Anticipatory action in self-defence : essence and limits under international law / Kinga Tibori Szabó.
2011
KZ4043 .T53 2011 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Anticipatory action in self-defence : essence and limits under international law / Kinga Tibori Szabó.
Published
The Hague, The Netherlands : T.M.C. Asser Press, [2011]
Distributed
Berlin : Produced and distributed by Springer-Verlag
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KZ4043 .T53 2011
ISBN
9789067047951
9067047953
9067047953
Description
xviii, 348 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)733237228
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
Anticipatory action in self-defense
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: A Controversial Concept
1
1.2.
The Temporal Controversy of the Right of Self-Defence
3
1.3.
Structure and Methods of Research
10
1.3.1.
Explanation of Central Terms
10
1.3.2.
Methods of Research
11
1.3.3.
Pre-Charter Customary Law (Part I)
12
1.3.4.
Post-Charter Customary Law (Part II)
15
1.3.5.
Rationale of Part III
17
1.3.6.
Tracing the Evolution of Customary Law
17
1.4.
Notes on Terminology
21
1.5.
Disclaimers
22
1.6.
Contribution
22
References
23
pt. I
Pre-Charter Customary Law on Self-Defence
2.
Self-Defence in Ancient and Medieval Natural-Law
31
2.1.
War in Ancient Greece and Rome
32
2.2.
Early Christian Views on War and Self-Defence
35
2.3.
Medieval Christian Views on War and Self-Defence
37
2.4.
Christian Legalist Views on War and Self-Defence
43
2.4.1.
Probabilistic Arguments and the First Rejections of the Just War Theory
43
2.4.2.
Spanish Scholastics and their View on Self-Defence
45
2.4.3.
Protestant Legalist Views on War: Gentili and Grotius
48
2.4.4.
Self-Defence: As Seen by Gentili and by Grotius
50
2.5.
The Christian Normative Framework and Self-Defence
54
References
57
3.
Self-Defence as a Measure Short of War
59
3.1.
The Rise of Positive Law
60
3.1.1.
The Departure from the Christian Concept of Natural Law
61
3.1.2.
Positive Law and War in Due Form
63
3.1.3.
`Perfect' Wars
64
3.1.4.
`Imperfect' Wars
66
3.2.
War as an Instrument of Policy
68
3.2.1.
Positive Law and War as a Legal Institution
68
3.2.2.
State Practice and `Measures Short of War'
69
3.3.
The Positivist Normative Framework and Self-Defence
77
References
79
4.
Self-Defence as an Exception to the Prohibition of War
81
4.1.
Pacifist Trends of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
82
4.2.
War in the Regulatory System of the Covenant of the League of Nations
84
4.3.
Self-Defence in the League System
87
4.4.
The Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Right of Self-Defence
88
4.5.
State Practice in the 1930s and the Collapse of the League of Nations
91
4.5.1.
The Invasion of Manchuria by Japan (1931--1932)
92
4.5.2.
The Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (1935--1936)
94
4.6.
Operation Catapult (1940)
96
4.7.
The Emerging International Legal Framework and Self-Defence
98
References
99
5.
The Right of Self-Defence and the Drafting of the UN Charter
101
5.1.
Preliminaries and the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals
101
5.2.
The Drafting of the UN Charter at the San Francisco Conference
103
5.2.1.
Proposals Ahead of the Conference
103
5.2.2.
The Plenary Discussions of the San Francisco Conference
104
5.2.3.
The Work of Technical Committee 4 (Committee III/4)
105
5.3.
The Final Provision on Self-Defence: Interpretation
109
5.4.
Concluding Remarks
113
References
114
6.
The Temporal Dimension of Self-Defence at the Time of the Charter
117
6.1.
Forms and Content of Self-Defence in the Three Identified Frameworks
117
6.2.
The Temporal Dimension of the Narrow Concept of Self-Defence
119
6.3.
The Temporal Dimension of Preventive Wars
120
6.4.
Limits of the Narrow Concept of Self-Defence
120
6.4.1.
Necessity
121
6.4.2.
Proportionality
122
6.5.
The Status and Limits of Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence
123
References
123
pt. II
Post-Charter Customary Law on Self-Defence
7.
The Right of Self-Defence in the Judgments of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals
129
7.1.
Introduction
129
7.2.
The `Major War Criminals' Trial' (Nuremberg, 1945--1946)
130
7.3.
Self-Defence and the `Major War Criminals' Trial'
131
7.4.
The Trial and Judgment of the Japanese War Criminals (1946--1948)
135
7.5.
Self-Defence as Interpreted by the Tokyo Tribunal
135
7.6.
Self-Defence in the Nuremberg and Tokyo Judgments
138
References
139
8.
Self-Defence in State-to-State Conflicts
141
8.1.
Introduction
141
8.2.
The Anticipatory Dimension of Self-Defence
142
8.2.1.
The Sinai Campaign (1956)
142
8.2.2.
The Six-Day War (1967)
144
8.2.3.
The `Yom Kippur War' (1973)
149
8.3.
The Remedial Dimension of Self-Defence
150
8.3.1.
The Iran-Iraq War (1980--1988)
150
8.3.2.
The Falklands War (1982)
153
8.4.
Self-Defence Claims with Anticipatory and Remedial Dimensions
155
8.4.1.
The UK Bombing of a Yemeni Fort (1964)
156
8.4.2.
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
157
8.4.3.
US Bombing of Libya (1986)
159
8.4.4.
US Missile Attack Against Iraqi Intelligence Headquarters (1993)
161
8.4.5.
The South Ossetia War (2008)
163
8.5.
Concluding Remarks
167
References
170
9.
Self-Defence and Weapons of Mass Destruction
173
9.1.
Introduction
173
9.2.
The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
174
9.3.
The Israeli Bombing of the Iraqi Reactor (1981)
179
9.4.
The Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (1996)
182
9.5.
The War Against Iraq (2003)
186
9.5.1.
The 2003 Iraqi War: Setting the Context
186
9.5.2.
The 2003 Iraqi War: Disarmament and Security Council Resolutions
188
9.5.3.
The 2003 Iraqi War: Self-Defence Against WMD
191
9.5.4.
The 2003 Iraqi War: The Requirement of Necessity
192
9.5.5.
Proportionality
196
9.6.
Concluding Remarks
196
References
199
10.
Self-Defence Against Non-State Actors
203
10.1.
Introduction
203
10.2.
Israel and Arab Militants
204
10.3.
State Practice in the 1960s--1980s
207
10.4.
Terrorist Attacks in the 1990s
216
10.4.1.
The Kenya and Tanzania Bombings
218
10.5.
Terrorist Attacks of the New Millennium
221
10.5.1.
The Attack on the USS Cole (2000)
221
10.5.2.
The Attacks of 9/11 (2001)
222
10.5.3.
The War Against Iraq (2003)
231
10.5.4.
Israeli Invasion of Lebanon (2006)
233
10.5.5.
Turkish Incursion into Northern Iraq (2007--2008)
237
10.5.6.
The Gaza Crisis (2008--2009)
239
10.6.
Concluding Remarks
242
References
244
11.
The Interpretation of Self-Defence and the United Nations
249
11.1.
The General Assembly of the United Nations
249
11.2.
The Work of the International Law Commission
251
11.2.1.
Self-Defence and `General International Law'
253
11.2.2.
Armed Action Against Private Groups as `State of Necessity'
255
11.2.3.
`Preventive' Self-Defence
255
11.2.4.
Necessity and Proportionality
256
11.3.
The Findings of the 2004 UN High-Level Panel
258
11.4.
The Work of the International Court of Justice
259
11.4.1.
The Conditionally of an Armed Attack
260
11.4.2.
Immediacy
263
11.4.3.
Proportionality
264
11.4.4.
The Customary Basis of Self-Defence
264
11.5.
Concluding Remarks
265
References
267
12.
The Temporal Dimension of Post-Charter Self-Defence
269
12.1.
Temporal Dimension of Self-Defence in State-to-State Conflicts
269
12.2.
Temporal Dimension of Self-Defence in Conflicts Involving WMD
273
12.3.
Temporal Dimension of Self-Defence in Conflicts Involving Non-State Actors
274
12.4.
Concluding Remarks 1
275
References
277
pt. III
Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence and International Customary Law
13.
The Legality of Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence
281
13.1.
Findings of Part I
282
13.2.
Findings of Part II
283
13.3.
The Legality of Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence in International Law
284
References
287
14.
The Limits of Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence
289
14.1.
Findings of Part I
289
14.2.
Findings of Part II
290
14.3.
Parameters of Analysis
290
14.4.
Standard-Type Armed Attacks
291
14.4.1.
Necessity: Conditionality of an Armed Attack and Immediacy
291
14.4.2.
Proportionality
301
14.5.
Hit-and-Run Tactics and the Limits of Self-Defence
303
14.5.1.
Necessity: Collective Conditionality of Attacks and Immediacy
304
14.5.2.
Proportionality
308
14.6.
Demonstrating the Fulfilment of the Conditions of Necessity and Proportionality
310
14.7.
Conclusions as to the Limits of Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence
312
14.8.
Self-Defence: What It Is and What It Is Not
312
References
315
Bibliography
319
Table of Documents
335
Table of Cases
341
Index
343