The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union : at the crossroads between public and economic interests / by Katleen Janssen.
2010
KJE6071 .J36 2010 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Author
Title
The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union : at the crossroads between public and economic interests / by Katleen Janssen.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn : Kluwer Law International, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KJE6071 .J36 2010
ISBN
9789041132871
9041132872
9041132872
Description
xxxii, 617 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)650972793
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [545]-612 pages) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xxvii
Acknowledgement
xxix
List of Abbreviations and Short References
xxxi
ch. 1
Introduction
1
I.
Setting
1
A.
Spatial Data
1
B.
Public Sector Spatial Data
2
C.
Value of Public Sector Spatial Data
3
D.
The Role of the Public Sector in Making Spatial Data Available
4
E.
The Legal Framework for the Availability of Public Sector Spatial Data
6
II.
The Problematic Character of the EU Legal Framework for the Availability of Public Sector Spatial Data
7
III.
Structure and Outline of the Following Chapters
8
A.
Structure
8
B.
Outline
8
ch. 2
Scope and Definitions
11
I.
Introduction
11
II.
Scope from the Point of View of the Legislation
12
III.
Scope from the Point of View of the Type of Data
16
A.
Spatial Data
16
1.
Data
16
a.
Data or Information
16
b.
Information or Document
19
2.
Spatial
20
3.
Spatial Data
21
B.
Spatial Data under the INSPIRE Directive
21
C.
Environmental Data
27
1.
Environmental
27
2.
Environmental Information in the Access Directive
28
3.
Environmental Information in the Aarhus Convention
30
D.
Public Sector Data
32
1.
Public Sector Information-Government Information-Public Information-Public Domain Information
32
2.
Public Sector Documents under the PSI Directive
33
IV.
Scope from the Point of View of the Organizations Holding the Data
34
A.
Public Sector and Related Terms
35
1.
Public Sector
35
2.
State and Government
36
3.
Administration
39
4.
Public Service
39
B.
Public Authorities under the Access Directive and the Inspire Directive
40
1.
The Definition of Public Authority in the Access Directive
40
2.
The Definition of Public Authority in the Inspire Directive
42
3.
The Definition of Public Authority in the Aarhus Convention
44
C.
Public Sector Bodies under the PSI Directive
45
1.
The Definition of the PSI Directive
45
2.
Contracting Authorities under the Public Procurement Directives
47
a.
State, Regional, and Local Authorities
47
b.
Bodies Governed by Public Law
49
i.
Meeting Needs in the General Interest Not Having an Industrial or Commercial Character
50
ii.
The Close Dependency Test
55
c.
Associations Formed by One or Several Authorities or One or Several Bodies Governed by Public Law
57
d.
Relevance for the PSI Directive
57
D.
Common Denominator between Public Sector Bodies and Public Authorities
58
V.
Common Denominator Between Spatial Data, Public Sector Data, and Environmental Data
59
VI.
Scope from the Point of View of the Purpose of Use
61
A.
Access
62
B.
Re-use
64
C.
Sharing
66
D.
Interim Summary
67
VII.
A First Indication of the Problematic Character of the EU Legal Framework for the Availability of Public Sector Spatial Data
67
ch. 3
Existing Legal Framework for the Availability of Public Sector Spatial Data
69
I.
Introduction
69
II.
Access
70
A.
Introduction
70
B.
The Access Directive
70
1.
History: Directive 90/313/EEC
71
a.
Access upon Request
71
b.
Dissemination by Public Authorities of their Own Motion
74
c.
Follow-Up
74
2.
The Access Directive
75
a.
Introduction
75
b.
Objectives
75
c.
Definitions
77
d.
Access to Environmental Information upon Request
79
i.
General Principle
79
ii.
Time Limits
79
iii.
Requests Formulated in Too General a Manner
81
iv.
Form or Format of the Information
82
v.
Facilitating Measures
84
vi.
Exceptions to the Right of Access
85
vii.
Charges
91
e.
Access to Justice
93
f.
Dissemination of Environmental Information
95
g.
Quality of Environmental Information: Article 8 of the Access Directive
97
3.
Review of the Access Directive
98
C.
Inspire Directive
99
1.
Introduction
99
2.
The Inspire Directive and the Access Directive
100
3.
Access to Network Services
100
a.
Establishment of Network Services
101
b.
Limitation of Access to Network Services
103
c.
Charges for Network Services
107
III.
Re-use
111
A.
History
111
1.
Guidelines for Improving the Synergy between the Public and Private Sectors in the Information Market
111
2.
The Publaw Reports
114
3.
The Stockholm Conference and the 1997 Bonn Ministerial Conference
116
4.
The Green Paper on Public Sector Information
117
5.
The eEurope 2002 Communication
119
B.
The PSI Directive
121
1.
Objective
122
2.
Title
123
3.
Subject Matter and Scope
125
a.
Introduction
125
b.
Re-use of Existing Documents
125
c.
Re-use by any Natural or Legal Person
127
d.
Practical Means of Facilitating Re-use
127
e.
Limitations on the Field of Application
128
i.
Documents the Supply of Which Is an Activity Falling outside of the Public Task
129
ii.
Documents for Which Third Parties hold Intellectual Property Rights
129
iii.
Documents Excluded from Access
131
iv.
Documents Held by Public Service Broadcasters
132
v.
Documents Held by Educational, Research, and Cultural Establishments
133
f.
Documents Containing Personal Data
134
4.
Definitions
136
a.
Public Sector Body
136
b.
Document
136
c.
Re-use
137
d.
Held by
139
e.
Public Task
139
5.
General Principle
140
6.
Requirements for the Processing of Requests for Re-use
143
a.
Time Limits
143
b.
Communication of the Grounds for Refusal and the Means of Redress
145
7.
Conditions for Re-use
146
a.
Available Formats
146
b.
Charges
148
c.
Transparency
150
d.
Licenses
151
e.
Practical Arrangements
152
8.
Non-discrimination
154
9.
Prohibition of Exclusive Arrangments
155
C.
The Review of the PSI Directive
156
IV.
Sharing
158
A.
History
159
B.
Preparatory Phase
160
C.
The Inspire Directive
162
1.
Objective and General Provisions
162
2.
Network Services
164
3.
Data Sharing
164
a.
General Principle
164
b.
Restrictions at the Point of Use
165
c.
Licensing and Charging
166
d.
Authorities outside the Borders of the Member States
168
e.
Limitations on Sharing
169
f.
References to Re-use?
170
V.
Summary
170
A.
Access
171
B.
Re-use
172
C.
Sharing
173
D.
Differences between the Rules on Access, Re-use, and Sharing
173
1.
Obligatory Character
174
2.
Limitations on the Availability of Data
174
3.
Charges
175
4.
Time Limits
177
E.
Towards the Next Chapter
177
ch. 4
The Problematic Character of the EU Legal Framework for the Availability of Public Sector Spatial Data
179
I.
The Distinction between Access, Re-use, and Sharing
179
II.
Importance of the Difference between Access, Re-use, and Sharing
179
III.
Example: Charging for Public Sector Spatial Data
181
A.
Introduction
181
B.
Existing Rules on Charges for Access, Re-use, and Sharing in the Access Directive, the PSI Directive, and the Inspire Directive
181
C.
Basis of the Debate on Charging: Cost Recovery v. Open Access
183
1.
Background of the Debate
183
2.
Description of the Open Access and Cost Recovery Models
184
3.
Demarcation between Open Access and Cost Recovery
185
D.
Arguments for Open Access and Cost Recovery
186
1.
Introduction
186
2.
`Democratic Arguments': Open Access Increases Democracy and Participation of the Citizen
189
3.
The `Why Pay Twice' Arguments
192
a.
`The Investments Have Been Made for the Public Task'
192
b.
`The Taxpayer Has Already Paid'
193
c.
`Charges Between Public Bodies Merely Shift the Budget'
197
4.
`The Macro-Economic Arguments': Open Access is an Incentive for Economic Activity and Economic Growth
198
5.
`The Macro-Economic Arguments': Better Performance of the Public Bodies
201
a.
Quality of the Data
201
b.
Quality and Efficiency of the Service
203
c.
Liability
205
d.
Transaction Costs of Charging for Public Sector Spatial Data
206
6.
`The Political Argument': Cost Recovery Improves the Negotiation Position of the Public Body
208
7.
Evaluation of the Arguments
209
IV.
Problematic Character of the Distinction between Access, Re-use, and Sharing
209
ch. 5
Obligations to Make Public Sector Spatial Data Available in International and European Legislation and Policy Documents
213
I.
Introduction
213
II.
The Obligation of Making Public Sector Spatial Data Available for Access
214
A.
Introduction
214
B.
The Obligation of Making Public Sector Data Available for Access as a Part of Freedom of Information
215
1.
United Nations
215
a.
Universal Declaration on Human Rights
215
b.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
216
2.
Council of Europe
218
a.
The European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
218
b.
Documents of the Council of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly
219
c.
The Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights
221
3.
Interim Summary
225
C.
International and European Documents
226
1.
Access: From Passive to Active?
226
2.
United Nations
227
a.
United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression
227
b.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
228
3.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
231
a.
Report on Digital Broadband Content: Public Sector Information and Content
232
b.
Recommendation for Enhanced Access and More Effective Use of Public Sector Information
233
4.
Council of Europe
234
a.
Recommendation 854 (1979) of the Parliamentary Assembly on Access by the Public to Government Records and Freedom of Information
234
b.
Recommendation No. R(81)19 of the Committee of Ministers on the Access to Information Held by Public Authorities
235
c.
Recommendation Rec(2002)2 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Access to Official Documents
236
d.
Convention on Access to Official Documents
237
5.
European Union
240
a.
Access to Public Sector Data Held by the European Union Institutions and Bodies
240
i.
Article 15 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Former Article 255 of the EC Treaty)
240
ii.
Article 42 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU
242
iii.
Regulation 1049/2001 Regarding Public Access to European Parliament, Council, and Commission Documents
242
iv.
Towards a Review of Regulation 1049/2001: the Green Paper on Public Access to Documents Held by Institutions of the European Community
246
b.
Access to Public Sector Data Held by the Member States
248
i.
Publaw Reports
249
ii.
Green Paper on Public Sector Information
249
D.
The Obligation of Making Environmental Data Available for Access in European and International Documents
250
1.
United Nations
250
a.
Rio Declaration on Environmental and Development
250
b.
Guidelines for Access to Environmental Information
251
c.
The Aarhus Convention
253
i.
Background
253
ii.
Article 3 of the Aarhus Convention: General Provisions
255
iii.
Article 4 of the Aarhus Convention: Access to Information upon Request
256
iv.
Article 5 of the Aarhus Convention: Dissemination of Environmental Information
258
2.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Recommendation of the Council on Environmental Information
261
3.
Council of Europe: The Lugano Convention
262
4.
European Union
263
a.
Access to Documents Held by the Community Institutions and Bodies: Regulation 1367/2006
263
b.
Access to Documents Held by Member States
266
i.
Directive 90/313/EEC
266
ii.
Access Directive
267
iii.
Access to Documents Held by Member States and the European Union: Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS)
268
E.
The Obligation of Making Spatial Data Available for Access in European and International Documents
268
1.
United Nations
268
a.
United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure
268
b.
Global Earth Observation System of Systems
269
2.
European Union
270
a.
The Inspire Directive
270
b.
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (Kopernikus)
271
F.
Interim Summary
272
III.
The Obligation of Making Public Sector Spatial Data Available for Re-use
274
A.
Introduction
274
B.
Does Freedom of Information Include a Right to Re-use the Information?
275
C.
International and European Documents
275
1.
United Nations
276
a.
UNESCO Policy Guidelines
276
b.
United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure
276
c.
Global Earth Observation System of Systems
277
2.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
277
3.
Council of Europe
279
4.
European Union
280
a.
Synergy Guidelines
280
b.
The Publaw Reports
280
c.
Green Paper on Public Sector Information
282
d.
eEurope 2002 Communication
283
e.
The PSI Directive
283
f.
The Commission Decision on the Re-use of Commission Information
285
g.
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (Kopernikus)
286
D.
Interim Summary
287
IV.
The Obligation of Making Public Sector Spatial Data Available for Sharing
289
A.
Introduction
289
B.
International and European Documents
290
1.
United Nations
290
a.
Rio Declaration and Agenda 21
290
b.
Framework Convention on Climate Change
291
c.
United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure
291
d.
Global Earth Observation System of Systems
293
2.
European Union
295
a.
Inspire
295
b.
Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS)
296
c.
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
297
C.
Interim Summary
299
V.
Conclusion and Outlook towards the Next Chapter: What is the Scope of the Obligations of the Public Bodies to Make Public Sector Spatial Data Available?
300
ch. 6
Defining the Distinctions between Access, Re-use, and Sharing
303
I.
Introduction
303
II.
Type of User to Whom Public Sector Spatial Data Is Made Available
304
A.
Users Requesting Public Sector Spatial Data for Access
305
B.
Users Requesting Public Sector Spatial Data for Re-use
305
C.
Users Requesting Public Sector Spatial Data for Sharing
306
III.
Type of Public Sector Spatial Data That is Made Available
307
A.
Typologies of Public Sector Data
308
B.
Types of Public Sector Data Based on the Content
313
1.
Spatial Data
313
2.
Environmental Data
315
C.
Types of Public Sector Spatial Data Based on the Level of Processing
316
D.
Types of Public Sector Spatial Data Based on Format and Volume
318
E.
Interim Summary
320
IV.
The Purpose for Which Public Sector Spatial Data Should Be Made Available
321
A.
Democratic Objectives
322
1.
Transparency
322
2.
Public Participation
322
3.
Legitimacy and Accountability
324
4.
Fulfilling One's Rights and Obligations
326
B.
Socio-Economic Objectives
327
1.
Participation in Society: Societal Growth
327
2.
Development of Communities
330
3.
Economic Growth
331
4.
Public Sector Spatial Data as a Public Good
332
a.
What is a Public Good?
332
b.
Is Information a Public Good?
335
c.
Is Public Sector Spatial Data a Public Good?
337
C.
Better Decision Making
338
D.
Interim Summary
339
V.
The Problematic Character of the Distinctions Between Access, Re-use, and Sharing
340
A.
Access and Re-use
341
B.
Re-use and Sharing
347
ch. 7
The Public Task of Providing Spatial Information Services in International and European Legislation and Policy Documents
351
I.
Introduction
351
II.
The Scope of the Public Task of Providing Information Services from a Positive Point of View
353
A.
Introduction
353
B.
The Public Task of Providing Spatial Information Services as Part of Freedom of Information?
353
1.
United Nations
354
a.
Universal Declaration on Human Rights
354
b.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
354
2.
Council of Europe
355
a.
The European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
355
b.
Documents of the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly
355
c.
The Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights
356
3.
Interim Summary
356
C.
The Public Task of Providing Public Sector Information Services in Internatioal and European Documents
357
1.
Introduction
357
2.
United Nations
357
a.
UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression
357
b.
United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO)
358
3.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
359
4.
Council of Europe
360
a.
Recommendation No. R(81)19 of the Committee of Ministers on the Access to Information Held by Public Authorities
360
b.
Recommendation Rec(2002)2 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Access to Official Documents
361
c.
Convention on Access to Official Documents
361
5.
European Union
362
a.
The Provision of Information Services by the European Union Institutions and Bodies
362
i.
Regulation 1049/2001 Regarding Public Access to European Parliament, Council, and Commission Documents
362
ii.
Green Paper on Public Access to Documents Held by Institutions of the European Community
362
b.
Documents Held by the Member States
363
i.
Publaw Reports
363
ii.
Green Paper on Public Sector Information
364
D.
The Public Task of Providing Environmental Information Services in European and International Documents
365
1.
United Nations
365
a.
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21
365
b.
Guidelines for Access to Environmental Information
366
c.
The Aarhus Convention
367
2.
OECD: Recommendation of the Council on Environmental Information
369
3.
European Union
370
a.
Access to Documents Held by the European Union Institutions and Bodies: Regulation 1367/2006
370
b.
Access to Documents Held by Member States
371
i.
Directive 90/313/EEC
371
ii.
Access Directive
371
c.
Access to Documents Held by the Member States and the Institutions and Bodies of the European Union: Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS)
372
E.
The Public Task of Providing Spatial Information Services in European and International Documents
373
1.
United Nations: Global Earth Observation System of Systems
373
2.
European Union
374
a.
The Inspire Directive
374
b.
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (Kopernikus)
375
F.
Interim Summary
375
III.
The Scope of the Public Task of Providing Information Services from a Negative Point of View
377
A.
Introduction
377
B.
The Limits on the Public Task in European and International Documents
377
1.
Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development
377
2.
European Union
379
a.
Guidelines for Improving the Synergy between the Public and the Private Sectors in the Information Market
379
b.
Publaw Reports
380
c.
Green Paper on Public Sector Information
381
d.
The eEurope 2002 Communication
382
e.
PSI Directive
382
f.
Commission Decision on the Re-use of Commission Information
383
g.
Review of the PSI Directive
383
C.
Interim Summary
385
IV.
Towards the Next Chapter: What is the Scope of the Public Task of Providing Information Services?
385
ch. 8
The Possibility of Defining the Public Task
387
I.
Introduction
387
II.
The Question of the Scope of the Public Task
388
A.
Introduction
388
B.
Recognition of the Problem
388
C.
Impact of the Lack of Definition of the Public Task
393
D.
The What-Question and the How-Question
395
III.
Attempts at Criteria to Determine the Public Task
396
A.
Introduction
396
B.
The Positive Approach: What the Public Bodies Should Do
397
1.
Legal Basis
397
2.
Link with the Core Responsibility of the Public Body
401
3.
Market Failure
401
4.
Public Interest
405
a.
General
405
b.
Concretization of Public Interest: Accessibility
407
i.
Aspects of Accessibility
408
ii.
Measures to Ensure Accessibility
410
iii.
The Dilemma in Ensuring Accessibility
411
iv.
Link with the Discussion on Raw Data and Added Value
411
v.
Dilemma of the Public Task
413
c.
Concretization of Public Interest: Types or Target Groups of Information Services
414
d.
Concretization of Public Interest: Universal Service
416
i.
The Concept and Characteristics of Universal Service
416
ii.
Approaches to the Universal Service Concept
420
iii.
The Usefulness of the Concept for Spatial Information Services
421
5.
Interim Summary
423
C.
The Negative Approach: What the Public Bodies Should Not Do
424
D.
Public Task v. Market: An Absolute Demarcation Line?
427
1.
Not Exhaustive
427
2.
Not Mutually Exclusive
429
a.
Selling Information Products as Part of the Public Task
429
i.
General
429
ii.
The Example of the Ordnance Survey
430
b.
Market Services in the Public Interest
431
E.
The Public Task Debate and Competition Law
431
IV.
Competition Law
433
A.
Public Bodies as Undertakings
434
1.
Definition
434
2.
The State or Public Bodies as Undertakings
436
3.
Applicability to Spatial Information Services
438
B.
Distortions of Competition by Public Bodies Providing Spatial Information Services as Undertakings
441
1.
Article 101 Treaty on the Functioning of the EU: Agreements between Undertakings
442
a.
General
442
b.
Applicability to Spatial Information Services
443
2.
Article 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the EU: Abuse of a Dominant Position
444
a.
General
444
i.
Dominant Position
445
ii.
Abuse of Dominant Position
446
iii.
Examples of Abusive Acts with Regard to Pricing
447
iv.
Example of Abusive Acts: Refusal to Supply
449
b.
Applicability to Spatial Information Services
451
C.
Distortions of Competition by the State as a Sovereign Power
457
1.
Article 107 Treaty on the Functioning of the EU: State Aid
457
a.
General
457
i.
Principle: Prohibition of State Aid
457
ii.
Elements of the State Aid Concept
458
iii.
Compatible State Aid
460
b.
Applicability to Spatial Information Services
461
c.
Transparency and Separation of Activities
462
i.
Transparency Directive
462
ii.
Treaty on the Functioning of the EU
463
iii.
Applicability to Spatial Information Services
464
2.
Article 106(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU: Measures Regarding Public Undertakings and Undertakings with Special or Exclusive Rights
466
a.
Introduction
466
b.
Public Undertakings and Undertakings with Special or Exclusive Rights
467
c.
Measures Contrary to the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU
470
d.
Enforcement
472
e.
Applicability to Spatial Information Services
472
i.
The Practice in the Member States
472
ii.
PSI Directive
473
D.
Special Case: Services of General (Economic) Interest
475
1.
Article 106(2) Treaty on the Functioning of the EU
476
a.
Introduction
476
b.
Definitions
477
i.
Revenue Producing Monopoly
477
ii.
Service of General Economic Interest
477
c.
Conditions of Application
480
i.
Entrustment
480
ii.
Proportionality
481
iii.
Effect on the Development of Trade
485
d.
Enforcement
486
e.
Interim Summary
486
2.
Legislative Activities
486
a.
Article 16 of the EC-Treaty: From Derogation to Obligation
487
b.
The European Commission: From Services of General Economic Interest to Services of General Interest
489
i.
Importance of Services of General Interest
489
ii.
Concept of Services of General Interest
490
iii.
No Clear Definition
491
iv.
Some Elements of a Service of General Economic Interest
492
c.
Services of General Economic Interest and State Aid
493
3.
Applicability to Spatial Information Services
496
a.
Spatial Information Services of General Economic Interest
496
b.
The Public Task and Services of General Economic Interest
497
E.
Interim Summary: Competition Law and Spatial Information Services
498
F.
Confrontation of Competition Law with the Division in the EU Legal Framework for the Availability of Public Sector Spatial Data
499
V.
The Definition of Public Task Remains Contingent
501
A.
The Definition of Public Task Continues to Evolve
501
B.
The Definition of Public Task Remains Political
505
C.
The Scope of the Public Task Depends on Who Defines It
507
1.
Democratic Process
507
2.
Stakeholders Involvement
508
3.
Regulatory or Advisory Body
509
4.
Level of Decision Making
510
VI.
Interim Summary
512
ch. 9
Conclusion
515
I.
Hypothesis: The Problematic Character of the EU Legal Framework
515
II.
Overview of the Results
516
A.
Access, Re-use and Sharing in the Access Directive, the PSI Directive and the Inspire Directive
516
B.
The Need for a Demarcation between Access, Re-use, and Sharing
516
1.
The Content of Access, Re-use, and Sharing
517
a.
Access
517
b.
Re-use
518
c.
Sharing
519
d.
Comparison
520
2.
The Importance of the Demarcation
521
C.
The Problematic Character of the Distinction Between Access, Re-use, and Sharing
522
D.
Public Bodies as Providers of Public Sector Spatial Data
522
1.
Obligations to Make Public Sector Spatial Data Available in International and European Legislation and Policy Documents
523
2.
Defining the Distinction Between Access, Re-use, and Sharing
524
a.
Indicators for the Type of Use
524
b.
The Purpose of the Use
525
3.
Confirmation of the Problematic Character of the Distinction Between Access, Re-use, and Sharing in the Access Directive, the PSI Directive, and the Inspire Directive
526
E.
Public Bodies as Providers of Spatial Information Services
528
1.
The Public Task to Provide Spatial Information Services in International and European Legislation and Policy Documents
528
2.
The Possibility of Defining the Public Task
530
a.
Criteria for Defining the Scope of the Public Task to Provide Spatial Information Services
530
b.
Competition Law as a Source of Inspiration
532
c.
Confirmation of the Problematic Character of the Distinction between Re-use and Sharing
535
III.
Final Conclusions and Further Thoughts
535
A.
Confirmation of the Hypothesis
535
B.
Comments and Reflections
535
1.
Wide Definition of Re-use
536
a.
Risk for the Right of Access
536
b.
Revision of the Definition
537
2.
The Concept of the Public Task
538
a.
The Uncertain Character of the Public Task
539
b.
Reduction of the Uncertain Character of the Public Task
540
c.
The Public Task on the Level of the European Union
541
d.
Reduction of the Uncertainty of the Public Task at the Level of the European Union
542
3.
Coherence with Other Legislation and Policies
542
a.
Competition Law
542
b.
Other Information Policies and Legislation
543
Table of Legislation and Policy Documents
545
Table of Cases
573
List of References
581
Index
613