International environmental law / Ulrich Beyerlin and Thilo Marauhn.
2011
K3585 .B488 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
International environmental law / Ulrich Beyerlin and Thilo Marauhn.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, OR : Hart ; [Munich] : Beck, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
K3585 .B488 2011
ISBN
9781841139241 (Hart)
1841139246 (Hart)
9783406628740 (Beck)
3406628745 (Beck)
1841139246 (Hart)
9783406628740 (Beck)
3406628745 (Beck)
Description
xxxii, 452 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)607975223
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
v
List of Abbreviations
xvi
Table of Treaties
xxi
I.
Historical Development
1
1.
From the Beginnings of International Environmental Law to the Stockholm Conference (1972)
3
1.1.
Early Stages and the Interwar Period
3
1.2.
From 1945 to 1972
4
2.
From Stockholm to the Rio Conference (1992)
7
2.1.
The Stockholm Conference
7
2.2.
Impacts of the North--South Divide on International Environmental Law
8
2.3.
International Treaty Practice since 1972
10
2.4.
Other Activities
11
3.
From Rio to the Johannesburg Conference (2002)
13
3.1.
The Rio Conference
13
3.2.
Rio Outcomes
14
3.2.1.
The Concept of `Sustainable Development'
15
3.2.2.
Legally Non-Binding Instruments
16
3.2.3.
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
18
3.2.4.
Institutional Innovations
18
3.2.5.
Rio Evaluated
19
3.3.
Post-Rio Process
19
4.
Johannesburg and Beyond
23
4.1.
The Johannesburg Summit
23
4.2.
Johannesburg Outcomes
23
4.2.1.
`Type 1 Outcome': The Political Declaration and the Plan of Implementation
24
4.2.2.
`Type 2 Outcome': Partnership Initiatives
25
4.2.3.
Johannesburg Evaluated
26
4.3.
From Johannesburg to Copenhagen (2009)
27
II.
Key Concepts in International Environmental Law
31
5.
`Key Concepts': Meaning, Underlying Ideas and Classification
33
5.1.
`Key Concepts' of International Environmental Law: Meaning and Role
33
5.2.
Ethical Sources of International Environmental Law Key Concepts
35
5.2.1.
Solidarity
35
5.2.2.
Justice
36
5.3.
Classification of International Environmental Law Norms
37
6.
`No Harm'
39
6.1.
Historical Development
39
6.2.
Function and Normative Quality
40
6.3.
Substantive Obligations
41
6.3.1.
Preventing Significant Transboundary Harm
41
6.3.2.
No Balancing of Interests
42
6.3.3.
Disregard of `Due Diligence'
42
6.3.4.
Standard and Burden of Proof
43
6.3.5.
Status
44
6.4.
Procedural Obligations
44
6.4.1.
Contents and Scope
44
6.4.2.
Status
45
6.5.
Breach of the `No Harm' Rule
45
7.
Precautionary Action
47
7.1.
Historical Development
47
7.2.
References to Precautionary Action in International Environmental Practice
49
7.2.1.
Multilateral Environmental Agreements
49
7.2.2.
Decisions of International Courts
51
7.3.
Conception and Meaning
52
7.4.
Effects
54
7.5.
Normative Quality and Status
55
8.
Polluter Pays
57
8.1.
Origin
57
8.2.
Applicability and Meaning
58
8.3.
Normative Quality and Status
59
9.
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
61
9.1.
Historical Development of CBDR
61
9.2.
Underlying Ideas and Conceptual Approach of CBDR
63
9.3.
Interpretation of CBDR
64
9.4.
CBDR in International Environmental Treaty Practice
66
9.4.1.
Reference to CBDR in Single MEAs
66
9.4.2.
Conditionality of Environmental Protection and Compliance Assistance?
69
9.5.
Normative Quality and Status
69
9.6.
CBDR and Future North--South Co-operation
70
10.
Sustainable Development
73
10.1.
Historical Development
73
10.2.
Meaning and Function
76
10.3.
Normative Quality and Status
79
10.4.
Sustainable Use---A Special Emanation of Sustainable Development
82
10.5.
Sustainable Development---An Approach for Bridging the North--South Divide
83
III.
Key Issues in Current International Environmental Law
85
11.
Freshwater Resources
87
11.1.
Survey
87
11.2.
Case Law
92
11.3.
General Instruments
94
11.3.1.
The UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses
94
11.3.2.
The UNECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
96
11.3.3.
The 2008 Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers
98
11.4.
Specific Instruments
99
11.4.1.
Africa
99
11.4.2.
America
102
11.4.3.
Asia
105
11.4.4.
Europe
107
11.4.5.
Middle East
111
11.5.
Conclusions
112
12.
Oceans and Marine Resources
115
12.1.
Survey
115
12.2.
The Legal Framework: UNCLOS
118
12.3.
Protection of the Marine Environment
121
12.3.1.
State of the Marine Environment
121
12.3.2.
All Types of Pollution
122
12.3.3.
Pollution from Ships
126
12.3.4.
Pollution by Dumping of Wastes
128
12.3.5.
Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Atmospheric Pollution
129
12.3.6.
Pollution from Sea-Bed Activities
130
12.3.7.
Intervention in Case of Marine Pollution Incidents
132
12.4.
Conservation and Management of Marine Living Resources
133
12.4.1.
State of the Marine Living Resources
133
12.4.2.
Fish
134
12.4.3.
Mammals
138
12.5.
Conclusions
140
13.
Air, Ozone, Climate and Outer Space
145
13.1.
Survey
145
13.2.
Transboundary Air Pollution
149
13.2.1.
LRTAP Convention and Related Protocols
149
13.2.2.
Canada--US Air Quality Agreement
153
13.3.
Ozone Layer Depletion
154
13.3.1.
Ozone Convention
154
13.3.2.
Montreal Protocol
155
13.4.
Global Climate Change
159
13.4.1.
Climate Change Convention
159
13.4.2.
Kyoto Protocol
160
13.4.3.
From Kyoto to Copenhagen: Building a Post-2012 Climate Protection Regime
164
13.5.
Outer Space Activities and Environmental Protection
171
13.6.
Conclusions
173
14.
Flora, Fauna and Biological Diversity
177
14.1.
Survey
177
14.2.
Flora and Fauna
181
14.2.1.
The Protection of Habitat
181
14.2.2.
Regulating Trade in Endangered Species: CITES
184
14.2.3.
Protecting Migratory Species
188
14.2.4.
Other Instruments
190
14.3.
Biological Diversity
192
14.3.1.
The Biodiversity Convention
192
14.3.2.
Access and Benefit-Sharing: Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol
196
14.3.3.
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
198
14.3.4.
Trading Genetic Material: The Biosafety Protocol
200
14.4.
Forests
201
14.5.
Soil
205
14.6.
Conclusions
209
15.
Wastes and Hazardous Substances
211
15.1.
Survey
211
15.2.
Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes
215
15.2.1.
The Basel Convention
215
15.2.2.
The Bamako Convention
218
15.3.
International Regulation of Hazardous Substances
219
15.3.1.
The Rotterdam Convention
219
15.3.2.
The Stockholm Convention
221
15.3.3.
Conventions on Nuclear Materials
222
15.4.
Conclusions
224
16.
Procedural Environmental Obligations
227
16.1.
Basic Observations
227
16.2.
Information, Notification and Consultation in Interstate Relations
227
16.2.1.
Situations of Likely Transboundary Environmental Harm
228
16.2.2.
Situations of Transboundary Environmental Emergency
228
16.3.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
230
16.4.
Participatory Rights of Non-Governmental Actors
234
16.4.1.
`Public Participation' in General
234
16.4.2.
The Aarhus Convention
236
16.5.
Conclusions
239
IV.
International Environmental Governance I: `Setting the Rules of the Game'
241
17.
International Environmental Governance
243
17.1.
Theoretical Premises and Policy Framework
243
17.2.
Actors
245
17.2.1.
States
247
17.2.2.
International Organisations
249
17.2.3.
Treaty Bodies
253
17.2.4.
Private Actors
255
17.3.
Forms of Action
256
17.3.1.
Law-Making, Implementation and Ways to Ensure Compliance
256
17.3.2.
Treaty-Based Legislative Environmental Governance
258
17.3.3.
Treaty-Based Administrative Environmental Governance
259
17.4.
Multilevel Governance
261
18.
International Environmental Treaty-Making and Treaty Regime-Building
265
18.1.
Treaty Negotiation and Treaty Conclusion in General
265
18.1.1.
Procedural Aspects
265
18.1.2.
Substantive Aspects
267
18.2.
Levels of Treaty-Making
268
18.3.
Regulatory Approaches to Treaty-Making
269
18.3.1.
`Framework Convention and Protocol Approach'
270
18.3.2.
`Convention and Annexes Approach'
272
18.4.
Simplified Amendment Procedures Regarding Treaties, Protocols and Annexes
273
18.4.1.
Amendments of Treaties and Protocols
273
18.4.2.
Amendments and Adjustments of Annexes
274
18.4.3.
COPs' Decision-Making Procedures
275
18.5.
Conflicts between Different MEAs and Their Settlement
277
18.5.1.
Parallel, Overlapping and Conflicting MEAs
277
18.5.2.
Article 30 VCLT; Lex Posterior and Lex Specialis; Harmonising Treaty Interpretation
278
18.5.3.
Treaty Co-ordination by Means of Interinstitutional Co-operation
279
19.
Customary International Environmental Law; Environmental Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes
281
19.1.
Customary International Law in General
281
19.1.1.
Meaning and Function of Customary International Law
281
19.1.2.
Formation of Customary International Law
282
19.2.
Customary International Environmental Law
283
19.2.1.
The Dynamics of Customary International Environmental Law
283
19.2.2.
Examples of Existing or Emerging Rules of Customary International Environmental Law
285
19.3.
Environmental Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes
286
20.
International Environmental `Soft Law'
289
20.1.
Theoretical Premises
289
20.2.
Legally Non-Binding Agreements between States
291
20.3.
Interinstitutional Non-Legal Arrangements
294
20.4.
Recommendations of International Organisations
295
21.
Private Environmental Governance
299
21.1.
Introduction
299
21.2.
Contribution of Private Actors to International Environmental Law-Making
299
21.2.1.
NGO Involvement in Environmental Treaty-Making
300
21.2.2.
Private Actor Contributions to the Development of Non-Treaty Norms
301
21.3.
Environmental Standard-Setting
302
21.3.1.
Distinguishing Environmental Standards from Environmental Law-Making
302
21.3.2.
Categorising Standards
304
21.3.3.
Ensuring Compliance with Private Standards
306
21.3.4.
Inherent Limitations of Private Standard-Setting
307
21.4.
International Environmental Partnerships
308
21.4.1.
The Emergence of Partnerships in International Environmental Law
308
21.4.2.
Partnerships in Practice
310
21.4.3.
Assessing the Contribution of Partnerships to International Environmental Governance
313
V.
International Environmental Governance II: Ensuring Compliance
315
22.
Compliance Control
317
22.1.
Compliance Control and Assistance as `Active Treaty Management'
317
22.2.
The Legal Basis of Compliance-Control Procedures
321
22.3.
The Procedural Framework
325
22.3.1.
Trigger Mechanisms
326
22.3.2.
Verification
328
22.3.3.
Evaluation
330
22.3.4.
Measures in Response to Non-Compliance
332
22.3.5.
Procedural Principles and Safeguards
333
22.4.
Institutional Setting
336
22.5.
Conclusions
339
23.
Compliance Assistance
343
23.1.
The Concept of Compliance Assistance
343
23.2.
Typology
345
23.2.1.
Capacity-Building
345
23.2.2.
Transfer of Technology
346
23.2.3.
Financial Mechanisms
348
23.3.
Conditionality of Assistance
349
23.4.
Institutional Setting
351
23.4.1.
Tailor-Made Institutions
351
23.4.2.
The Global Environment Facility
353
23.5.
Conclusions
357
24.
Responsibility and Liability
359
24.1.
Introduction
359
24.2.
State Responsibility
361
24.2.1.
2001 ILC Draft Articles
361
24.2.2.
Case Law
364
24.3.
State Liability
366
24.4.
Civil Liability
368
24.4.1.
Oil Pollution and Other Hazardous Substances
369
24.4.2.
Nuclear Energy
371
24.4.3.
Wastes
373
24.4.4.
The 1993 Liability Convention
373
24.5.
Conclusions
374
25.
Environmental Dispute Settlement
377
25.1.
Survey
377
25.2.
Non-Judicial Dispute Settlement
378
25.3.
Judicial Dispute Settlement
379
25.3.1.
The ICJ and Other Permanent International Courts
380
25.3.2.
International Arbitration
382
25.3.3.
Quasi-Judicial Dispute Settlement
383
25.4.
Dispute Settlement and Compliance Control
386
VI.
Relationship between International Environmental Law and Other Areas of International Law
389
26.
Environmental Protection and Human Rights
391
26.1.
Environmental Human Rights Protection in General
391
26.2.
Environmental Human Rights Protection in Practice
393
26.2.1.
United Nations
393
26.2.2.
Africa
395
26.2.3.
Americas
396
26.2.4.
Asia
398
26.2.5.
Europe
399
26.3.
Environmental Rights of Indigenous Peoples
402
26.4.
Rights of Environmental Migrants
405
27.
Environmental Protection and International Peace and Security
411
27.1.
Peace, Security and the Environment: A Multifaceted Relationship
411
27.2.
The Law of Armed Conflict
412
27.2.1.
Treaty Law Applicable to International Armed Conflicts
413
27.2.2.
Customary Law Applicable to International Armed Conflicts
416
27.2.3.
The Law Applicable to Non-International Armed Conflicts
417
27.3.
The Applicability of MEAs in Times of Armed Conflict
417
27.4.
Environmental Impact of Arms Control and Disarmament Obligations
418
27.5.
Conclusions
419
28.
Environmental Protection and International Economic Law
423
28.1.
Conflict or Complementarity?
423
28.2.
WTO Law
424
28.2.1.
The Development of WTO Law
424
28.2.2.
The GATT Treaty Framework
426
28.2.3.
Case Law Related to Article XX GATT
427
28.2.4.
The TBT and the SPS Agreements
430
28.2.5.
The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment
432
28.2.6.
The Relationship between WTO Agreements and MEAs
433
28.3.
Trade Issues beyond the WTO
435
28.4.
International Financial Institutions
437
28.5.
Conclusions
437
VII.
Perspectives
439
Current State of Global Environmental Co-operation
439
Reasons for Deficient Environmental Co-operation
440
North--South Dichotomy
440
Current Challenges and Trends in Global Environmental Co-operation
441
Ensuring More Effective Treaty Compliance
443
Ways and Means to Enhance International Environmental Law
444
Index
447