International trade in gambling services / Madalina Diaconu.
2010
K3704 .D53 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
International trade in gambling services / Madalina Diaconu.
Published
Austin : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business ; Alphen aan den Rijn : Kluwer Law International, [2010]
Distributed
Frederick, MD : Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Aspen Publishers
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
K3704 .D53 2010
ISBN
9789041132482 (acid-free paper)
9041132481 (acid-free paper)
9041132481 (acid-free paper)
Description
xx, 273 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)609810851
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [247]-270) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
xv
Acknowledgements
xix
pt. I
Introduction
1
ch. 1
Succinct Facts and Figures
3
ch. 2
Definition of Gambling
7
ch. 3
Categories of Gambling
11
1.
Lottery
11
2.
Betting
13
3.
Casino Gambling
15
4.
Other Forms of Land-Based Gambling
16
5.
Remote Gambling
18
ch. 4
National Regulation of Cross-Border Gambling Services
21
1.
Restrictive Jurisdictions
21
1.1.
Situation in Canada
22
1.2.
Situation in the US
22
1.3.
Situation in Most European Union States
23
1.4.
Situation in Switzerland
29
1.5.
Situation in New Zealand
30
1.6.
Situation in Several Asian Jurisdictions
31
2.
Permissive Jurisdictions
32
2.1.
Permissive Jurisdictions in North America
33
2.2.
Permissive Jurisdictions in Europe
33
2.3.
Permissive Jurisdictions in Central America and the Caribbean Area
34
2.4.
Permissive Jurisdictions in Oceania
35
2.5.
Permissive Jurisdictions in Africa
36
2.6.
Permissive Jurisdictions in Asia
36
pt. II
Global Trade in Gambling Services
39
ch. 5
Trade in Gambling Services in the GATS
41
1.
Introductory Elements
41
2.
Modes of Supply
44
2.1.
Mode 1: Cross-Border Gambling
44
2.2.
Mode 2: Tourist Gamblers
45
2.3.
Mode 3: Commercial Presence
46
2.4.
Mode 4: Movement of Natural Persons
47
3.
Market Access and National Treatment
47
4.
General Exceptions
48
5.
The US Gambling Case
49
5.1.
Overview of the Case and Main Arguments of the Parties
49
5.1.1.
Antigua's Claims and the US Responses
49
5.1.1.1.
The Question of the US Commitments
49
5.1.1.2.
The Measure at Issue and the `Zero Quota'
50
5.1.1.3.
The Alleged Violation of Article XVI
51
5.1.1.4.
The Alleged Violation of Article XVII
51
5.1.1.5.
Exemptions under Article XIV
52
5.1.2.
DSU Findings and Subsequent Procedures
53
5.2.
Issues Resolved by the Disputed Settlement Unit
54
5.2.1.
The Measure at Issue and the `Zero Quota'
54
5.2.1.1.
DSU Findings
55
5.2.1.2.
Critique
60
5.2.1.2.1.
Interpretation of Sub-paragrap (a) of GATS Article XVI:2
60
5.2.1.2.2.
A Non-discriminatory Zero-Quota Is Not a Quota under Article XVI
62
5.2.2.
The Question of the US Commitments
63
5.2.2.1.
DSU Findings
64
5.2.2.1.1.
Interpretation through Article 31 of the Vienna Convention
64
5.2.2.1.2.
Article 32 of the Vienna Convention: Supplementary Means of Interpretation
67
5.2.2.2.
Critique
68
5.2.2.2.1.
The Nature of the Members' Schedules of Commitments
69
5.2.2.2.2.
`Context' versus `Supplementary Means of Interpretation'
70
5.2.2.2.3.
The Question of the Prevailing Language
72
5.2.2.2.4.
The Utility of Comparing the US Schedule with Other Members' Schedules
73
5.2.3.
Article XVI: Market Access
74
5.2.3.1.
DSU Findings
75
5.2.3.1.1.
The First Paragraph of Article XVI
75
5.2.3.1.2.
The Second Paragraph of Article XVI
76
5.2.3.1.3.
Application of the Legal Standard to the Facts of the Case: The Measure at Issue
78
5.2.3.2.
Critique
82
5.2.3.2.1.
Relationship between Article XVI and Article VI: Market Access Restriction or Domestic Regulation?
82
5.2.3.2.2.
Relationship between Article XVI And XVII: Is There a Need to Schedule Non-discriminatory Market Access Barriers?
85
5.2.4.
Article XIV: General Exceptions
88
5.2.4.1.
DSU Findings
89
5.2.4.1.1.
Provisional Justification under Article XIV(a)
90
5.2.4.1.2.
Provisional Justification under Article XIV(c)
95
5.2.4.1.3.
The Chapeau of Article XIV
96
5.2.4.2.
Critique
99
5.2.4.2.1.
`Public Morals' Phraseology in International Treaties
100
5.2.4.2.2.
What Is `Public Morality' in the WTO System?
102
5.2.4.2.3.
National `Public Morals' Asserted by an International Tribunal: Challenges and Examples
106
5.2.4.2.4.
Remaining Question Marks on the Relationship `Gambling - Crime -Public Order'
109
5.3.
Unresolved Questions after US Gambling
112
5.3.1.
`Technical Neutrality', `Evolutionary Treaty Interpretation' and `Fundamental Intentions of the Parties'
113
5.3.1.1.
`The law stays as it was written; men, on the contrary, never rest'
114
5.3.1.2.
Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties by International Tribunals
115
5.3.1.3.
Reservations as to the Evolutionary Approach
116
5.3.2.
Likeness in the GATS: Is a Brick-and-Mortar Casino `like' an Internet Casino?
119
5.3.2.1.
Hypothesis 1: Assessing Likeness Is Crucial in Order to Assess National Treatment
123
5.3.2.2.
Hypothesis 2: Circumventing the Issue of Likeness and Focusing on Discrimination
126
6.
Alternative Approach to the US Gambling Case
127
6.1.
Brief Summary of Critiques to the US Gambling Reports
127
6.2.
Alternative Approaches to the US Gambling Dispute
128
6.3.
Closing Remarks
130
7.
Possible Future Developments
131
8.
Intermediary Conclusion
132
ch. 6
Trade in Services and the OECD
133
1.
Introductory Elements
133
2.
Services Liberalization under the OECD Instruments
134
3.
Market Access and National Treatment
135
4.
General Exceptions
136
5.
Gambling in the OECD Framework
137
6.
Intermediary Conclusion
137
pt. III
Regional Trade in Gambling Services
139
ch. 7
Trade in Gambling Services in the European Union
141
1.
Introduction to Services in the European Union
142
1.1.
The European Union: A Unique Legal Structure
142
1.2.
Services in the European Union
144
1.2.1.
Legal Basis
145
1.2.2.
Measures Restricting the Freedom to Provide Services: Justification and Proportionality
147
2.
Gambling as a Service within the European Union
149
2.1.
Gambling in the EU: Economic Context
149
2.2.
National Barriers to the Free Movement of Gambling Services
150
2.3.
Justifications for the Restrictions of Cross-Border Gambling Services
152
2.4.
Proportionality Requirements
153
2.5.
Taxation of Gambling Services in the European Union
154
3.
Position of the ECJ
155
3.1.
Pre-Gambelli Jurisprudence
156
3.1.1.
Schindler Case, 1994
156
3.1.1.1.
Facts
156
3.1.1.2.
Key Findings
156
3.1.1.3.
Analysis
156
3.1.2.
Laara Case, 1999
157
3.1.2.1.
Facts
157
3.1.2.2.
Key Findings
157
3.1.2.3.
Analysis
157
3.1.3.
Zenatti Case, 1999
159
3.1.3.1.
Facts
159
3.1.3.2.
Key Findings
159
3.1.3.3.
Analysis
159
3.1.4.
Anomar Case, 2003
160
3.1.4.1.
Facts
160
3.1.4.2.
Key Findings
161
3.1.4.3.
Analysis
162
3.1.5.
Lindman Case, 2003
162
3.1.5.1.
Facts
162
3.1.5.2.
Key Findings
163
3.1.5.3.
Analysis
163
3.2.
The Gambelli Case Law and Subsequent Jurisprudence
163
3.2.1.
Gambelli Case, 2003
164
3.2.1.1.
Facts
164
3.2.1.2.
Key Findings
164
3.2.1.3.
Analysis
165
3.2.2.
Placanica Case, 2007
166
3.2.2.1.
Facts
166
3.2.2.2.
Key Findings
167
3.2.2.3.
Analysis
168
3.2.3.
Unibet case, 2007
169
3.2.3.1.
Facts
169
3.2.3.2.
Findings and Analysis
170
3.2.4.
Commission v. Italy Case, 2007
170
3.2.4.1.
Facts
170
3.2.4.2.
Key Findings
171
3.2.4.3.
Analysis
171
3.2.5.
The Liga Portuguesa Case, 2009
171
3.2.5.1.
Facts
172
3.2.5.2.
Findings and Analysis
173
3.3.
Pending Cases before the ECJ
175
3.3.1.
Cases Concerning Austria
175
3.3.2.
Cases Concerning France
175
3.3.3.
Cases Concerning Germany
176
3.3.4.
Cases Concerning The Netherlands
178
3.3.5.
Cases Concerning Portugal
179
3.3.6.
Cases Concerning Sweden
180
3.4.
Gambling and the Free Movement of Goods in the ECJ Jurisprudence
181
3.4.1.
European Commission v. Greece Case, 2006
181
3.4.1.1.
Facts
181
3.4.1.2.
Key Findings
182
3.4.1.3.
Analysis
182
4.
The Approaches Taken by National Courts
183
4.1.
A Purely National Approach: Cross-Border Gambling Violates National Law
183
4.1.1.
Germany
183
4.1.2.
Italy
184
4.1.3.
Portugal
184
4.2.
Dissonant Interpretation of Articles 43 and 49 EC Treaty before the Gambelli Judgment
184
4.2.1.
Denmark
185
4.2.2.
France
185
4.2.3.
Germany
185
4.2.4.
Italy
185
4.2.5.
The Netherlands
186
4.3.
Discord Continues after Gambelli
187
4.3.1.
Belgium
187
4.3.2.
Finland
187
4.3.3.
Germany
188
4.3.4.
Italy
189
4.3.5.
The Netherlands
190
4.3.6.
Sweden
191
4.4.
An Improved Coordination after 2007?
192
4.4.1.
France
192
4.4.2.
Germany
193
4.4.3.
Italy
194
4.4.4.
The Netherlands
194
4.5.
Intermediary Conclusion
194
5.
Position of the European Commission
195
5.1.
Enforcing European Law with Regard to Gambling Services
196
5.2.
The Proposal of Directive to Create an Internal Market for Services
198
5.2.1.
The Initial Proposal
199
5.2.2.
Exclusion of Games of Chance During the Legislative Procedure
202
6.
Position of the European Parliament
204
6.1.
The Resolution on the White Paper on Sport
204
6.2.
The Integrity of Online Gambling Report
205
7.
Implications of a Single European Gambling Market
206
7.1.
Economic Consequences
206
7.1.1.
London Economics Report
207
7.1.2.
Europe Economics Report
208
7.1.3.
ISDC Gambling Services Report
208
7.2.
Social Consequences
209
8.
Intermediary Conclusion
211
ch. 8
Trade in Gambling Services under EFTA
213
1.
Introductory Elements
213
2.
Gambling Services under EFTA
214
3.
The EFTA Court Jurisprudence Concerning Gambling
214
3.1.
EFTA Surveillance Authority v. Norway, 2007
215
3.2.
Ladbrokes Limited v. Norway, 2007
215
4.
Intermediary Conclusion
216
ch. 9
Trade in Gambling Services under NAFTA
217
1.
Introductory Elements
217
2.
Services under NAFTA
218
3.
Modes of Supply
219
4.
Market Access and National Treatment
220
5.
General Exceptions
221
6.
Case Law: The Thunderbird Gaming Award
222
6.1.
Facts of the Case
223
6.2.
Main Issues and Argumentation
223
6.3.
The Appeal against the Thunderbird Gaming Award
225
7.
Intermediary Conclusion
226
ch. 10
Trade in Gambling Services under DR-CAFTA
227
1.
Introductory Elements
227
2.
Modes of Supply
228
3.
Market Access and National Treatment
228
4.
General Exceptions
229
5.
Gambling Services in the DR-CAFTA Framework
229
6.
Intermediary Conclusion
230
ch. 11
Trade in Gambling Services under MERCOSUR
231
1.
Introductory Elements
231
2.
Services in the MERCOSUR Framework
232
3.
Market Access and National Treatment
232
4.
General Exceptions
233
5.
Gambling in the MERCOSUR Framework
233
6.
Intermediary Conclusion
234
ch. 12
Trade of Gambling Services under ASEAN FTA
235
1.
Introductory Elements
235
2.
Services in the ASEAN Framework
236
3.
Market Access and National Treatment
236
4.
General Exceptions
237
5.
Gambling Services under the ASEAN Framework
237
6.
Intermediary Conclusion
238
Conclusion and Closing Remarks
239
List of Cases
243
General Bibliography
247
Gambling-Related Bibliography
257
Other Documents
269
Index
271