Fragments: Quiz
375
11.
Grammar: Quiz
376
12.
Hyphens: Quiz
377
13.
Indefinite Pronouns: Quiz
378
14.
Legalese: Quiz
378
15.
Modifiers: Quiz
379
16.
Nominalizations: Quiz
379
17.
Numbers and Quantities: Quizzes
380
18.
Parallel Structure: Quiz
381
19.
Quotation Marks: Quiz
381
20.
Semicolons and Colons: Quiz
382
21.
That vs. Which: Quiz
382
22.
Verb Tense: Quiz
383
23.
Who, Whom, Whose: Quizzes
383
C.
Self-Assessment
385
1.
Editing (Grammar) Self-Assessment
385
ch. 5
Citation
395
I.
ALWD and the Bluebook
398
A.
ALWD
398
B.
The Bluebook
399
II.
Strategies for Using ALWD
399
A.
The Purpose of Citation
399
B.
Design, Layout, and Basic Citation Rules of the ALWD Citation Manual
400
1.
ALWD Design
400
2.
ALWD Layout
400
3.
ALWD Basic Citation Rules
401
a.
Cases (Rule 12)
401
b.
Constitutions (Rule 13)
402
c.
Statutes (Rule 14)
402
d.
Federal Administrative and Executive Materials (Rule 19)
403
e.
Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials (Rule 22)
403
f.
Legal and Other Periodicals (Rule 23)
404
C.
Often-Used ALWD Rules
405
ALWD Typefaces (Rule 1)
405
ALWD Spelling and Capitalization (Rule 3)
406
ALWD Basic Structure and Signals (Rules 10, 43, and 44)
406
ALWD Subdivisions and Pinpoint Cites (Rules 5, 6, and 7)
408
ALWD Short Citations (Rule 11)
409
ALWD Abbreviations (Rule 2)
410
ALWD Numbers (Rule 4)
410
ALWD Quotations (Rules 47, 48, and 49)
410
ALWD Cases (Rule 12)
412
ALWD Constitutions (Rule 13)
414
ALWD Statutes (Rule 14)
414
ALWD Administrative and Executive Materials (Rule 19, Appendix 7(C))
415
ALWD Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials (Rule 22)
416
ALWD Periodicals (Rule 23)
416
ALWD Electronic Media (Rules 12, 14, and Part 4)
417
III.
Study Aids-ALWD Citation
418
A.
ALWD Quick References and Checklists
418
1.
ALWD in General: Quick Reference
418
2.
ALWD Typeface Conventions: Checklist
419
3.
Basic Structures and Signals for ALWD Citations: Checklist
419
4.
ALWD Citation Signals: Checklist
421
5.
ALWD Rules for Citing Subdivisions and Pinpoint Cites: Checklist
422
6.
ALWD Rules for Short Form Citations: Checklist
422
7.
ALWD Abbreviations: Checklist
423
8.
ALWD Rules for Citing Cases: Checklist
423
9.
ALWD Rules for Citing Constitutions: Checklist
424
10.
ALWD Rules for Citing Statutes: Checklist
424
11.
ALWD Citations for Administrative and Executive Materials: Checklist
425
12.
ALWD Citations for Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials: Checklist
426
13.
ALWD Rules for Citing Periodical Materials: Checklist
426
14.
ALWD Rules for Citing Electronic Media: Checklist
426
B.
ALWD Quizzes
427
1.
ALWD Typeface Conventions: Quiz
427
2.
Basic Structure and Signals for ALWD Citations: Quiz
428
3.
ALWD Citation Signals: Quiz
429
4.
ALWD Order and Punctuation of Signals and Citations: Quiz
431
5.
ALWD Rules for Citing Subdivisions and Pinpoint Cites: Quiz
432
6.
ALWD Rules for Short Form Citations: Quiz
433
7.
ALWD Abbreviations: Quiz
434
8.
ALWD Rules for Citing Cases: Quiz
435
9.
ALWD Rules for Citing Constitutions: Quiz
436
10.
ALWD Rules for Citing Statutes: Quiz
437
11.
ALWD Citations for Administrative and Executive Materials: Quiz
438
12.
ALWD Citations for Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials: Quiz
439
13.
ALWD Rules for Citing Periodical Materials: Quiz
441
14.
ALWD Rules for Citing Electronic Media: Quiz
442
C.
ALWD Citation Self-Assessment
444
IV.
Strategies for Using the Bluebook
453
A.
The Purpose of Bluebook Citation
453
B.
Design, Layout, and Basic Citation Rules of the Bluebook
453
1.
Bluebook Design
453
2.
Bluebook Layout
454
3.
Bluebook Basic Citation Rules
455
a.
Cases (Rule 10)
455
b.
Constitutions (Rule 11)
456
c.
Statutes (Rule 12)
456
d.
Rules and Regulations (Rule 14)
457
e.
Books (Rule 15)
457
f.
Periodical Materials (Rule 16)
458
C.
Often-Used Bluebook Rules
458
Bluebook Typefaces (Bluepages 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 13 and Rule 2)
459
Bluebook Basic Structure and Signals (Bluepages 2, 3, 11 and Rule 1)
460
Bluebook Subdivisions and Pinpoint Cites (Bluepages 4.1.2 and Rule 3)
462
Bluebook Short Citations (Rule 4)
462
Bluebook Abbreviations (Rule 6, Rule 10, BT1, Tables 1-6)
463
Bluebook Cases (Bluepages 4 and Rule 10)
464
Bluebook Constitutions (Bluepages 6 and Rule 11)
467
Bluebook Statutes (Bluepages 5 and Rule 12)
467
Bluebook Administrative and Executive Materials (Bluepages 5.1.4 and Rule 14)
469
Bluebook Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials (Bluepages 8 and Rule 15)
470
Bluebook Periodicals (Bluepages 9 and Rule 16)
471
Bluebook Electronic Media (Rule 18)
472
V.
Study Aids-Bluebook Citation
475
A.
Bluebook Quick Reference and Checklists
475
1.
The Bluebook in General: Quick Reference
475
2.
Bluebook Typeface Conventions: Checklist
476
3.
Basic Structure and Signals for Bluebook Citations: Checklist
477
4.
Bluebook Citation Signals: Checklist
478
5.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Subdivisions and Pinpoint Cites: Checklist
479
6.
Bluebook Rules for Short Form Citations: Checklist
479
7.
Bluebook Abbreviations: Checklist
480
8.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Cases: Checklist
480
9.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Constitutions: Checklist
482
10.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Statutes: Checklist
482
11.
Bluebook Citations for Administrative and Executive Materials: Checklist
483
12.
Bluebook Citations for Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials: Checklist
484
13.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Periodical Materials: Checklist
484
14.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Electronic Media: Checklist
485
B.
Bluebook Quizzes
486
1.
Bluebook Typeface Conventions: Quiz
486
2.
Basic Structure and Signals for Bluebook Citations: Quiz
487
3.
Bluebook Citation Signals: Quiz
488
4.
Bluebook Order and Punctuation of Signals and Citations: Quiz
489
5.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Subdivisions and Pinpoint Cites: Quiz
490
6.
Bluebook Rules for Short Form Citations: Quiz
491
7.
Bluebook Abbreviations: Quiz
493
8.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Cases: Quiz
494
9.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Constitutions: Quiz
495
10.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Statutes: Quiz
496
11.
Bluebook Citations for Administrative and Executive Materials: Quiz
497
12.
Bluebook Citations for Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials: Quiz
498
13.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Periodicals: Quiz
500
14.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Electronic Media: Quiz
501
C.
Bluebook Citation Self-Assessment
504
Appendix A: Answer Keys
513
I.
Legal Analysis Answer Keys
513
A.
Quizzes
513
1.
Legal Analysis in General (page 57)
513
2.
Binding vs. Persuasive (page 59)
514
II.
The Writing Process Answer Key
514
A.
Quiz
514
1.
Writing and Rewriting in General (page 122)
514
III.
Legal Documents Answer Keys
515
A.
Quizzes
515
1.
Memos (page 320)
515
2.
Briefs (page 323)
516
3.
Persuasive Techniques (page 327)
516
4.
Oral Argument (page 327)
516
5.
Client Letters (page 328)
517
6.
Pleadings and Motions (page 329)
517
7.
Write-On Competition (page 330)
517
B.
Self-Assessments
517
1.
Rewriting a Legal Memo-Self-Assessment (page 331)
517
2.
Rewriting a Legal Brief-Self-Assessment (page 336)
519
IV.
Editing Answer Keys
521
A.
Quizzes
521
1.
Active vs. Passive Voice (page 370)
521
2.
Affect vs. Effect (page 370)
521
3.
Although vs. While (page 371)
522
4.
Apostrophes (page 371)
522
5.
Because vs. Since (page 372)
522
6.
Capitalization (page 373)
522
7.
Commas (page 374)
522
8.
Due to (page 375)
522
9.
Farther vs. Further (page 375)
522
10.
Sentence Fragments (page 375)
523
11.
Grammar (page 376)
523
12.
Hyphens (page 377)
523
13.
Indefinite Pronouns (page 378)
523
14.
Legalese (page 378)
523
15.
Modifiers (page 379)
523
16.
Nominalizations (page 379)
524
17.
Numbers and Quantities (page 380)
524
18.
Parallel Structure (page 381)
524
19.
Quotation Marks (page 381)
524
20.
Semicolons and Colons (page 382)
524
21.
That vs. Which (page 382)
524
22.
Verb Tense (page 383)
524
23.
Who, Whom, and Whose (page 383)
524
B.
Self-Assessment
525
1.
Editing (Grammar) Self-Assessment (page 385)
525
V.
Citation Answer Keys
528
A.
ALWD Quizzes
528
1.
ALWD Typeface Conventions (page 427)
528
2.
Basic Structure and Signals for ALWD Citation (page 428)
528
3.
ALWD Citation Signals (page 429)
529
4.
ALWD Order and Punctuation of Signals and Citations (page 431)
529
5.
ALWD Rules for Citing Subdivisions and Pinpoint Cites (page 432)
529
6.
ALWD Rules for Short Form Citations (page 433)
529
7.
ALWD Abbreviations (page 434)
530
8.
ALWD Rules for Citing Cases (page 435)
530
9.
ALWD Rules for Citing Constitutions (page 436)
531
10.
ALWD Rules for Citing Statutes (page 437)
531
11.
ALWD Citations for Administrative and Executive Materials (page 438)
531
12.
ALWD Citations for Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials (page 439)
532
13.
ALWD Rules for Citing Periodicals (page 441)
532
14.
ALWD Rules for Citing Electronic Media (page 442)
533
B.
ALWD Self-Assessment
533
1.
ALWD Citation Self-Assessment (page 444)
533
C.
Bluebook Quizzes
537
1.
Bluebook Typefaces Conventions (page 486)
537
2.
Basic Structure and Signals for Bluebook Citations (page 487)
538
3.
Bluebook Citation Signals (page 488)
539
4.
Bluebook Order and Punctuation of Signals and Citations (page 489)
540
5.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Subdivisions and Pinpoint Cites (page 490)
541
6.
Bluebook Rules for Short Form Citations (page 491)
542
7.
Bluebook Abbreviations (page 493)
543
8.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Cases (page 494)
544
9.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Constitutions (page 495)
545
10.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Statutes (page 496)
546
11.
Bluebook Citations for Administrative and Executive Materials (page 497)
547
12.
Bluebook Citations for Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials (page 498)
548
13.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Periodicals (page 500)
549
14.
Bluebook Rules for Citing Electronic Media (page 501)
550
D.
Bluebook Self-Assessment
551
1.
Bluebook Citation Self-Assessment (page 504)
551
Appendix B: Table of Contents with Page Numbers and Corresponding Screen Numbers
557